Franz KOHLER - Frédéric PELLEGRIN - Grahame JACKSON - Eric McKENZlE Diseases Cultivated Crops Pacifie Island Countries ......... ........ l ,) '-..... South Pacifie COlllmissiull Noum~a. Nl'\\ Cakdllllia IlllJï South Pacifie Commission cata1oguing-in-publication data Diseases of cultivated crops in Pacifie Island countries 1 by Franz Kohler, Frédéric PeJJegrin, Grahame Jackson and Eric McKenzie 1. Vegetable-Diseases and pests-Oceania 2. Fruit-Diseases and pests-Oceania 632 ISBN 982-203-487-3 Agdex 201 © South Pacifie Commission, 1997 Published by the South Pacifie Commission Printed by Pi rie Printers Pty Limited, Canberra, Australia Published with financial assistance from the AustraJian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra Originally pubIished in French as: F. Kohler, F. Pellegrin-Pathologie des végétaux cultivés, symptomatologie et méthodes de lulle. Nouvelle Calédonie, Polynésie Française, Wallis et Futuna (Crop diseases: symptomatology and control in New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Wallis and Futuna). © ORSTOM Editions 1992. ISBN 2-7099-1113-2 Contents Foreword 1 Symptoms and treatments 3 Control measures 153 References 179 Index of hosts and pathogens 181 This book is dedicated to the memory of Ivor Firman, former SPC Plant Protection Officer, who spent most of his working life in the Pacifie. He is remembered not only for his contribution to our knowledge of plant diseases in the Pacifie and their control, but also for the wit and good humour with which he carried out his work. Foreword In 1992, the Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le In order for the English edition of the manua1 to be relevant to aU the Développement en Coopération (ORSTOM) published Pathologie des countries and territories of the region served by the South Pacific végétaux cultivés, a manual on plant diseases of New Caledonia, French Commission, sorne 70 extra diseases, in addition ta those of the French Polynesia, and Wallis and Futuna. The authors, Franz Kohler and version, are described and illustrated and methods are prescribed for Frédéric Pellegrin, realising that many of the diseases in these three their control. territories were common to other Pacific Island countries, proposed an English version. The South Pacific Commission welcomed this idea and Many scientists, both those working in the region and those in countries sought financial support for the project from the Australian Centre for outside, have contri buted photographs from their personal collections, International Agricultural Research, Canberra. This was generously and are thanked for their generosity. These include John Bridge, provided. International Institute for Parasitology; Richard Davis, Australian Quarantine Inspection Service, Mike Ivory, University of Oxford; Leon The purpose of the manual is to assist extension personnel and farmers Mu, Service de J'économie rurale, Papeete; Mike Pearson, University of in the identification of important plant diseases in their countries and to Auckland; Semisi Pone, South Pacifie Commission; Chris Prior, give them information on options for control. It is hoped, too, that the International Institute of Biological Control; Brian Thistleton, South manual wiU have a place in schools. It could provide a useful reference Pacifie Commission; John Randles, University of Adelaide; John for crop protection in the agriculture curriculum, assisting in disease Thomas, Department of Primary Industries, Queensland; Fauoro recognition and control measures using both traditional and modern Vilsoni, Koranivia Research Station; George Wall, University of techniques. Guam; and Bill Zettler, University of Florida. Photographs were also kindly provided by staff of the Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations, It is realised that for many growers in Pacific Island countries, control Queensland. options are limited. Pesticides are often difficult to obtain, are costly, and, in many small islands and atoUs, environmental concerns may Many of the photographs have appeared previously in three plant precJude their use. For these reasons the manual emphasises cultural disease publications. On pages 9,15,17,19,21,25,27,31,51,53,55, contrais and the use of plant varieties toJerant to disease. 