An Overview of the Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Typification of Nectriaceous Fungi in Cosmospora, Acremonium, Fusarium, Stilbella, and Volutella
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Development and Evaluation of Rrna Targeted in Situ Probes and Phylogenetic Relationships of Freshwater Fungi
Development and evaluation of rRNA targeted in situ probes and phylogenetic relationships of freshwater fungi vorgelegt von Diplom-Biologin Christiane Baschien aus Berlin Von der Fakultät III - Prozesswissenschaften der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktorin der Naturwissenschaften - Dr. rer. nat. - genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Lutz-Günter Fleischer Berichter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Ulrich Szewzyk Berichter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Felix Bärlocher Berichter: Dr. habil. Werner Manz Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 19.05.2003 Berlin 2003 D83 Table of contents INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1 MATERIAL AND METHODS .................................................................................................................. 8 1. Used organisms ............................................................................................................................. 8 2. Media, culture conditions, maintenance of cultures and harvest procedure.................................. 9 2.1. Culture media........................................................................................................................... 9 2.2. Culture conditions .................................................................................................................. 10 2.3. Maintenance of cultures.........................................................................................................10 -
Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Gliocladium Analysed from Nuclear Large Subunit Ribosomal DNA Sequences
Mycol. Res. 98 (6):625-634 (1994) Printed in Great Britain 625 Taxonomy and phylogeny of Gliocladium analysed from nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences STEPHEN A. REHNER AND GARY J. SAMUELS USDA, ARS, Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory Room 304, Building OIIA, Beltsville, BARC-W, Maryland 20705, U.SA. The phylogenetic distribution of Gliocladium within the Hypocreales was investigated by parsimony analysis of partial sequences from the nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (28s rDNA). Two principal monophyletic groups were resolved that included species with anarnorphs classified in Gliocladium. The first clade includes elements of the genera Hypocrea (H. gelatinosa, H. lutea) plus Trichodema, Hypocrea pallida, Hypomyces and Sphaerostilbella, which are each shown to be monophyletic but whose sister group relationships are unresolved with the present data set. Gliocladium anamorphs in this clade include Gliocladium penicillioides, the type species of Gliocladium and anamorph of Sphaerostilbella aureonitens, and Trichodema virens (= G. virens) which is a member of the clade containing Hypocrea and Trichodema. A second clade, consisting of species with pallid perithecia, is grouped around Nectria ochroleuca, whose anamorph is Gliocladium roseum. Other species in this clade having Gliocladium-like anamorphs are Nectriopsis sporangiicola and Roumeguericlla rufula. The species of Nectria represented in this study are polyphyletic and resolved as four separate groups: (1)N. cinnabarina the type species, (2) three species with Fusarium anamorphs including N. albosuccinea, N. haematococca and Gibberella fujikoroi, (3) N. purtonii a species whose anamorph is classified in Fwarium sect. Eupionnofes, and (4) N. ochroleuca, which is representative of species with pallid perithecia. The results indicate that Gliocladium is polyphyletic and that G. -
Thyronectria Revisited and Re-Instated
