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Tropical Fruit - Chap 00 7/5/03 12:59 PM Page I Tropical Fruit - Chap 00 7/5/03 12:59 PM Page i Diseases of Tropical Fruit Crops Tropical Fruit - Chap 00 7/5/03 12:59 PM Page ii Tropical Fruit - Chap 00 7/5/03 12:59 PM Page iii Diseases of Tropical Fruit Crops Edited by Randy C. Ploetz University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center Homestead, Florida, USA CABI Publishing Tropical Fruit - Chap 00 7/5/03 12:59 PM Page iv CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 44 Brattle Street Wallingford 4th Floor Oxon OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02138 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.cabi-publishing.org © CAB International 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechani- cally, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permis- sion of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress, Washington, DC, USA. ISBN 0 85199 390 7 Typeset in 9/11 pt Palatino by Columns Design Ltd, Reading, UK Printed and bound in the UK by Cromwell Press, Trowbridge Tropical Fruit - Chap 00 7/5/03 12:59 PM Page v Contents Contributors vii Dedication ix R.C. Ploetz and J.A. Menge Preface xv R.C. Ploetz Foreword xix C.W. Campbell Acknowledgements xxi 1 Common Pathogens of Tropical Fruit Crops 1 R.C. Ploetz, T.-K. Lim, J.A. Menge, K.G. Rohrbach and T.J. Michailides 2 Diseases of Atemoya, Cherimoya, Soursop, Sugar Apple and Related Fruit Crops 21 R.C. Ploetz 3 Diseases of Avocado 35 J.A. Menge and R.C. Ploetz 4 Diseases of Banana and Plantain 73 R.C. Ploetz, J.E. Thomas and W.R. Slabaugh 5 Diseases of Breadfruit, Jackfruit and Related Fruit Crops 135 S. Sangchote, J.G. Wright and G.I. Johnson 6 Diseases of Carambola 145 Sepiah, R.C. Ploetz and A.W. Cooke 7 Diseases of Citrus 163 L.W. Timmer, S.M. Garnsey and P. Broadbent 8 Diseases of Coconut 197 N.A. Harrison and P. Jones 9 Diseases of Date 227 R.C. Ploetz, H.D. Ohr, J.B. Carpenter and Y. Pinkas v Tropical Fruit - Chap 00 7/5/03 12:59 PM Page vi vi Contents 10 Diseases of Durian 241 T.-K. Lim and S. Sangchote 11 Diseases of Fig 253 T.J. Michailides 12 Diseases of Guava 275 T.-K. Lim and B.Q. Manicom 13 Diseases of Kiwifruit 291 B.A. Latorre and H.A. Pak 14 Diseases of Longan, Lychee and Rambutan 307 L.M. Coates, S. Sangchote, G.I. Johnson and C. Sittigul 15 Diseases of Mango 327 R.C. Ploetz 16 Diseases of Mangosteen 365 T.-K. Lim and S. Sangchote 17 Diseases of Papaya 373 D.M. Persley and R.C. Ploetz 18 Diseases of Passion Fruit 413 B.Q. Manicom, C. Ruggiero, R.C. Ploetz and A. de Goes 19 Diseases of Pineapple 443 K.G. Rohrbach and D. Schmitt 20 Management of Tropical Fruit Diseases: Current Overview and Future Outlook 465 R.C. Ploetz, L.W. Timmer and S.M. Garnsey Appendix I. Microbe Taxa, Authorities and Synonyms 483 Appendix II. Plant Taxa, Authorities and Common Names 494 Appendix III. Insect and Acarid Taxa, Authorities and Common Names 497 Index 499 The colour plate section can be found preceding p. 443 Tropical Fruit - Chap 00 7/5/03 12:59 PM Page vii Contributors Patricia Broadbent (formerly P. Barkley), Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Private Mail Bag 8, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia. e-mail: [email protected] Carl W. Campbell, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, 18905 SW 280th Street, Homestead, FL 33031-3314, USA John B. Carpenter (Deceased), USDA Date and Citrus Experiment Station, Indio, California, USA Lindy M. Coates, Queensland Horticulture Institute, Department of Primary Industries, 80 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Queensland 4068, Australia. e-mail: coateslm@dpi. qld.gov.au Anthony W. Cooke, Queensland Horticulture Institute, Indooroopilly Research Centre, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, 80 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Queensland 4068, Australia. e-mail: [email protected] Antonio de Goes, Campus Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14.884–900 Jaboticabal. SP, Brazil Steve M. Garnsey, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA. e-mail: [email protected] Nigel A. Harrison, University of Florida, IFAS, Ft Lauderdale Research and Education Center, 3205 SW College Avenue, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314-7799, USA. e-mail: naha@ufl.edu Greg I. Johnson, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, GPO Box 1571, Canberra, ACT, Australia 2601. e-mail: [email protected] Phil Jones, Department of Crop and Disease Management, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK. e-mail: [email protected] Bernardo A. Latorre, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuna Mackenna 4860, Casilla 306-22, Santiago, Chile. e-mail: [email protected] T.