63, 115 and 137 certain of the photographs are from Plant diseases of Western Samoa by Wolfgang Gerlach, published by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH. And sorne Mlich more needs ta be done ta make this manual a comprehensive of those photographs on pages 7, 9, 15, 19, 21, 31, 37, 63, 65, 73, 85, well-illllstrated collection of important plant diseases of Pacifie Island 87,89,91,93,103,109, Ill, 113, 117, 119, 121, 127, 133 and 151 have cOllntries. Readers may find sorne diseases of interest are not inclllded, been provided by the Department of Primary Industries (DPI), and, for sorne that are present, the photographs could be improved. Queensland from their books, Diseases offruit crops and Diseases of This is acknowledged, and the challenge now is to get the illustrations vegetable crops published by the DPI, Queensland. The authors of these required. It is, therefore, hoped that readers will assist the South texts and the publishers are thanked for their generosity in sharing the Pacifie Commission by contributing photographs for future photographs for use in this manual. In addition, we are grateful to Denis supplements to the manual. These will be published in the same format Persley and Tony Cooke for arranging the duplication of plant disease as weil as on CD-ROM, and incorporated into the Pacifie Plant photographs from the collection maintained by DPI, and to Robin Protection Information System. Palmer for taking photographs of plant diseases in Fiji. Dr Bob Dun Director-General South Pacifie Commission Noumea, New Caledonia 2 Key fa the Symptoms Site ofinfection R Root C Collar S,T Stem, Trunk L Leaf FI Flower Fr Fruit Importance ofthe disease -V Minor -V-V Moderate -V-V-V Severe «(11/1/01'/'('(11/111'/11,1 : The lIul1lhcr givcn (\Ir \ta 'h dl~t:a,e ~'nin'Idt:s with control Jl1casurc' dewiled on pagl" 15 177 3 ABELMOSCflUS ESCULENTUS 1'1CACIA. SPIRORBIS ACTlNIDIA DELICIOSA OKRA WATTLE KIWI FRUIT MALVACEAE MIMOSACEAE ACTINIDIACEAE Pseudocercospora abelmo...chi Uromycladi1111l tepperianul1l Glomerella cinglllflta =Culletolrichul11 gloeQ.\porioides Leafspot Rust Anthracnose Site of infection: L Site of infection: L,Fr Site of infection: L Importance of the disease: '1/ Importance of the disease: ....;....; Importance of the disease: '1/'1/ Symptoms Symptoms Symptoms Angular spots, mostJy on mature Jeaves, at first Large, hard, irregular knobs or galls, up to 150 Light brown leaf spots, without clear margins, yellowish on the upper Jeaf surface, later mm across, formed within the 'leaves' (Ieaf-like merging as they age and affecting a large part of becoming brown. On the lower surface, the spots petioles) and fruits. The galls are light brown the leaf blade, giving a scorched appearance. become covered with grey or brown fungal when young and spore-producing, becoming dull Leaf stalks are seldom attacked. growth. Usually, the spread of the spots is brown with age. In severe attacks, the trees may Kiwi fruit is a recent introduction into the restricted by the veins. be full of galls, and made weak by the reduced Pacifie Islands and, as yet, has not been planted Bele, A. manihot, is also a host. leaf canopy. Seed production may be affected. widely. Colletotrichum, however, has the Several Acacia spp. are hosts. potential to cause a serioLls problem on this crop. Another rust, Uromyces phyllodiorum, occurs on Many other plants are hosts, including avocado, Acacia spp. The spore-producing pustules are coffee, eggplant, mango, papaya. sweet pepper. light brown and occur in groups, deforming the tomato and yams. pods and flowers. Treatment: 110 Treatment: 144 Treatment: 62 4 Photo: Eric McKel1zie Ph",,,: Kohler Colleuiol1 Phnlo: Kohler ColleclÎt}/1 Photo: Eric A1cKeflzie Photo: Kohler Colleclion PW'/ft/O(l'r("o.\/)(ml (1 he/lIIost.'h i UnJ/1Iydl1liiU/II tepfJerÙl11ll11/ Glomerel/a L'ingu/ara 5 AGATHIS SPP. AGATHIS SPP. ALUUM CEPA KAURI KAURI ONION ARAUCARIACEAE ARAUCARIACEAE ALLIACEAE Aecidilll1lfragifonlle Glomerella cillKulala .olletotridlllm circinan... =Colletotrichu11l gloeo!>porioides Rust Anthracnose Smudge Site of infection: L Site of infection: L,S Site of infection: L Importance of the disease: 1/ Importance of the disease: 1/ Importance of the disease: 1/ Symptoms Symptoms Symptoms Raised galls, 5 mm high, on the upper leaf The disease is mostly a problem on seedlings in Small, round, dark blotches on the bulb and surface, up to 15 mm diam. The corresponding the nursery, where it can cause substantialleaf zonate patterns on the outer scale leaves, lower leaf surface is often depressed. White to fall, weakening and even kiUing the plants. particularly on white-skinned varieties. yellow pustules are formed within the galls. The Many other plants are hosts, including avocado, galls are more common on younger plants, coffee, eggplant, mango, papaya, sweet pepper, sometimes causing defoliation. tomato and yams. Treatment: 2 Treatment: 62 Treatment: 34 6 Photo: Kohler Collection Photo: Kahler Collection Phoro: DPI ColieCiion Photo: Kahler Collection I\ecidi1111I lm l{ ifol'III (' G/o!nerella cil1gll/attl CollerorricllLl1ll cir("Îlluns 7 Al.LTUM PORRUM ALLIUM SATlVUM ALOCASIA MACRORRHIZOS LEEK GARLIC GIANTTARO ALLIACEAE ALLIACEAE ARACEAE ALtemaria ponoi Aspergillus lIiger MYl.'osp/werella 1lloclL\"iae =Cerl.'o