Documentary Culture and the Laity in the Early Middle Ages Edited by Warren C

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02529-5 - Documentary Culture and the Laity in the Early Middle Ages Edited by Warren C. Brown, Marios Costambeys, Matthew Innes and Adam J. Kosto Index More information

Index

Aachen, 14, 15, 161 Algeria, 1, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 50, 53, 54, Abbots Bromley, monastery, 353 59 Abingdon, monastery, 355, 357, 361 Alps, 96, 165, 172, 237 archive.Seeecclesiastical archives Alsace, 191, 192, 193, 199, 206, 207, 212, cartulary.Seecartularies 213, 216, 220, 224 Chronicle, 359 Ambrose, bishop of Milan, 137 Achmetha, palace, 17 andelangus, 194, 195 Adalhard, count, 201 Andreas, scribe, 167 Adalland, cancellarius, 219, 221 Angers, 113–15, 117 Adelchis II, 329 formulas.Seeformulas Admiralty Island, 49 Anglo-Saxon England.SeeEngland ostraca. See ostraca Ansur, landowner, 279 Ado, priest, 199, 201 dossier.Seedossiers Aegefredus, landowner, 318 Antioch, 19 Aeglidulf, bishop, 144 Antonine Constitution, 67, 68 Ælfwold, layman, 350, 351 Anulinus, proconsul, 56 Aelianus, proconsul, 56 Aphrodito, village, 22, 26, 30 Æthelflæd, ruler of the Mercians, 356 Apion family, 21, 23, 25, 27, 365 Æthelfrith, thegn, 356 archive.Seelay archives Æthelhelm Higa, 337, 345, 346, 347 Apronianus, advocate, 54 Æthelmund, thegn, 349 Aquileia, patriarch of, 257 Æthelred II, king, 352, 353, 354, 360 Aquitaine, 179, 192 Æthelred, ruler of the Mercians, 356 Aragon, 260 Æthelric, son of Æthelmund, 350–1, 352 Arbeo, bishop and scribe, 226, 228 Æthelstan, king, 355 arca, 175, 326 Æthelthryth, landowner, 348 arcarius, 48, 50, 75 Æthelwine, ealdorman, 357 archives, 12–15, 376. See also document Æthelwulf, landowner, 348 preservation Æthylric, son of Æthelmund, 349–50 ancient Near East, 17–18, 20, 25, Aganbert, mandate bearer, 113, 115, 116 33 Agello, estate, 245 archivum, 155 dossier.Seedossiers Byzantine, 21–33 Alahis, vir magnificus, 1, 94, 239, 248 Carolingian, 155, 185–6 archive.Seelay archives definition of, 13, 20 Alaric II, 69, 85 ecclesiastical.Seeecclesiastical archives Alberic, princeps, 330 Egypt, 26 Albertini Tablets, 40–2, 50, 52, 54, 58 gesta municipalia. See gesta municipalia Alcuin, 136, 150 history, early modern, 291–4 Alemannia, 117, 119, 150, 157, 159, 160, lay.Seelay archives 172, 173 local, 31, 168, 170–1, 182, 198–203, Alexandria, 19, 31, 137 204, 241–2, 306, 307, 356–7, Alfred, king, 345, 346, 347 370–1

377

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02529-5 - Documentary Culture and the Laity in the Early Middle Ages Edited by Warren C. Brown, Marios Costambeys, Matthew Innes and Adam J. Kosto Index More information