-K. Lim, Biosecurity Australia, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Australia, GPO Box 858 Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. e-mail: [email protected] Barry Q. Manicom, Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Crops, 1 River Street, Private Bag X11208, 1200, Nelspruit, Republic of South Africa. e-mail: [email protected] John A. Menge, Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. e-mail: [email protected] vii Tropical Fruit - Chap 00 7/5/03 12:59 PM Page viii viii Contributors Themis J. Michailides, University of California, 9240 S. Riverbend Avenue, Kearney Agriculture Center, Parlier, CA 93648, USA Howard D. Ohr (Retired), Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. e-mail: [email protected] Henry Pak, The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd, Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, New Zealand. e-mail: [email protected] Denis M. Persley, Plant Protection Unit, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Plant Pathology Building, 80 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Queensland 4068, Australia Yaacov Pinkas (Deceased), ARO, The Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel Randy C. Ploetz, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, 18905 SW 280th Street, Homestead, FL 33031-3314, USA. e-mail: [email protected]fl.edu Kenneth G. Rohrbach (retired), University of Hawaii, College of Tropical Agriculture, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore 310B, Honolulu, HI 96822-2231, USA. e-mail: [email protected]. New address: 40900 South Applefield Circle, Elizabeth, CO 80107, USA Carlos Ruggiero, Campus Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n 14.884–900 Jaboticabal. SP, Brazil. e-mail: [email protected] Somsiri Sangchote, Department of Plant Pathology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok-10900, Thailand. e-mail: [email protected] Donald Schmitt, University of Hawaii, Plant Pathology Department, 3190 Maile Way, St John 313, Honolulu, HI 96822-2279, USA. e-mail: [email protected] Sepiah, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNI- MAS), 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia. e-mail: [email protected] C. Sittigul, Department of Plant Pathology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai-50200, Thailand. e-mail: [email protected] Walter R. Slabaugh, Agraquest Inc., 1050 Echo Avenue, Parma, ID 83660-6122, USA. e-mail: [email protected] John E. Thomas, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Agency for Food and Fibre Sciences, Queensland Horticulture Institute, Plant Pathology Building, 80 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Queensland 4068, Australia. e-mail: [email protected] ‘Pete’ L.W. Timmer, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA. e-mail: [email protected]fl.edu Jacqui G. Wright, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Private Mail Bag, Suva, Fiji Islands. e-mail: [email protected] Tropical Fruit - Chap 00 7/5/03 12:59 PM Page ix Dedication Randy C. Ploetz1 and John A. Menge2 1University of Florida, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead, Florida USA; and 2Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA There have been many plant pathologists who have contributed to our understanding of the diseases that are described in the following chapters. Even the most obscure fruits in this book have had the causes and management of their associated diseases examined by several different researchers. Although far fewer individuals have made truly exceptional contribu- tions, it would be a daunting task to mention all who deserve recognition. Rather than list all of these people, we highlight the careers of two outstanding figures in tropical fruit pathol- ogy, Robert Harry Stover (Fig. 1) and George Aubrey Zentmyer (Fig. 2). Their research on banana and avocado, respectively, was unparalleled in that it extended well beyond their roles as authorities on the diseases that affect these crops. To recognize their exceptional con- tributions, we dedicate this book to Drs Stover and Zentmyer. Robert Harry Stover Robert Harry Stover was born on 2 December 1926 in Chatham, Ontario, Canada, far from the tropics he came to love. In 1947, he obtained a BSc in Agriculture, specializing in bacteriology, from the University of Guelph. From 1949 to 1951, he was plant pathologist and head of investigations on tobacco diseases with the Canadian Department of Agriculture in Harrow, Ontario. During the winter months, he attended graduate school, and in 1950 he grad- uated from the University of Toronto with a PhD in plant pathology and mycology under Professor D.L.
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