Persoonia 33, 2014: 182–211 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158514X685211 Persistent hamathecial threads in the Nectriaceae, Hypocreales: Thyronectria revisited and re-instated W.M. Jaklitsch1, H. Voglmayr1,2 Key words Abstract Based on type studies and freshly collected material we here re-instate the genus Thyronectria (Nec- triaceae, Hypocreales). Species of this genus were recently for the most part classified in the genera Pleonectria act (Nectriaceae) or Mattirolia (Thyridiaceae), because Thyronectria and other genera had been identified as members Ascomycota of the Thyridiaceae due to the presence of paraphyses. Molecular phylogenies based on several markers (act, ITS, Hypocreales LSU rDNA, rpb1, rpb2, tef1, tub) revealed that the Nectriaceae contain members whose ascomata are characterised Mattirolia by long, more or less persistent, apical paraphyses. All of these belong to a single genus, Thyronectria, which thus Nectriaceae has representatives with hyaline, rosy, green or even dark brown and sometimes distoseptate ascospores. The new species type species of Thyronectria, T. rhodochlora, syn. T. patavina, syn. T. pyrrhochlora is re-described and illustrated. Pleonectria Within the Nectriaceae persistent, apical paraphyses are common in Thyronectria and rarely also occur in Nectria. pyrenomycetes The genus Mattirolia is revised and merged with Thyronectria and also Thyronectroidea is regarded as a synonym rpb1 of Thyronectria. The three new species T. asturiensis, T. caudata and T. obscura are added to the genus. Species rpb2 recently described in Pleonectria as well as some species of Mattirolia are combined in the genus, and a key to tef1 Thyronectria is provided. Five species are epitypified. -
Illuminating Type Collections of Nectriaceous Fungi in Saccardo's
Persoonia 45, 2020: 221–249 ISSN (Online) 1878-9080 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2020.45.09 Illuminating type collections of nectriaceous fungi in Saccardo’s fungarium N. Forin1, A. Vizzini 2,3,*, S. Nigris1,4, E. Ercole2, S. Voyron2,3, M. Girlanda2,3, B. Baldan1,4,* Key words Abstract Specimens of Nectria spp. and Nectriella rufofusca were obtained from the fungarium of Pier Andrea Saccardo, and investigated via a morphological and molecular approach based on MiSeq technology. ITS1 and ancient DNA ITS2 sequences were successfully obtained from 24 specimens identified as ‘Nectria’ sensu Saccardo (including Ascomycota 20 types) and from the type specimen of Nectriella rufofusca. For Nectria ambigua, N. radians and N. tjibodensis Hypocreales only the ITS1 sequence was recovered. On the basis of morphological and molecular analyses new nomenclatural Illumina combinations for Nectria albofimbriata, N. ambigua, N. ambigua var. pallens, N. granuligera, N. peziza subsp. ribosomal sequences reyesiana, N. radians, N. squamuligera, N. tjibodensis and new synonymies for N. congesta, N. flageoletiana, Sordariomycetes N. phyllostachydis, N. sordescens and N. tjibodensis var. crebrior are proposed. Furthermore, the current classifi- cation is confirmed for Nectria coronata, N. cyanostoma, N. dolichospora, N. illudens, N. leucotricha, N. mantuana, N. raripila and Nectriella rufofusca. This is the first time that these more than 100-yr-old specimens are subjected to molecular analysis, thereby providing important new DNA sequence data authentic for these names. Article info Received: 25 June 2020; Accepted: 21 September 2020; Published: 23 November 2020. INTRODUCTION to orange or brown perithecia which do not change colour in 3 % potassium hydroxide (KOH) or 100 % lactic acid (LA) Nectria, typified with N. -
The Holomorph of Parasarcopodium (Stachybotryaceae), Introducing P
Phytotaxa 266 (4): 250–260 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/pt/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2016 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.266.4.2 The holomorph of Parasarcopodium (Stachybotryaceae), introducing P. pandanicola sp. nov. on Pandanus sp. SAOWALUCK TIBPROMMA1,2,3,4,5, SARANYAPHAT BOONMEE2, NALIN N. WIJAYAWARDENE2,3,5, SAJEEWA S.N. MAHARACHCHIKUMBURA6, ERIC H. C. McKENZIE7, ALI H. BAHKALI8, E.B. GARETH JONES8, KEVIN D. HYDE1,2,3,4,5,8 & ITTHAYAKORN PROMPUTTHA9,* 1Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kun- ming 650201, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China 2Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand 3School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand 4World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China 5Mushroom Research Foundation, 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T. Pa Pae, A. Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand 6Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 34, AlKhoud 123, Oman 7Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand 8Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA 11442, Saudi Arabia 9Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand *Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Collections of microfungi on Pandanus species (Pandanaceae) in Krabi, Thailand resulted in the discovery of a new species in the genus Parasarcopodium, producing both its sexual and asexual morphs. -