378 Index

archives (cont.) Bierre, villa, 302, 305, 306, 309 North Africa, 55–8 Bir Trouch, Algeria, 37, 42 practice, 155, 156–7, 159–60, 169, 170, ostraca. See ostraca 283–4, 312–20 birch bark, 91 public.Seepublic archives Bitterauf, Theodore, 225 residential, 87, 326–7, 370 Bloch, Marc, 286 Argemundo, landowner, 276 Bobbio, monastery, 321–2 Argimirus, servant, 266, 268 Boniface, bishop of Mainz, 204, 211 Arley, estate, 353–4 Bonifatius, duke, 210, 211, 214, 215 Arno, bishop of Freising, 226 Bonnassie, Pierre, 267 Ascrich, clerical scribe, 227 Book of Ezra, 17 Asger, monastic scribe, 223 Book of Judgements, 83, 84, 85, 93 Astrulfo, servant, 265–6, 268 bookland, 343 Asturias, 260, 268 books of traditions.Seecartularies Atelier de Recherche sur les Textes Bougard, Franc¸ois, 239, 248, 252–3 Medi´ evaux´ (ARTEM), 319 Bourges, 107, 112, 178, 180 Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, 137 church of, 180–1 Atsma, Hartmut, 289 formulas.Seeformulas Atto, bishop of Freising, 121, 160 Boynton, Mark, 346 Audo, bishop of Verona, 234 Brescia, 238, 334 Augustine, bishop of Hippo, 41, 45, 55, breve, 1, 47, 75, 254 56 Breviarium. See Lex Romana Visigothorum Ausonio, servus, 268 Brevium exempla, 220 authentication.Seedocumentary records Brihtwaru, landowner, 349 Autun, 292 Britain, 34, 255, 340 Autunois, 305 Brittany, 320 Ava, abbess of St-Pierre-les-Nonnains, Brooks, Nicholas, 348 297, 298, 301 Brosius, Maria, 20 Aymard, abbot of Cluny, 295 Bruel, Alexandre, 288, 294, 295 Azo, landowner, 308 Burgundian kingdom, 368 Burgundy, 127, 143, 149, 155, 185, 188, Babylon, 17 207, 292, 294, 297 Baldram, cancellarius, 221 Burton Abbey, 352, 353, 359 Balfred, landowner, 163, 168 archive.Seeecclesiastical archives Banaji, Jairus, 34 cartulary.Seecartularies Barret, Sebastien,´ 289, 291, 307, 312 Bury St Edmunds, monastery, 362 Barthelemy,´ Dominique, 286, 287 Byrhtnoth, abbot of Ely, 350, 357 Baugulf, count, 216 Byzantine Empire, 14, 363 Bavaria, 117, 119, 120, 121, 150, 187, archives.Seearchives 192, 195, 198, 225, 229 Beatus, abbot of Honau, 212 Cabinet des Chartes, 292 Becerro gotico.´ See cartularies Caecilian, bishop of Carthage, 56 Bede, 34 Cambrai, 319 Belisarius, 78, 80 Campbell, James, 34 Benevento, principality, 243, 329 Cannstadt, 157, 162 Benignus, clerical scribe, 226 Canterbury, 356 Berardus, abbot of Farfa, 331, 332 archive.Seeecclesiastical archives Berg, estate, 199 church, 337, 342 Bergamo, 238 Capitulare Ticinense, 322 archive.Seeecclesiastical archives capitulum, 159, 164, 165, 269 Bernard, Auguste, 288, 294, 295 Caracalla, emperor, 67, 68 Berno, abbot of Cluny, 290, 295, 307 cartae. See charters Bibaro, castellum, 331, 332 Carthage, 38, 44, 45, 48, 49, 54, 55, 56, Biberkirch, church, 201 59 Bibliotheque` Nationale, 294, 299, 300 conference of, 44–5, 56

