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Agriculture Science for Secondary Schools Book 3

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Agriculture Science for Secondary Schools Book 3 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN GUYANA BOOK III i AGRICULTURE SCIENCE FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN GUYANA Acknowledgements 2014 EDITION Director NAREI Research Manager, Guysuco General Manager, New GMC Stacy Osborne Julius David Linton Proffit Phil Mingo MOE MERD Staff MOE Secondary Sector, Georgetown PREVIOUS EDITION Fitzroy Wecver PROJECT STAFF Joy Johnson Co‐ordinator : Fitztroy Marcus L.M. Philip Neri Asst. Co‐ordinat or : Rita Lowell Yvonne Mc Intosh Secretary: Lucy Williams Wendell Archer Specialist: Hazel Moses Lennox Vickerie Edward 0' DWilliams DESIGN STAFF Petalinc McDonald Beverley Edward Michelle Burgess Deonarine Geer Tyrone Doris Emerson ii Copyright 2014 Published by: MINISTRY OF EDUCATION NATIONAL CENTRE FOR EDUCATIONAL RESOURCE Georgetown, GUYANA First Published 1994 Ministry of Education Printed By: RPL (1991) LTD Cover Design by Phil Mingo iii Contents 1. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF FARM ANIMALS ................................................ 8 THE GROSS ANATOMY...................................................................................8 SYSTEMIC ANATOMY ................................................................................... 19 2. ANIMAL NUTRITION ...................................................................................................... 56 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF FARM ANIMALS ...................................... 56 NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF LIVESTOCK ................................ 56 SOURCES OF FOOD ....................................................................................... 64 3. CATTLE REARING .......................................................................................................... 81 BREEDS AND TYPES OF CATTLE ............................................................. 81 MANAGING DAIRY CATTLE ....................................................................... 90 INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL PARASITES .............................................. 116 4. SHEEP AND GOATS ...................................................................................................... 122 TYPES AND BREEDS ..................................................................................... 123 MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP AND GOATS ................................................ 126 5. PREPARATION AND MARKETING OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCE ........................... 137 PREPARATION OF MEAT ........................................................................... 137 MARKETING MEAT .................................................................................... 142 PREPARATION OF MILK ............................................................................ 149 PREPARATION OF EGGS ............................................................................ 152 6. ARICULTURAL INSTITUTIONS .................................................................................. 156 AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTIONS IN GUYANA .................................... 156 DEVELOPMENTAL INSTITUTIONS ......................................................... 156 LOCAL TRAINING INSTITUTION ............................................................ 158 RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS ........................................................................ 161 LOCAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTION ........................................................... 163 REGIONAL INSTITUTIONS ........................................................................ 164 INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTION .............................. 166 7. CROP PROTECTION ...................................................................................................... 168 iv INSECTS AND OTHER PESTS OF CROP PLANTS .................................. 168 8. CROPS .............................................................................................................................. 190 BANANA ........................................................................................................ 190 SUGARCANE ................................................................................................. 197 HELICONIA ................................................................................................... 215 PADDY............................................................................................................ 229 9. SOIL CONSERVATION.................................................................................................. 251 SOIL DESTRUCTION .................................................................................... 251 SOIL CONSERVATION ................................................................................ 255 MANGROVE .................................................................................................. 256 10. FARMING AS A BUSINESS ........................................................................................ 258 FARM INPUTS ............................................................................................... 258 INPUT - OUTPUT RELATIONSHIP ............................................................ 265 v Foreword Curricula must be flexible enough to respond to the existential needs of the children in a changing society. Textbooks which are aids in the delivery of those curricula must be revised and edited as often as the need arises to make them contemporary in information and presentation. Because of these things one welcomes the revised editions of the secondary school textbooks with pictures in appropriate colours. We wish to commend all those persons responsible for this painstaking effort for having done a worthwhile job. The nation's children and their teachers will benefit significantly because of this effort. May the industry of the editors be suitably rewarded by the wise use of the revised secondary school texts. Priya Manickchand Minister of Education vi Preface This series of secondary textbooks has evolved from the first and second sets of secondary textbooks which were planned for students in Secondary Schools. An important modification is that the new secondary books have been designed for students exposed to all types of secondary education (Senior Secondary Schools, Junior Secondary Schools and the secondary divisions of Primary Schools). The books have been prepared with the common curriculum in focus and will be found to be consistent with most of the concepts dealt with in the curriculum guides for these schools. It is hoped that the introduction of these books to the different levels of secondary education now evidenced in Guyana, will help to remove some of the disparities which exist in accessing suitable learning materials. vii 1. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF FARM ANIMALS Livestock farmers are constantly striving to improve their level of production. In so doing, it becomes very important for them to know the basic body structure of the animals they rear. Since body structure is closely related to body function, a knowledge of the structure and function of an animal's body will help farmers to understand clearly how each structure works in order to produce a particular livestock product, e.g., meat, milk and eggs. This sort of understanding is essential when the farmer's goal is to improve his/her management practices which would later result in efficient production. Hence, the farmer's work would be concentrated only on those practices which promote good health and comfort for animals so that they can produce at their maximum levels with minimum cost to their owners. The term anatomy refers to the science concerned with the form, structure and spatial relationships of living organisms. In this chapter, two aspects of the anatomy of farm animals will be presented-the gross anatomy and the systemic anatomy. THE GROSS ANATOMY The gross anatomy deals with the relative positions of various body parts with emphasis on the external features of an animal's body. In addition to the popular classes of livestock, reference will also be made to fish and bees. Morphology deals with body shape, size, form and structure of an animal. A knowledge of morphology will help farmers to: select breeding stock give to the veterinary surgeon or livestock officer oral descriptions on the exact position of injury or abnormality of the body identify correct positions on the animal's body for administering injections give precise reports to the Artificial Inseminator comment accurately on body conformation at Animal Shows or Livestock Sales 8 classify animals according to breeds and types, for example, for an animal to be registered as member of a particular breed, it must show the external features required by the Breed Association. For convenience, the external body structure of farm animals will be listed under headings of the following areas: Head and neck Body Fore quarter Hind quarter THE EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF CATTLE Figure 1-1 (a) The external features of a bull 9 10 Table 1.1 Parts of the cattle found in the head and neck, fore quarter, body and hind quarter Head and neck Fore quarter Body Hind quarter poll brisket heart-girth rump forehead shoulder back pin-bone horn fore arm loin hook-bone face knee barrel thigh eyes shank umbilical flap (navel in hock cows) ears fore flank sheath (in bulls) dew claw nostrils withers mammary veins pastern muzzle ribs stifle jaw chest teats throat hind flank dewlap vulva (in cows) neck scrotum (in bulls) hoof tail switch anus Note: These terms above are also used to identify similar external features of the sheep and goat. 11 THE EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF SWINE Figure 1-2 (b) A
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