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COCONUT HUSBANDRY Recommended Practices in Kenya

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COCONUT HUSBANDRY Recommended Practices in Kenya COCONUT HUSBANDRY Recommended Practices in Kenya Authors: Pole Finyange, F.K. Muniu, Dorothy Wachenje and Omar Kiponda 1 1. INTRODUCTION Introduction The coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) is a perennial tree crop that is widely cultivated in more than 86 tropical countries of the world with a total production of 54 billion nuts per year. The palm produces nuts throughout the year when climatic conditions are favorable and is one of the most important food security crops. The palm is also regarded as the tree of life owing to its wide range of over 120 products for domestic and international markets. It was introduced to Kenya in the 16th Century by the Portuguese. Its cultivation spread rapidly and it became an industrial crop of considerable economic importance during the 20th Century. Its production and marketing were handled by the Arab traders and white settlers on big plantations until the 19th century when small‐scale farmers started growing it. Today the coconut is mainly a small‐scale farmer’s crop. Over 80% of coastal farm households derive their livelihood either directly or indirectly from the coconut tree. Origin Coconut originated in the Indian‐Indonesia region and float‐distributed itself around the world by riding ocean currents. (Perera, et.al, 2009, Elevitch, 2006) Distribution The coconut has spread across the tropics mainly aided by seafaring people. Coconut fruit in the wild are light, buoyant, and highly water resistant. It is claimed that they evolved to disperse significant distances via marine currents (Foale, 2003). In Kenya, majority of the coconut trees are found in the Coastal Counties of Kwale, Mombasa, Kilifi, Tana River and Lamu. Taita Taveta, a Coastal highland County also has a small population of coconut trees; with the area under production continually increasing on yearly basis. Other areas with potential for coconut production include Busia and Homa Bay in the Lake Victoria region and Tharaka Nithi in Eastern region. The total area under coconut farming in Kenya is estimated to be 200,000 acres. Many (92%) of the trees are in the ages of 20‐60 years. The rest (8%) of the coconut tree population is beyond the economic age limit of 60 years, and are either low nut producers or non‐productive at all. 2 Classification Rank Scientific and common name Kingdom Plantae – Plants Subkingdom Tracheobionta – Vascular plants Super‐division Spermatophyta – Seed plants Division Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants Class Liliopsida – Monocotyledons Subclass Arecidae Order: Arecales Family: Arecaceae ⁄ Palmae – Palm family Subfamily Arecoideae Tribe: Cocoeae Genus: Cocos L. – coconut palm Species: Cocos nucifera L. – coconut palm Binomial name Cocos nucifera L. Uses The coconut palm is used both as a cash crop and food crop. There are hardly any parts of the coconut palm that are left unused. Below is a list of the various coconut products and by‐products produced in Kenya. 3 1. Mature coconuts 2. Virgin coconut oil 3. Coconut cream and milk 4. Brooms 5. Door mats 6. Chior fibre 7. Coco peat 8. Copra oil 9. Descicated coconut 10. Chior ropes 11. Vinegar 12. Cococ syrup 13. Cocowood 14. Ornaments 15. Tender coconut water 16. Charcoal/ briquettes 17. Tooth picks 18. Toddy 19. Makuti Types of coconut in Kenya Coconut is classified largely in to 2 types in Kenya: The East African Tall (EAT) and the Dwarf coconut. This classification is based on the most conspicuous difference between the two groups: the height of a mature tree. In other countries, hybrids are a third group available after breeding efforts. Kenya is in the process of importing and developing hybrid coconut varieties. Dwarf coconut The East African Tall Hybrid (CRIC 60) variety in Sri Lanka (get a good photo of the tall) General variations between the two major groups are summarized below: CHARACTERISTIC EAST AFRICAN TALL DWARF 4 Petiole and nut colouration Green to brown Bright colours of green, yellow, pink, orange. Number of leaves/fronds 12‐18 leaves per year 20‐22 leaves per year Life span Up to 80 years Up to 40 years Age at first bearing 5 – 7 years 3‐ 4 years Economic life span More than 50 years Less than 50 years Stem size and shape Enlarged, mostly ball shaped at the Thin, with a cylindrical or base tapering base Nut sizes Medium to large Small to medium Oil content Relatively higher Relatively less Nut Yield in number Up to 140 nuts per tree per year Up to 200 nuts/tree/year Reaction to harsh weather, Less sensitive More sensitive pests and diseases Hybrids Hybrids have intermediate characteristics but with a higher nut yield than the first two types. Hybrid coconut is not yet commercially available in Kenya. 