Index 379

cartulae obligationis, 329 dorsal notes, 157, 161, 163, 165, 167, cartularies, 11, 12, 15, 153, 154, 160, 169, 170, 229, 296, 301, 309, 312, 162, 185–7, 190–5, 229–30, 232, 315 371 Italy, 236–8 Abingdon, 355 Lucca, 237, 241, 245 Becerro gotico´ (Sahagun),´ 2, 277–8, materiality of, 307–10 279–80 Monte Amiata, 237, 241, 242, 245, Burton, 353 258 Casauria, 237, 242–3 originals, 11, 15, 153, 154, 155, 156, Cluny, 294–6, 298. See also charters, 162, 167, 184, 190, 212, 232, 237, Cluny 238, 240, 245, 256, 263, 273, Farfa, 237, 238 277–8, 279, 295, 296, 299, 307, Fernando´ and Elvira, 275 309, 312, 315–19 Freising, 160–2, 192, 193, 197, 201, Osona-Manresa, 262–3, 267 211 Otero, 273–5 Fulda, 192–3, 197, 201–4, 211 Piacenza, 237, 245, 258 Guimaraes,˜ 259, 266 Rankweil, 165–73 Honau, 193, 212 Sahagun,´ 276–80 lay copies in, 195–205 St-Denis, 184 Mondsee, 191, 192, 193 St Gall, 119, 120–2, 154–5, 156–8, Murbach, 193 162–4, 212, 285. See also charters Passau, 191, 192, 193 Rankweil Perrecy, 176–7 Verona, 238, 256–7 Regensburg, 191, 192, 193 Chateau, villa, 302, 305 Salzburg, 193 cheirographeia, 29 scholarship of, 287–8 Childeric III, king, 118 selectivity of, 164, 172, 194, 296–300, Chilperic I, king, 19 315–16 China, 364 Sobrado, 269–70, 272 Chindaswinth, king, 84, 86 St-Denis, 317 chirograph, 338, 349, 350 Subiaco, 330 Chroccus, scribe, 201, 218 Wissembourg, 192, 193, 195, 197, 199, Chrodoin, abbot of Wissembourg, 211 201, 210–11, 213, 214 Chrodoin, donor and scribe, 200, 201, Cartularium Langobardicum. See formulas 211, 217–18, 221 Casauria, monastery, 237, 243–5, 250, Chur, 166, 167, 168 332 Cicero, 364 archive.Seeecclesiastical archives Cingoli, commune, 334 cartulary.Seecartularies Cirta, town, 54, 55 Cassiodorus, 65, 74 Civitella, lords of, 334 Catalonia, 6, 190, 237, 260, 261, 262, Clanchy, Michael, 9 267, 269 clergy, 4–5 Caucilla, villa, 306–7 clerical identity, 232 Chaplais, Pierre, 341, 342, 343 Cluny, monastery, 197, 229–30, 283–319, Charlemagne, 14, 112, 113, 119, 143, 372, 374 158, 159, 166, 167, 172, 192, 212, archive.Seeecclesiastical archives 213, 248, 256, 371 cartulary.Seecartularies Charles Martel, 133, 213 charters.Seecharters Charles the Bald, king, 178, 179, 370 historiography, 286–7 Charles the Fat, king, 159 Cnut, king, 355 charters, 11–12, 58. See also cartularies codex, 21, 66 cartae pagenses, 128, 130, 131, 160 Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis, 328 cartae proﬁliacionis, 264 Codex Eberhardi, 202 cartae publicae, 247 Codex Falkensteinensis, 230 Cluny, 286, 288–91. See also cartularies Codice diplomatico longobardo, 232 diplomatic scholarship of, 284–5, 287–8 Collectio Anselmo dedicata, 233

