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Electromagnetic Analysis and Simulation Aspects of Wireless Power Transfer in the Domain of Inductive Power Transmission Technology Lionel Pichon

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Electromagnetic Analysis and Simulation Aspects of Wireless Power Transfer in the Domain of Inductive Power Transmission Technology Lionel Pichon Electromagnetic analysis and simulation aspects of wireless power transfer in the domain of inductive power transmission technology Lionel Pichon To cite this version: Lionel Pichon. Electromagnetic analysis and simulation aspects of wireless power transfer in the do- main of inductive power transmission technology. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Taylor & Francis, 2020, 34 (13), pp.1719-1755. 10.1080/09205071.2020.1799870. hal-02919639 HAL Id: hal-02919639 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02919639 Submitted on 27 Oct 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial| 4.0 International License Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tewa20 Electromagnetic analysis and simulation aspects of wireless power transfer in the domain of inductive power transmission technology Lionel Pichon To cite this article: Lionel Pichon (2020) Electromagnetic analysis and simulation aspects of wireless power transfer in the domain of inductive power transmission technology, Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 34:13, 1719-1755, DOI: 10.1080/09205071.2020.1799870 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2020.1799870 © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group Published online: 30 Jul 2020. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 89 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tewa20 JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND APPLICATIONS 2020, VOL. 34, NO. 13, 1719–1755 https://doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2020.1799870 INVITED REVIEW PAPER Electromagnetic analysis and simulation aspects of wireless power transfer in the domain of inductive power transmission technology Lionel Pichona,b aGroup of Electrical and Electronic Engineering of Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, CNRS, Paris, France; bGroup of Electrical and Electronic Engineering of Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Wireless power transfer (WPT) technologies have now reached a Received 11 February 2020 commercial stage in applications going from consumer electronics, Accepted 17 July 2020 biomedical implants and domestic applications. For electrical cars, KEYWORDS WPT offers some new opportunities compared to classical wired Electromagnetic modeling; charging. Although there exist some commercial cars equipped with wireless power transfer; wireless charging system, improving design procedures needs to electromagnetic address various domains including power electronics, components compatibility; electric vehicle and electromagnetics. The magnetic coupling system is a key com- ponent of wireless power transfer: the coils and surrounding mate- rials have a great impact on the efficiency of the transfer as well as the level of the stray field near the system. The paper aims to present three essential features regarding the inductive power transfer dedi- cated to electric vehicles. The first one addresses the topology and efficiency of the coupling system, the second one underlines the human exposure considerations and the third one deals with the impact of uncertainties regarding system parameters. 1. Introduction In the last decades, the scientific community has studied different mechanisms of the transfer of energy to distances by wireless power transfer (WPT). Today, this definition covers several technologies in a widespread range of applications, powers and distances [1]. Wireless power transfer technologies based on electromag- netic fields can be divided into two categories according to the coupling region between transmitting antenna and receiving antenna: (1) non-radiative region or near-field and (2) radiative or far-field region. For wireless charging of electric vehicles, only near-field technologies are used. Near-field means the energy remains within a small region of the transmitting system. The range of these fields depends on the size and shape of the trans- mitter and receiver. In the near-field region, the electric and magnetic fields can be studied separately. A power can be transferred through the electric field via electrodes and the CONTACT Lionel Pichon [email protected] Group of Electrical and Electronic Engineering of Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, CNRS, Paris, Gif-sur-Yvette 91192, France; Group of Electrical and Electronic Engineering of Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, Gif-sur-Yvette 75252, France © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way. 1720 L. PICHON magnetic field via coils. Power decreases with a 1/r3 factor, where r is the distance from the source, and then energy remains at short distance between the transmitter and the receiver. The capacitive power transfer (CPT) is dual of the inductive power transfer (IPT) tech- nology. The IPT system uses magnetic fields to transfer power, while the CPT system uses electric fields. The CPT system has several advantages: negligible eddy-current loss, low cost and weight, and good misalignment performance. In a CPT system, only several pieces of metal plates are used to build the capacitive coupler. There is no issue about the eddy- current loss. The material and thickness of the plates do not affect the system performance very much. The CPT system is able to transfer power across electrically isolated metal bar- riers. Capacitive power transfer can be used in various applications, such as integrated circuits, biomedical devices, personal electronic devices and electric vehicles (EVs). The capacitive interface is typically in the range of hundreds of picofarads (pF) when the plates are almost touching with an insulation layer in between and 1–2 mm air gap, and few tens of picofarads. For EV charging applications with a large air gap (from 150 to 300 mm), the frequency is around 1 MHz. The inductive Power Transfer-Based Wireless Charging (IPT) uses the principle of mag- netic induction to transmit power without a medium. It is based on Maxwell’s law, where a time-variant current in a conductor creates a magnetic field around the conductor, and a secondary loop (receiver) gets voltage generated due to time-varying magnetic flux. The disadvantage of such inductive coupling technique is that efficiency is lost as fast as coils are separated. Therefore, the non-resonant method is no efficient for long distances leading to waste more energy when transmitting over longer distances. Mechanical resonance (or acoustic resonance) is well known in physics and consists in applying to a system a periodical action (vibratory motion for example) with a period that matches the maximum absorption energy rate of the system. When two systems have the same resonant frequency, they can be coupled in a resonant way leading one system to transfer energy (in an efficient way) to the other. In electromagnetics, the resonance is needed to improve efficiency drastically by transferring the electromagnetic energy to the receiving coil resonating at a matching frequency. Thereby increasing the charging distance as compared to other methods. It is important to note that due to resonance char- acteristics, power is only transferred to object operating at a matching frequency and has no effect on objects with nearly matching frequency. When the electric vehicle is parked at a fixed place, electric power is transferred from the pad underneath the ground to the one mounted on the chassis of the vehicle with any contact with each other. To transfer power in a convenient manner and productively, resonant compensation should be used to remove the great inductance leakage and the small coupling. The present paper is devoted to a particular technology on the domain of WPT called inductive power transmission (IPT) and its application oriented to the charge of electric vehicles. The automotive industry is currently undergoing a major technological transfor- mation in a context where environmental concerns are at the forefront. Restrictions in terms of CO2 emissions lead manufacturers to work on “cleaner” concept cars as the Electrical Vehicle (EV) and Hybrid Electrical Vehicle (HEV). Such vehicles currently use a regular cable connection for the recharge (on board battery) in charging stations. Although this kind of charging, developed in recent years, is known to be very fast (15/20 min) for full EV battery charge with proper energy, it may include elements tedious and/or inconvenient for
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