Biodiversity of Trichoderma in Neotropics
13 Biodiversity of Trichoderma in Neotropics Lilliana Hoyos-Carvajal1 and John Bissett2 1Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá 2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Ottawa 1Colombia 2Canada 1. Introduction Trichoderma species frequently are predominant over wide geographic regions in all climatic zones, where they are significant decomposers of woody and herbaceous materials. They are characterized by rapid growth, an ability to assimilate a diverse array of substrates, and by their production of an range of antimicrobials. Strains have been exploited for production of enzymes and antibiotics, bioremediation of xenobiotic substances, and as biological control agents against plant pathogenic fungi and nematodes. The main use of Trichoderma in global trade is derived from its high production of enzymes. Trichoderma reesei (teleomorph: Hypocrea jecorina) is the most widely employed cellulolytic organism in the world, although high levels of cellulase production are also seen in other species of this genus (Baig et al., 2003, Watanabe et al., 2006). Worldwide sales of enzymes had reached the figure of $ 1.6 billion by the year 2000 (Demain 2000, cited by Karmakar and Ray, 2011), with an annual growth of 6.5 to 10% not including pharmaceutical enzymes (Stagehands, 2008). Of these, cellulases comprise approximately 20% of the enzymes marketed worldwide (Tramoy et al., 2009). Cellulases of microbial origin are used to process food and animal feed, biofuel production, baking, textiles, detergents, paper pulp, agriculture and research areas at all levels (Karmakar and Ray, 2011). Most cellulases are derived from Trichoderma (section Longibrachiatum in particular) and Aspergillus (Begum et al., 2009). -
Metabolites from Nematophagous Fungi and Nematicidal Natural Products from Fungi As an Alternative for Biological Control
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2016) 100:3799–3812 DOI 10.1007/s00253-015-7233-6 MINI-REVIEW Metabolites from nematophagous fungi and nematicidal natural products from fungi as an alternative for biological control. Part I: metabolites from nematophagous ascomycetes Thomas Degenkolb1 & Andreas Vilcinskas1,2 Received: 4 October 2015 /Revised: 29 November 2015 /Accepted: 2 December 2015 /Published online: 29 December 2015 # The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Plant-parasitic nematodes are estimated to cause Keywords Phytoparasitic nematodes . Nematicides . global annual losses of more than US$ 100 billion. The num- Oligosporon-type antibiotics . Nematophagous fungi . ber of registered nematicides has declined substantially over Secondary metabolites . Biocontrol the last 25 years due to concerns about their non-specific mechanisms of action and hence their potential toxicity and likelihood to cause environmental damage. Environmentally Introduction beneficial and inexpensive alternatives to chemicals, which do not affect vertebrates, crops, and other non-target organisms, Nematodes as economically important crop pests are therefore urgently required. Nematophagous fungi are nat- ural antagonists of nematode parasites, and these offer an eco- Among more than 26,000 known species of nematodes, 8000 physiological source of novel biocontrol strategies. In this first are parasites of vertebrates (Hugot et al. 2001), whereas 4100 section of a two-part review article, we discuss 83 nematicidal are parasites of plants, mostly soil-borne root pathogens and non-nematicidal primary and secondary metabolites (Nicol et al. 2011). Approximately 100 species in this latter found in nematophagous ascomycetes. Some of these sub- group are considered economically important phytoparasites stances exhibit nematicidal activities, namely oligosporon, of crops. -
A Synonym of <I>Dacrymyces</I> Rather Than