380 Index

Collectio Flaviniacensis. See formulas. Dioscorus archive.Seelay archives Flavigny Psimanobet family commemoration.Seedocument use and diplomas, royal, 153, 249, 341, 343–4 practice diplomatics, 11. See also charters Commission des Reguliers,´ 292 Disticha Catonis, 86 Concordat of Worms, 257 document preservation, 190–1. See also Conrad II, king, 329 archives Constance, 119, 158 early modern, 291–5 Constans II, emperor, 61 ecclesiastical, 2, 82, 94, 150–1, 210, Constantine, emperor, 22, 46, 56, 68, 73, 231–3, 242–5, 254–8, 295–301, 88, 137 305–7, 318–20, 325, 332–3, 334–5, Constantine IV, emperor, 48 344, 354–5, 357–9, 364, 370–2, Constantinople, 15, 19, 32, 54, 93 375–6. See also cartularies Constantius II, emperor, 43, 137 late Roman, 54–9 Copenhagen, 128, 137, 140, 144 lay, 70, 130–1, 134–5, 191, 197–8, 325, Corniero, estate, 274, 278 326–8, 330–5. See also dossiers and Costamagna, Giorgio, 235 lay archives Coventry Abbey, 354 mediums, 10–11, 307–10 Cozroh, scribe, 160–2 document production, 66–70 Cremona, 238 ecclesiastical, 2, 127, 218–20, 223–5 Crispinus, landowner, 241 local, 167–8, 214–18 Cubitt, Catherine, 338 royal demands, 343–4 curia, 23, 48, 65, 71, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, state and ﬁscal demands, 26, 37, 42–9, 79, 80, 81, 97, 100, 103, 104, 105, 52–3, 61–2, 72, 78–9 106, 108, 109, 112, 113, 115, 135 document use and practice curiales, 73, 74, 78, 81, 113, 116, 207 commemoration, 159, 161, 164, 192, Cyrus I, king, 17–18 210, 313 ecclesiastical, 6–7, 136–51 Daghilinda, landowner, 162 late Roman, 6, 49–54 Dagobert I, king, 210 lay, 2–4, 7, 126–7, 130–1, 133, 134, Danelaw, 344 136, 162–4, 171, 267–8, 289–91, Danube, 191 324–5, 326, 330–2, 337, 346–52 Darius I, king, 17–18 legal proceedings, 53–4, 88–9, 178–81, Davies, Wendy, 264, 267 249–54, 310–12, 328 Decius, emperor, 21 public validation, 97–8, 116–22, 123–4, decurions.Seecuriales 178, 180–1, 184, 246–54, 311–12, defensores, 75, 77, 79, 81, 99, 103–15, 116 320. See also gesta municipalia defensor civitatis, 75, 76, 78 documentary culture defensor ecclesiae, 76 Carolingian, 154–5, 174–6, 184–8, 229 Del´ eage,´ Andre,´ 300 common, 7–8, 365–6 Delisle, Leopold, 294, 295, 298 early medieval Europe, 364–5 Delogu, Paolo, 246, 247 ecclesiastical, 130, 132 Demetrius, consort, 326, 330–1, 332 England, 348–9, 360–2, 374 deperdita, 15, 181, 196, 259. See also Frankish, 127, 129–30, 151, 153–5, documentary records, loss 174–6, 182–8, 370–4 Depreux, Philippe, 136, 150 East Francia, 174, 185–7 Derbyshire, 352, 353 West Francia, 174–6, 185 Derrida, Jacques, 13 Iberia, early Middle Ages, 280–1 Desiderius, king, 239 Italy, 236–7, 374–5 Desiderius, landowner, 90 early Middle Ages, 257–8 Dhuoda, laywoman, 8 late Roman, 33–5, 62, 363, 367–8 Didaco, son of Menendo, 260 lay, 126–7, 149 Diego Alvaro,´ Spain, 86, 92 local, 187–8 Dienheim, vicus publicus, 203, 204 Merovingian, 153, 174, 206–10, Diocletian, emperor, 53, 66 213–18

Index 381

public vs. private, 183–4 Totone of Campione (Italy), 233–4, 236, Roman legacy, 63–4, 70, 132–3, 135–6, 239–40 152–3, 182–5, 187–8, 325, 340–1, Valdavida´ (Iberia), 277 366–7, 368–70 Vico Teatino (Italy), 244 documentary records, 8 Wichard’s (Burgundy), 308, 312, 316 authentication, 86–8, 342–3 Dragobodo, bishop of Speyer, 210, 211, destruction, 19, 328–30, 331 215 ecclesiastical.Seecartularies, charters Drucio, oblate, 168, 169 and ecclesiastical archives Duby, Georges, 287 economic motives, 25–6 Dumville, David, 346 England, 340–2 Durham, church of, 360–1 estate, 37–9, 91–3, 367–8. See also Durliat, Jean, 25 dossiers and lay archives Iberia, 260–1 Eadred, king, 359 lay, 5–6, 125, 131–2, 164, 195–205, Eadwig, king, 343 230, 238–42, 256, 262–6, 270, 284, East Anglia, 351, 359, 361 289–91, 300–7, 317–20, 340.See Eberhard, count, 207 also dossiers and lay archives will.Seewills loss, 19–20, 36, 47, 130, 134, 147, 164, Ebling, Horst, 207 165, 177, 181, 212, 307, 318, 342, Eblo, count, 299 362. See also deperdita Eccard of Macon,ˆ 176–7, 178–9, 180–2 and cartularies selectivity ecclesiastical archives, 6–7, 87, 123, 139, mediums, 20–1, 66, 68–9, 307–11 154, 212, 229, 237–9, 241–5, ostraca. See ostraca 255–6, 257–8 private, 37–42. See also dossiers and lay Abingdon, 357, 358 archives archivum ecclesiae, 87 public vs private, 21–3, 49–50, 71–2, Bergamo, 238 254 Burton, 352–3, 354 slates.Seeslates Canterbury, 337, 356–7, 358 state and ﬁscal demands, 74, Casauria, 242–3, 245 368–9 Cluny, 229–30, 288, 291–5, 297, vernacular, 337, 342, 362 312–13 donations, 74, 79, 190 diocesan, 204 carta donationis, 195, 265 Farfa, 235, 248–9, 332 epistula donationis, 79, 118 Flavigny, 138, 150 epistula traditionis, 77 formation of, 218–29 scriptura donationis, 265 Freising, 161 traditio, 113, 114, 116, 194–5, 226 Fulda, 225 Donatists, 44, 45, 48, 54, 56 incompleteness of, 210–13 dorsal notes, 58. See also charters lay roots of, 241–5, 269–81, 353–5 dossiers, 20, 58, 189–90, 300–13, 332, Lucca, 238, 245, 370 366, 372 Monte Amiata, 238, 242, 245 Agello (Italy), 242, 245 Otero, 273–4, 275, 276, 278 Ansur’s (Iberia), 279 Piacenza, 245 Fla´ınez (Iberia), 278–9 Piasca, 277 Folkwine (Rhaetia), 166–7, 170, 171, Pisa, 1 189, 201 Ravenna, 76–7, 82, 184 Geminius Felix (North Africa), 52 Sahagun,´ 276–7 Iscam and Filaura (Iberia), 279–80 San Toribio, 276 Karol’s family (Italy), 243–4 Sobrado, 272, 274, 276 Lilia’s (Burgundy), 301–6, 309 St-Denis, 184, 317, 369, 370 Melic’s (Iberia), 277–8 St Gall, 120, 156–7, 159–60, 162, 165, Perrecy (Francia), 176–82 169, 172–3, 271 Peter de Niviano (Italy), 245 Verona, 238, 256 Piasca (Iberia), 276–7 Wissembourg, 219–20

