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PENNSYLVANIA 2012–2013 Tree Fruit Production Guide

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PENNSYLVANIA 2012–2013 Tree Fruit Production Guide College of Agri C u lt u r A l S C i e n C e S Production Guide Pesticide Safety Coordinator Penn State Pesticide Education J. M. Halbrendt Program Horticulture Orchard Sprayer Techniques R. M. Crassweller, J. W. Travis section coordinator Harvest and Postharvest Handling J. R. Schupp R. M. Crassweller Entomology J. R. Schupp G. Krawczyk, section Cider Production and Food Safety coordinator L. F. LaBorde L. A. Hull D. J. Biddinger Orchard Budgets J. K. Harper Pollination and Bee L. F. Kime Management M. Frazier Farm Labor Regulations D. J. Biddinger R. H. Pifer Plant Pathology Designer H. K. Ngugi, section G. Collins coordinator Editor N. O. Halbrendt A. Kirsten Nematology Disease, insect figures J. M. Halbrendt C. Gregory Wildlife Resources C. Jung G. San Julian Cover Photos Environmental Monitoring iStock J. W. Travis this guide is also available on the web at agsci.psu.edu/tfpg Visit Penn State’s College of Agricultural Sciences on the web: agsci.psu.edu This publication is available from the Publications Distribution Center, The Pennsylvania State Univer- sity, 112 Agricultural Administration Building, University Park, PA 16802. For information telephone 814-865-6713. Where trade names appear, no discrimination is intended, and no endorsement by Penn State Cooperative Extension or the College of Agricultural Sciences is implied. This publication is available in alternative media on request. The Pennsylvania State University is committed to the policy that all persons shall have equal access to programs, facilities, admission, and employment without regard to personal characteristics not related to ability, performance, or qualifications as determined by University policy or by state or federal authorities. It is the policy of the University to maintain an academic and work environment free of discrimination, including harassment. The Pennsylvania State University prohibits discrimination and harassment against any person because of age, ancestry, color, disability or handicap, national origin, race, religious creed, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, or veteran status. Discrimination or harassment against faculty, staff, or students will not be tolerated at The Pennsylvania State University. Direct all inquiries regarding the nondiscrimination policy to the Affirmative Action Director, The Pennsylvania State University, 328 Boucke Building, University Park, PA 16802-5901; Tel 814-865-4700/V, 814-863-1150/TTY. © The Pennsylvania State University 2012 Produced by Ag Communications and Marketing Code# AGRS-045 .75M12/11kb 3841 2012–2013 ❦ Pennsylvania Tree Fruit Production Guide ❦ Introduction The 2012–2013 edition of the Pennsylvania Tree Fruit Produc- Part V, Integrated Pest Management Spray Programs, offers tion Guide has been updated and revised to make it as accurate specific suggestions for pesticide use on apples, pears, peach- as possible for current recommendations and pesticide registra- es, nectarines, apricots, cherries, and plums. Remember that tions. The chapters, or parts, are printed on the back cover with the pesticide label is the document that ultimately prescribes tab markings to make them easy to locate. A comprehensive how a chemical can be used, and that labels can change. When table of contents is located on the following pages. Chemical applying a chemical, have a copy of the label in hand. management tables are grouped together to make them easily Part VI, Harvest and Postharvest Handling, incorporates accessible. The index has been updated and a new special section new information on controlled-atmosphere fruit storage. on the biology and control of the brown marmorated stink bug has Also discussed are fruit testing to determine maturity, stor- been added. New parts were also added to Parts 2, 3 and 4. The age guidelines, and the control of common postharvest fruit pesticide registration information included in this guide reflects disorders. available labels as of September 2011. Always read the current Part VII, Cider Production, describes how to make, handle, and pesticide label before any pesticide application. market safe, high-quality apple cider. Good manufacturing You also can access the Tree Fruit Production Guide on the practices for cider production are described. Web at agsci.psu.edu/tfpg. The Web version of the production guide also includes several databases, pictures of fruit cultivars, Part VIII, Maintaining the Safety of Apples and Apple and slide presentations on aspects of fruit production. Penn Products, describes good management practices for grow- State’s Fruit Times newsletters are available at extension.psu ing, packing, and cider production to avoid