ISSN (print) 0093-4666 © 2013. Mycotaxon, Ltd. ISSN (online) 2154-8889 MYCOTAXON http://dx.doi.org/10.5248/123.205 Volume 123, pp. 205–211 January–March 2013 Pionnotes, a synonym of Dacrymyces rather than Fusarium Keith A. Seifert Biodiversity (Mycology & Botany), Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6 Canada Correspondence to: [email protected] Abstract — The holotype of Fusarium capitatum, the type of the genus Pionnotes, was re-examined. Although Pionnotes was historically considered a synonym of Fusarium, it should henceforth be designated a synonym of Dacrymyces, with F. capitatum a synonym of D. chrysospermus. The generic name Pionnotes and species epithet capitatum should be evaluated further in future phylogenetic revisions of the Dacrymycetales, where most of the genera as currently understood are polyphyletic, and many common species such as D. chrysospermus may represent complexes of phylogenetic species. Key words — Hypocreales, Dacrymyces palmatus, Guepiniopsis, taxonomy Introduction ‘Pionnotes’ is an obscure term in the mycological lexicon. As a noun, it is mostly used in the taxonomy of Fusarium Link for colonies that have lost the discrete sporodochia that characterize the wild type. Its use as a descriptive term was probably proposed first in German by Appel & Wollenweber (1910: 28) as, “lagerartige Konidienansammlungen, die keine bestimmte Form haben und als Pionnotes mehr oder weniger ausgebreitete Schleime darstellen.” By the time of the first international meeting of Fusarium taxonomists held at the University of Wisconsin in Madison in August 1924, pionnote was firmly established in the English terminology of Fusarium taxonomy (Wollenweber et al. 1925). In the modern literature, the term is still often used although, surprisingly, rarely explicitly defined (Booth 1971, Nelson et al. -
Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Genus Cylindrocladiella
Mycol Progress DOI 10.1007/s11557-011-0799-1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Cylindrocladiella L. Lombard & R. G. Shivas & C. To-Anun & P. W. Crous Received: 10 June 2011 /Revised: 10 November 2011 /Accepted: 25 November 2011 # The Author(s) 2012. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The genus Cylindrocladiella was established to the 18 new Cylindrocladiella species described in this study accommodate Cylindrocladium-like fungi that have small, based on morphological and sequence data, several species cylindrical conidia and aseptate stipe extensions. Contemporary complexes remain unresolved. taxonomic studies of these fungi have relied on morphology and to a lesser extent on DNA sequence comparisons of the internal Keywords Cylindrocladiella . Cryptic species . Phylogeny. transcribed spacer regions (ITS 1, 2 and 5.8S gene) of the Taxonomy ribosomal RNA and the β-tubulin gene regions. In the present study, the identity of several Cylindrocladiella isolates collected over two decades was determined using morphology and phy- Introduction logenetic inference. A phylogeny constructed for these isolates employing the β-tubulin, histone H3, ITS, 28S large subunit and The genus Cylindrocladiella was established by Boesewinkel translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene regions resulted in the (1982) to accommodate five Cylindrocladium-like species identification of several cryptic species in the genus. In spite of producing small, cylindrical conidia. Cylindrocladiella, which is based on -
An Ex-Type Culture Cannot Always Tell the Ultimate Truth
An ex-type culture cannot always tell the CORRESPONDENCE ultimate truth This note is prompted by the case of the isolates accurately matching the description Domsch KH, Gams W, Anderson T-H (1980) generic name Ochroconis, a rather common of this species. The dried type culture Compendium of Soil Fungi. London: Academic genus of saprotrophic soil hyphomycetes, still shows the correct fungus and DNA Press. some of which grow occasionally on sequences of the other isolates representing Ellis MB (1971) Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Kew: humans and fish. Von Arx, in the 1970s, this species can be taken as correct. Commonwealth Mycological Institute. being mainly interested in producing Unfortunate consequences arise when Ellis MB (1976) More Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. keys to identify fungal genera in culture a wrongly identified fungus is designated Kew: Commonwealth Mycological Institute. morphologically, did not believe that as an epitype of a species, as happened with Gams W (1971) Cephalosporium-artige Scolecobasidium terreum E.V. Abbott 1927 Hypocrea farinosa Berk. & Broome 1851 Schimmelpilze (Hyphomycetes). Stuttgart: G. with Y-shaped yellowish conidia, and for which Overton et al. (2000) designated Fischer. other species of this genus with darker, an epitype without studying the extant Gräfenhan T, Schroers H-J, Nirenberg HI, Seifert unbranched conidia were congeneric, holotype. It was left to Jaklitschet al. (2008) KA (2011) An overview of the taxonomy, as proposed by Barron & Busch (1962). to correct the situation and to resurrect the phylogeny, and typification of nectriaceous Therefore, he let his young staff member G. generic name Protocrea Petch 1937 for this fungi in Cosmospora, Acremonium, Fusarium, Sybren de Hoog describe a separate genus, fungus and its relatives, while Overton et al.’s Stilbella, and Volutella. -