382 Index

Ecole´ des Chartes, 293 Fernando´ Vermudez,´ landowner, 274, 275, Edgar, king, 343, 349, 353, 358–9 280 Edward the Confessor, king, 341 archive.Seelay archives Edward the Elder, king, 344, 345, festuca, 194, 195, 296, 308, 309 356 ﬁdes publica, 247, 248, 333 Egypt, 15, 19–20, 21–31, 36, 37, 46, 50, Filaura, peasant, 2, 279–80 72, 188, 363, 365 dossier.Seedossiers archives.Seearchives Filippus, scribe, 324 documentary culture.Seedocumentary Firmus, general, 43 culture late Roman Flaciano, servus, 264, 268 papyri.Seepapyri Fla´ınez, landowner, 273, 278, 280 Einhard, 155 archive.Seelay archives El Natahoyo, villa, 274 dossier.Seedossiers Elvira, landowner, 274, 275, 280 Flavigny, monastery, 105, 109, 128, 136, cartulary.Seecartularies 138, 142, 150 Ely, monastery, 344, 350, 351, 357, 358, archive.Seeecclesiastical archives 361 formulas.Seeformulas Emhilt, abbess of Milz, 202–3 Fleury, monastery, 176–7, 182, 320 Emilia-Romagna, region, 237 Flodoard of Rheims, historian, 176 England, 34, 261, 336–62, 374 Floriano, Antonio, 262 documentary culture.Seedocumentary Folkwine, landowner, 167, 168, 170, 173, culture 188, 372 documentary records.Seedocumentary dossier.Seedossiers records Fonthill, estate, 336, 337, 345, 346, 347, Erchanbert, bishop of Freising, 161 348, 356 Erembert, bishop of Freising, 211 Letter, 336–7, 339, 340, 342, 344–9, Erhart, Peter, 156 350, 351, 356, 362 Ermbert, abbot of Wissembourg, 199 forgery, 70, 78, 85–6, 88, 247 Ermengildo, landowner, 270–2, 280 Formulae Visigothicae. See formulas archive.Seelay archives formulas, 15, 65, 164, 263 Ermentrude, testatrix, 208, 209 Angers, 106, 107, 114, 126, 150 Ermilla, servant, 266, 268 Bourges, 108, 112 Ervig, king, 84, 87 Cartularium Langobardicum, 237, 250, Esla river, 274 329–30 estate records.Seedocumentary records Flavigny, 108–12, 123, 128, 136–49 Etymologies, Isidore of Seville, 143 Frankish, 1–2, 16, 71, 76, 77, 91, 96, Euric’s Code, 84, 89 125–7, 194, 209, 370 Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, 138 gesta municipalia. See gesta municipalia Evalia, landowner, 163, 168 indecolum ad laicum, 130 Ewig, Eugen, 185 manuscripts, 107–12, 137, 140, 150–1 exemplaria, 201, 205, 218 Marculf, 109–12, 113, 117, 118, 119, Exeter, church, 355 128–33, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138–9, 141–2, 144, 145–7, 150, 160, 207, Faenza, town, 77, 80 370 Faﬁla, landowner, 272, 273 To ur s , 109–12, 128, 133–6, 137, Fano, villa, 259 138–41, 142, 145, 147, 150, 266 Farfa, monastery, 235, 237, 248–9, 331, Visigothic, 65, 71, 76, 83, 88, 89, 90, 332, 371 91, 263–4, 266, 268 archive.Seeecclesiastical archives Francia, 6, 8, 15, 16, 96–8, 102, 150, 153, cartulary.Seecartularies 191, 206, 230, 235, 236, 340, 343, Farmer’s Law, 32, 33 374, 375 Fater, capellanus, 226–7 documentary culture.Seedocumentary Felix of Aptunga, bishop, 56 culture Felix, bishop of Aptunga, 54 East Francia, 117, 160, 185, 186, 192, Feller, Laurent, 243 286, 374