potential food .edu/fruit-times. safety hazards. Part IX, Farm Management, presents sample budgets for land preparation, orchard planting, and mature orchards, as well Overview Of the Pennsylvania tree as production budgets for fresh-market apples, processing fruit PrOductiOn Guide apples, fresh-market peaches, and other tree fruit. Also in- cluded in Part IX are updated descriptions of state and federal More than a “spray guide,” the Pennsylvania Tree Fruit Produc- laws that apply to Pennsylvania fruit producers, including tion Guide collates information on the full range of commercial those governing hiring, wages and withholding, worker and tree fruit production issues. The guide is revised every two years community safety, workplace discrimination, and seasonal/ with input by a score of Penn State faculty members and other migrant labor. consultants. It is meant to be a reference that growers and other fruit industry personnel can turn to often. Appendix: Tree Fruit on the Web is a list of websites with in- formation for growers. A bibliography of important reference Part I, Cultural Information, contains guidelines for estab- texts follows the web listings. The index is a comprehensive lishing an orchard, choosing a tree fruit nursery, caring for listing of topics covered in this production guide. Finally, nonbearing trees, and maintaining bearing orchards. Included a chart of useful conversions for weights and measures is is a listing of nurseries, up-to-date information on disease- included. resistant cultivars and rootstock availability, as well as recom- mendations for summer pruning. Environmental monitoring the iPM approach and frost protection also are discussed in detail. The bee and Pesticide use and pest resistance can be decreased—and even pollination issues are also discussed in this chapter. eliminated in some cases—by understanding diseases and Part II, Diseases, Pests, and Natural Enemies, stresses the insects clearly, scouting for pests routinely, and monitoring use of all possible control strategies in pest and pesticide environmental conditions daily. Effective pesticide programs management. It contains information on the biology of tree require careful pesticide applications and correct timing. The fruit pests and provides control options other than chemicals. combination of thorough orchard monitoring, horticultural Part III, Chemical Management, describes the appropriate use controls, and judicious pesticide use is known as integrated pest of chemicals within integrated pest management (IPM) and management (IPM). pesticide resistant management (PRM) strategies. It deals with IPM is the guiding concept of the 2012–2013 Pennsylvania safety, spraying, and the use of individual pesticides. Tree Fruit Production Guide. To make the best use of this guide, Part IV, Chemical Management Tables, includes efficacy and study and understand the biology of diseases and insects. Then timing tables for pesticide use in the various tree fruit crops. incorporate horticultural control measures, as well as chemical It also covers reentry and preharvest intervals and pesticide ones, into your control strategy. storage. ii Pennsylvania Tree Fruit Production Guide 2012–2013 Always read the label before using any chemical on your farm. Application rates in this guide’s tables and spray programs are given as amounts of the commercial formulations. Consult the section on pesticide safety (in Part III) or your county extension office concerning the safe disposal of any chemical mentioned in this publication. All pesticides discussed in this guide are registered for the indicated crops as of September 2011. Application suggestions are based on the continued registration of each pesticide. If any material listed should lose or change its registered usage, a notice to that effect will be announced. A brief update of the information in this guide may be published in early 2013 and distributed at extension educational meetings and local extension offices. Do not use this publication after 2013. Table of Contents iii Contents ❦ Part i ❦ cultural information Orchard establishment ............................................. 1 Pears ...................................................................... 66 Site Selection and Soil Preparation .......................................... 1 Site Selection and Soil Preparation ........................................ 66 Orchard Layout ........................................................................ 2 Asian Pears ............................................................................. 66 Choosing a Nursery for Fruit Trees ......................................... 3 Recommended Cultivars ........................................................ 66 Rootstocks .............................................................................
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