2. THE PLANT AND ITS ENVIRONMENT Coconut Botany The coconut palm is monoecious, i.e., has male and female flowers on the same inflorescence, called a spadix, that develops within a woody sheath or spathe. The tree is composed of a crown of fronds borne on a single unbranched stem with aerial growth from a single growing point. A 40‐year old palm typically attains a height of 20–22 m (66–72 ft.). The leaves, called fronds, are evenly distributed in all directions from the growing tip. Until about an age of 1 year, leaves remain entire. A leaf remains on the palm for about 3 years and thereafter, shed leaving a permanent scar on the trunk. The age of an adult palm is correlated with the number of leaf scars. The number of scars on the stem, divided by 13, gives the approximate age of the palm in years (Mahindapala 1991). The Inflorescence 5 The coconut inflorescence is enclosed in a double sheath or spathe, the whole structure known as a 'spadix' which is borne singly in the axil of each leaf. The palm is monoecious, i.e. its inflorescence carries both male and female flowers. The male flowers are more numerous than the female flowers. The former are borne on the top portion of spikelets which are attached to a main axis or peduncle. The female flowers are situated at the base of the spikelets. The male flowers are the first to open, beginning at the top of each spikelet and proceeding towards the base. After each flower opening, the pollen is shed, and male flowers abscise, the whole process taking just 1 day. The male phase, however, takes about 20 days in most palms but this may vary according to season and variety. A female flower remains receptive from 1 to 3 days. Depending on the environmental conditions and variety, the female phase may begin a few days or later after the spathe has opened and lasts 3‐5 days in tall palms and about 8‐15 days in dwarfs. A normal inflorescence may have 10‐ 50 female flowers. With natural pollination, 50‐70% usually abort and fall off, especially those which emerge during severe dry weather. The remaining flowers develop into fruits, which take about 12 months to mature. The length of the male and female phases is affected by climatic environment and usually do not overlap in the tall types, such that self‐pollination rarely occurs. In some dwarfs, particularly the 6 Malayan Dwarf, overlapping of the male and female phases and between spadices usually takes place, promoting selfing. Hence, these dwarfs are reasonably homozygous. The fruit Once pollination and fertilization occur, fruits set and develop to maturity in about 12 months, or less than 1 year for some dwarf cultivars. The fruit is a fibrous drupe but with a smooth outside skin (exocarp), which may vary from green to red brown or even ivory. The coat (mesocarp) in the young coconut is white and firm. On the other hand, the ripe nut has a fibrous mass, the husk, from which coir is obtained. Within this fibrous mass is the nut with a hard shell (endocarp) enclosing the kernel (endosperm). Between the shell and the kernel is a thin brown seed coat (testa). It adheres firmly to the kernel which is the white flesh, about 12 mm thick lining the central cavity containing the nut water. Towards the end of maturation, the volume of water in the cavity decreases considerably which may be due to absorption by the endosperm tissue or to evaporation. Matured nuts have a sloshing sound of water inside when shaken. Fruits harvested for planting are referred to as seed nuts. The Stem 7 The stem develops from the single terminal bud called the 'cabbage' which is the palm's only vegetative growing point. It has a swollen base called ‘bole’ .Under favorable conditions, the foundation of the trunk of a young palm reaches full development within 3‐4 years. In the tall types, the base of the trunk is up to 0.8 m in diameter, tapering quickly to about 0.4 m (Child 1974). Once formed, the trunk does not change much in diameter. If variation occurs from base to crown, this is not caused by biological factors but by climatic conditions and cultural practices. Stem growth is fastest at early stages, which can be as much as 1.5 m per year. Roots: The palm has adventitious roots continually produced from the basal about 40 cm or so of the trunk. It has no taproot or root hairs but has lots of primary roots which bear large quantities of rootlets. The main roots grow out somewhat horizontally from the bole and are mostly found within the topsoil. The main branches grow deeper and may extend laterally to as much as 10 m. The roots, having no cambium, are noticeably uniform ‐ the main roots reaching a maximum diameter of about 1 cm.
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