Index 383

West Francia, 117, 174, 175, 186, 192, public validation, 101, 106–7, 366–7, 206, 286, 287, 374 368 Franciscans, 334, 335 Ravenna, 64–5, 70–82, 96, 98–102, 122, Frankfurt, 119 133, 330, 368, 370 Fredelus, local agent, 178, 188 Remiremont, 207–8 Frederick I, emperor, 334 Roman legislation, 73–5 Freising, church of, 121, 160, 161, 191, gesta proconsularia, 45 197, 203, 225–9, 230, 314 Ghittia, nun, 1, 10, 11, 16, 239 archive.Seeecclesiastical archives list, 239, 241, 248, 263, 275 cartulary.Seecartularies Gibbon, Edward, 364 French Revolution, 255, 291, 293, 301 Giovanni di Berardo, archivist, 243, Froileba, landowner, 273, 278, 280 245 Fruela Munoz,˜ count, 273 Gisulfo, landowner, 271 Fruela Vimaraz, landowner, 274 Gloucestershire, 349 Fulda, monastery, 191, 193, 197, 201–5, Goffart, Walter, 25 221–5, 229, 230, 314 Grandval, monastery, 209 archive.Seeecclesiastical archives Grapfeld, 221, 224, 225 cartulary.Seecartularies Gregory I, pope, 44 Fundus Tuletianos, 1, 10, 40, 41, 51, Gregory of Catino, 331, 332 52 Gregory of Tours, 19, 174, 368, 372 Gretsch, Mechthild, 346 Garc´ıa Leal, Alfonso, 273 Guimaraes,˜ monastery, 259, 266 Gascou, Jean, 24–5 cartulary.Seecartularies Gaul, 1, 34, 74, 85, 104, 122, 154, 174, Gundihild, widow, 81 175, 185, 255, 365, 368 Gundoin, duke, 209 Gauzoin, donor, 162 Gunthamund, king, 38, 40 Geary, Patrick, 286–7 Guntroda, landowner, 259, 260 Gebhardswil, estate, 162, 168 Geldersheim, villa publicus, 225 Habetdeum, bishop, 56–7 Geloira, countess, 270, 271 Hahicho, scribe, 217, 218 Geminius Felix, 39, 51, 52 Hartmot,abbotofStGall,119 dossier.Seedossiers Harwic, donor, 113, 116 General Assembly of the Gallican Clergy, Hauxton, estate, 350, 351, 354 292 Helmstan, thegn, 336, 337, 345–6, Gennadius of Marseilles, 127, 143 347 Georgius, silk maker, 77 Henry, landowner, 319 Gerbert, bishop of Rome, 321–2 Herovalliana collection, 143, 149 Germanus, abbot of Grandval, 211 Hildeard, landowner, 308 Geroin, clerical scribe, 216 Hildebrand, count, 177–8, 182 Geroin, lay scribe, 219 Hincmar, bishop of Reims, 155 gesta, 56–7, 175, 368, 372 Hippo Regius, 41, 60 gesta abbatum, 175, 295, 320 Historia de Sancto Cuthberto, 360 Gesta Dagoberti, 318 Hitto, bishop of Freising, 160–1 gesta episcopalia, 174 Honau, monastery, 193, 213, 216 gesta episcoporum, 175, 368 cartulary.Seecartularies gesta municipalia, 45, 55, 70, 95–124, 125, Honorius, emperor, 44, 56, 57, 58, 59 127, 133, 184, 206–7, 252, 264, Hugh, abbot of Cluny, 295 366, 375 Hugh, husband of Lilia, 301–4, 305, 306 ﬁscal imperatives, 72, 77–8, 96, 100, Hugo of Tours, count, 205–6 368, 375 Hugo, donor, 205, 206 formulas, 71, 97–112, 116–18, 122–3 Humber river, 359, 361 Frankish, 96–8, 102–17, 122–4, 135, Huneric, king, 48, 56, 57 139 Huniwine, thegn, 355 protocol, 97, 98–100, 102, 103, 113 Huosi family, 198, 201 public books, 103, 104–5, 106 Hymetius, proconsul, 46, 57