Fungal Diversity Driven by Bark Features Affects Phorophyte
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Fungal diversity driven by bark features afects phorophyte preference in epiphytic orchids from southern China Lorenzo Pecoraro1*, Hanne N. Rasmussen2, Sofa I. F. Gomes3, Xiao Wang1, Vincent S. F. T. Merckx3, Lei Cai4 & Finn N. Rasmussen5 Epiphytic orchids exhibit varying degrees of phorophyte tree specifcity. We performed a pilot study to investigate why epiphytic orchids prefer or avoid certain trees. We selected two orchid species, Panisea unifora and Bulbophyllum odoratissimum co-occurring in a forest habitat in southern China, where they showed a specifc association with Quercus yiwuensis and Pistacia weinmannifolia trees, respectively. We analysed a number of environmental factors potentially infuencing the relationship between orchids and trees. Diference in bark features, such as water holding capacity and pH were recorded between Q. yiwuensis and P. weinmannifolia, which could infuence both orchid seed germination and fungal diversity on the two phorophytes. Morphological and molecular culture-based methods, combined with metabarcoding analyses, were used to assess fungal communities associated with studied orchids and trees. A total of 162 fungal species in 74 genera were isolated from bark samples. Only two genera, Acremonium and Verticillium, were shared by the two phorophyte species. Metabarcoding analysis confrmed the presence of signifcantly diferent fungal communities on the investigated tree and orchid species, with considerable similarity between each orchid species and its host tree, suggesting that the orchid-host tree association is infuenced by the fungal communities of the host tree bark. Epiphytism is one of the most common examples of commensalism occurring in terrestrial environments, which provides advantages, such as less competition and increased access to light, protection from terrestrial herbivores, and better fower exposure to pollinators and seed dispersal 1,2. -
The Fungi of Slapton Ley National Nature Reserve and Environs
THE FUNGI OF SLAPTON LEY NATIONAL NATURE RESERVE AND ENVIRONS APRIL 2019 Image © Visit South Devon ASCOMYCOTA Order Family Name Abrothallales Abrothallaceae Abrothallus microspermus CY (IMI 164972 p.p., 296950), DM (IMI 279667, 279668, 362458), N4 (IMI 251260), Wood (IMI 400386), on thalli of Parmelia caperata and P. perlata. Mainly as the anamorph <it Abrothallus parmeliarum C, CY (IMI 164972), DM (IMI 159809, 159865), F1 (IMI 159892), 2, G2, H, I1 (IMI 188770), J2, N4 (IMI 166730), SV, on thalli of Parmelia carporrhizans, P Abrothallus parmotrematis DM, on Parmelia perlata, 1990, D.L. Hawksworth (IMI 400397, as Vouauxiomyces sp.) Abrothallus suecicus DM (IMI 194098); on apothecia of Ramalina fustigiata with st. conid. Phoma ranalinae Nordin; rare. (L2) Abrothallus usneae (as A. parmeliarum p.p.; L2) Acarosporales Acarosporaceae Acarospora fuscata H, on siliceous slabs (L1); CH, 1996, T. Chester. Polysporina simplex CH, 1996, T. Chester. Sarcogyne regularis CH, 1996, T. Chester; N4, on concrete posts; very rare (L1). Trimmatothelopsis B (IMI 152818), on granite memorial (L1) [EXTINCT] smaragdula Acrospermales Acrospermaceae Acrospermum compressum DM (IMI 194111), I1, S (IMI 18286a), on dead Urtica stems (L2); CY, on Urtica dioica stem, 1995, JLT. Acrospermum graminum I1, on Phragmites debris, 1990, M. Marsden (K). Amphisphaeriales Amphisphaeriaceae Beltraniella pirozynskii D1 (IMI 362071a), on Quercus ilex. Ceratosporium fuscescens I1 (IMI 188771c); J1 (IMI 362085), on dead Ulex stems. (L2) Ceriophora palustris F2 (IMI 186857); on dead Carex puniculata leaves. (L2) Lepteutypa cupressi SV (IMI 184280); on dying Thuja leaves. (L2) Monographella cucumerina (IMI 362759), on Myriophyllum spicatum; DM (IMI 192452); isol. ex vole dung. (L2); (IMI 360147, 360148, 361543, 361544, 361546).