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Rapport Technique RAPPORT TECHNIQUE Transport urbain électrique alimenté par dispositif de biberonnage Pour Société de transport de Laval A/S Sylvain Boucher, Ing. 2250, avenue Francis-Hughes Laval (Québec) H7S 2C3 21 AVRIL 2010 RAPPORT TECHNIQUE Transport urbain électrique alimenté par dispositif de biberonnage 2010 Table des matières 1 Description sommaire de la technologie ............................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Véhicules compatibles au biberonnage ........................................................................................................ 6 1.1.1 Spécifications des véhicules ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.1.2 Conditions d’utilisation ............................................................................................................................ 6 1.1.3 Projets de démonstration/exploitants ..................................................................................................... 7 1.2 Systèmes de stockage de l’énergie ............................................................................................................... 7 1.2.1 Batteries ................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.2.2 Super-condensateurs ............................................................................................................................. 15 1.2.3 Roues d’inertie ....................................................................................................................................... 19 1.3 Principe de fonctionnement du biberonnage............................................................................................. 22 1.3.1 Tableau comparatif ................................................................................................................................ 22 1.4 Description des infrastructures .................................................................................................................. 23 1.4.1 Recharge en bout de ligne ...................................................................................................................... 23 1.4.2 Recharge ultra-rapide distribuée ........................................................................................................... 23 1.4.3 Recharge quasi-continue ........................................................................................................................ 24 2 Historique ............................................................................................................................................................. 25 2.1 Gyrobus ...................................................................................................................................................... 25 2.2 Optare MetroRider ..................................................................................................................................... 26 2.3 Power Electronic Research Group de la Nouvelle-Zélande ........................................................................ 26 2.4 Bus à super-condensateurs en Russie ........................................................................................................ 27 2.5 Minibus par induction en Italie ................................................................................................................... 28 3 Situation Actuelle ................................................................................................................................................. 31 3.1 Expériences en cours .................................................................................................................................. 31 3.1.1 Montmartrobus ...................................................................................................................................... 31 3.1.2 Trolley bus #90 Express de Rome ........................................................................................................... 33 3.1.3 Ville de Turin .......................................................................................................................................... 34 128, rue de la Gare Saint - Jérôme (Québec) J7Z 2C2 Page 2 RAPPORT TECHNIQUE Transport urbain électrique alimenté par dispositif de biberonnage 2010 3.1.4 Évolution du biberonnage ...................................................................................................................... 35 3.2 Comparaison des approches ...................................................................................................................... 36 3.3 Disponibilité commerciale .......................................................................................................................... 37 3.3.1 Elfo de EPT .............................................................................................................................................. 37 3.3.2 Technobus .............................................................................................................................................. 38 4 Développement prévisible ................................................................................................................................... 39 4.1 Accumulateurs ............................................................................................................................................ 39 4.1.1 Batteries ................................................................................................................................................. 39 4.1.2 Super-Condensateurs ............................................................................................................................. 39 4.2 Postes de biberonnage et systèmes entiers ............................................................................................... 40 4.2.1 Système WATT de PVI ............................................................................................................................ 40 4.2.2 Proterra .................................................................................................................................................. 41 4.2.3 Sinautec .................................................................................................................................................. 43 4.2.4 Système OLEV, du Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology ............................................. 45 4.2.5 Numexia ................................................................................................................................................. 46 4.2.6 IPT Charge de Conductix-Wampfler ....................................................................................................... 46 5 Analyse ................................................................................................................................................................. 48 5.1 Analyse énergétique ................................................................................................................................... 48 5.1.1 Besoins énergétiques d’un véhicule de 60 pieds ................................................................................... 48 5.2 Scénarios technologiques ........................................................................................................................... 51 5.2.1 SCÉNARIO 1 : biberonnage en fin de ligne ............................................................................................. 51 5.2.2 SCÉNARIO 2 : biberonnage ultra-rapide ................................................................................................. 52 5.2.3 Volume, poids et prix de stockage d’énergie ......................................................................................... 53 5.3 Comparaison avec trolleybus ..................................................................................................................... 53 6 Perspectives globales et horizon temporel .......................................................................................................... 54 7 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................................. 55 7.1.1 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 55 128, rue de la Gare Saint - Jérôme (Québec) J7Z 2C2 Page 3 RAPPORT TECHNIQUE Transport urbain électrique alimenté par dispositif de biberonnage 2010 7.1.2 RecommAndation ................................................................................................................................... 55 Table des figures Figure 1, Vaporetto E1, Ansaldo Sistemi Industriali ....................................................................................................... 6 Figure 2, graphique de puissance et d'énergie des diverses formes de stockage ......................................................... 7 Figure 3, diagramme d'un condensateur ..................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 4, image d’un super-condensateur ..................................................................................................................
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