384 Index

Iberia, 6, 15, 16, 259–81, 365, 375 Lambert, Henri Louis, 291–3, 294, 295, documentary culture.Seedocumentary 299, 300, 301, 308, 309, 317 culture land market, 240–1, 244, 267, 302, 304, documentary records.Seedocumentary 351 records Landeric, bishop, 129, 144 Visigothic, 63–4, 65, 74, 82–93, 368, Langres, 209 369 Laon, 209 Idda, son of, testator, 208, 209 law Ilduara, landowner, 279 Lombard, 69–70 Ingo, fidelis, 329 Ostrogothic, 69 inscriptions, 59–60 Roman, 63–4, 65, 66–70, 84–5, 135 Institut fur¨ Fruhmittelalterforschung,¨ Visigothic, 65, 69, 83–91 289 lay archives, 3–4, 189–90, 233, 339–40, instrumenta, 41, 52, 84, 87, 131, 212, 243 349, 352–9, 375. See also dossiers Iogna-Prat, Dominique, 289 Alahis’s (Italy), 94 Iscam, peasant, 2, 279–80 Apion family (Egypt), 21–2, 23, 24–5, dossier.Seedossiers 26–30, 32 Isidore of Seville, 84, 143 definition of, 3–4, 21–3 Islamic caliphate, 14, 31 Ermengildo and Paterna (Iberia), Italy, 15, 16, 34, 172, 206, 231–58, 275, 270–1, 275 374–5 Fla´ınez (Iberia), 275 central Middle Ages, 321–35 Opila’s family (Iberia), 276 charters.Seecharters Perrecy (Francia), 182 documentary culture.Seedocumentary Pompeyano (Iberia), 272 culture Psimanobet family (Egypt), 22, 31 early Middle Ages, 366, 370 Rankweil (Rhaetia), 170–1 Late Antiquity, 63–5, 70–82 Sisnando (Iberia), 272–3 Lombard, 6, 65, 69, 80, 93–4, 238, 371, Ver mudez´ (Iberia), 274–6 374 Wulfric’s (England), 352–4 Ostrogothic, 65, 69, 74, 75, 85 lay records.Seedocumentary records Le Mans, 118, 119 Jeme, village, 22, 23, 31, 34 lead seals, 48 Jerba island, 39 Leo I, emperor, 69, 84 ostraca. See ostraca Leo I, pope, 127 Jerusalem, 17 Leo, abbot of Subiaco, 330 Joseph, bishop of Freising, 195, 211, 226, Leodegar, scribe, 115, 116 228 Leofric, bishop of Exeter, 355 Julian, emperor, 43, 53 Leon,´ 2, 260, 266, 279 Julius, pope, 137 church of, 261 Justinian I, emperor, 23, 48, 50, 57, 58, Lex Romana Curiensis, 172 59, 69, 75, 78, 81, 82 Lex Romana Visigothorum, 69, 85, Code, 66, 69, 85 135 libelli, 21, 321, 322 Kadwal, cancellarius, 218–19 Libellus Æthelwoldi, 344, 350, 351, 357, Karol, son of Liutprand, 243–4, 245, 250 358, 359, 361 dossier.Seedossiers Liber Aureus, 112–14 Kelly, Susan, 341, 343, 355, 357 Liber Eliensis, 344, 350, 359 Kent, 340, 349 Liber Papiensis, 322 Keynes, Simon, 345, 346, 347, 357 Liber Pontificalis, 127, 143 Krah, Adelheid, 161 Liber possessionum Wizenburgensis, 220 Ksar Koutine, Tunisia, 38, 48, 55 Liber traditionum, 243 Lichfield, bishop of, 350, 351 La Rocca, Cristina, 256 Life of Germanus of Grandval, 209 laity, 4–5 Life of Sadalberga, 209 Lake Constance, 186 Life of St Fructuosus, 92

