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Open KON Dissertation FINAL.Pdf The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Agricultural Sciences EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL AND THERMAL BLOSSOM THINNING STRATEGIES FOR APPLE A Dissertation in Horticulture by Thomas M. Kon 2016 Thomas M. Kon Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2016 The dissertation of Thomas M. Kon was reviewed and approved* by the following: James R. Schupp Professor of Pomology Dissertation Advisor Chair of Committee Robert M. Crassweller Professor of Horticulture Paul Heinemann Professor and Head of Agricultural and Biological Engineering Richard Marini Professor of Horticulture Erin L. Connolly Professor of Plant Science Head of the Department of Plant Science *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT Since 1989, approximately 150 compounds and multiple mechanical devices were evaluated as apple blossom thinners. Despite these efforts, blossom thinner adoption has been limited to a few apple producing regions or states. The purpose of this work was to: 1) compare the efficacy of promising chemical blossom thinners using a predictive model as a timing aid, and 2) evaluate the potential of short-duration thermal treatments as a blossom thinning strategy. Using a predictive model as a timing aid, the efficacy of several promising chemical blossom thinners was evaluated at Penn State’s Fruit Research and Extension Center in Biglerville, PA. Blossom thinner effects on pollen tube growth, fruit set, and yield responses were evaluated. Calcium polysulfide and ammonium thiosulfate inhibited pollen tube growth in vivo and reduced initial fruit set. Endothal was a potent thinner, but was ineffective in reducing pollen tube growth and caused excessive leaf injury. When used as the sole method of crop load management, none of the chemistries evaluated over-thinned or increased fruit injury. However, endothal caused excessive thinning when evaluated as part of a commercial crop load management program. In a series of experiments, short duration forced heated air treatments (thermal shock; TS) were evaluated as a potential blossom thinning strategy. TS treatments were applied to solitary blossoms and spur leaf tissue with a variable temperature heat gun. At effective temperatures, TS reduced stigmatic receptivity and pollen tube growth in vivo when applied up to 24 h after the pollination event. At the range of temperatures evaluated, a minimum of a 2 s application was required to influence pollen tube growth in vivo. While our data shows that TS was effective in reducing pollen tube growth in vivo, the onset of visible injury to leaf tissue occurred at similar temperatures. Environmental conditions appeared to influence heat gun performance and TS treatment efficacy. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. ix Chapter 1 Crop load management strategies for apple ............................................................ 1 Abstract ............................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 Advantages of reducing crop load early ........................................................................... 2 Disadvantages of reducing crop load early ...................................................................... 4 Pruning to reduce crop load ............................................................................................. 5 Blossom thinners .............................................................................................................. 11 Chemical blossom thinners .............................................................................................. 11 Finding an alternative to Elgetol: caustic products and photosynthetic inhibitors ........... 12 Alternatives to Elgetol: use of plant growth regulators .................................................... 17 Alternatives to Elgetol: screening efforts ......................................................................... 18 Timing of chemical blossom thinning applications ......................................................... 27 Mechanical blossom thinning .......................................................................................... 29 Post bloom thinners: status and new chemistries ............................................................. 31 Post bloom thinners: advances in application timing ....................................................... 33 Integrated crop load management strategies .................................................................... 35 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 36 Literature Cited ................................................................................................................ 40 Chapter 2 Evaluation of chemical blossom thinners using ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Gala’ pollen tube growth models as timing aids ........................................................................ 64 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 64 Materials and Methods ..................................................................................................... 68 ‘Golden Delicious’ ................................................................................................... 68 ‘Gala’ ....................................................................................................................... 73 Statistical analysis .................................................................................................... 75 Results and Discussion ..................................................................................................... 75 ‘Golden Delicious’ ................................................................................................... 75 ‘Gala’ ....................................................................................................................... 87 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 93 Literature Cited ................................................................................................................ 95 Chapter 3 Thermal shock temperature and timing effects on apple stigmatic receptivity, pollen tube growth, and leaf injury .................................................................................. 101 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 101 Materials and Methods ..................................................................................................... 104 v Expt.1: TS effects on stigmatic receptivity of ‘Crimson Gala’ apple. ...................... 104 Expt. 2: TS effects on pollen tube growth in vivo. .................................................... 106 Expt. 3: TS effects on visible spur leaf injury. .......................................................... 109 Statistical analysis .................................................................................................... 110 Results and Discussion ..................................................................................................... 110 Expt.1: TS effects on stigmatic receptivity of ‘Crimson Gala’ apple. ...................... 110 Expt. 2: TS effects on pollen tube growth in vivo. .................................................... 115 Expt. 3: TS effects on visible spur leaf injury. .......................................................... 121 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 122 Literature Cited ................................................................................................................ 124 Chapter 4 Apple pollen tube growth and spur leaf injury in response to thermal shock temperature and duration.................................................................................................. 129 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 129 Materials and Methods ..................................................................................................... 130 Expt.1: Effects of TS temperature and treatment duration on stigmatic receptivity of ‘York’ apple. ............................................................................... 130 Expt. 2. Effects of TS temperature and treatment duration on visible spur leaf injury of ‘York’ apple. ...................................................................................... 132 Statistical analysis .................................................................................................... 134 Results and Discussion ....................................................................................................
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