Index 385

Lilia, landowner, 301–6, 307, 313 Meuse, 185 dossier.Seedossiers Milan, 233, 238 Limoges, 19, 319 Milz, monastery, 202–3, 204 literacy, 9–10, 233–4, 236, 285, 322–3, missi, 118, 121, 175, 178, 180, 227, 247, 338–9, 346 290 Liutfrid, duke, 195–6 Mondsee, monastery, 191, 192, 193 Liutprand, king, 94 cartulary.Seecartularies Livro de Mumadona, 259 Mont notice, 178–81 Loire, 102, 184 Monte Amiata, monastery, 235, 237, Lombard kingdom.SeeItaly, Lombard 241–2, 245, 258 Lorsch, monastery, 194, 199 archive.Seeecclesiastical archives loss of records.Seedocumentary records charters.Seecharters Lotharingia, 213 Moreau, Jacob-Nicolas, 292–3, 294 Louis II, emperor, 243 Moselle, 185, 186 Louis the German, king, 119 Mundini, villa, 271 Louis the Pious, 158, 178, 179, 205, munimina, 243, 329 298 Murbach, monastery, 193, 207, 208, 319 Lowe, Kathryn, 338 cartulary.Seecartularies Lucca, 235, 241, 245, 324 archive.Seeecclesiastical archives Narbonne, 319 charters.Seecharters Negrine,´ Algeria, 50 church of, 233, 237 Neustria, 103, 127, 129, 149, 370 Lydus, John, 14, 155 Newton, estate, 350, 351, 354 Nibelung, count, 177–8, 179, 181 Mabillon, Jean, 284, 317 Nithard, historian, 8 Macon,ˆ 289, 298, 308 Noanca, villa, 278 Maconnais,ˆ 286, 291, 303, 305 Nomina, servant, 265–6, 268 Mainz, 203–4, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225 Nonantola, monastery, 371 diocese, 204 Nononus, count, 115, 116 notariate, 204, 223, 225 Nordheim, village, 202 Maiolus, abbot of Cluny, 295 church, 202, 204 mallus, 119, 120, 121 Nordolf, donor, 198, 201 Marbeuf, Yves, bishop of Autun, 292 Norman Conquest, 338, 342, 361, 362 Marcellus, centurion, 43, 53 North Africa, 6, 15, 36–62, 74 Marciani, villa, 271 archives.Seearchives Marculf, monk, 129, 132, 133, 136, 144, documentary culture.Seedocumentary 150, 369, 370 culture, late Roman formulas.Seeformulas Northumbria, 359–60 Maria, femina spectabilis, 79 notaries.Seescribes Mar´ıa Nuńez,˜ founder of Otero, 273, 275 notitia, 249–54 Marseilles, 175 finis intentionis, 249–50 Massiese of Viginti Boguli, 38, 51, 52 investitura salva querela, 250 Mattingly, David J., 55 ostensio cartae, 250, 251, 253 Maurists, 293 Notker of St Gall, 159 McKitterick, Rosamond, 10, 120–1, Nouaille,´ monastery, 299, 319 164 Novgorod, 91 Meaux, 129 Numidia, 43, 46 Melgar de Foracasas, estate, 2, 279 Nuno,˜ lord, 264, 268 Melic, priest, 278 nuptial endowments, 90–1, 264 dossier.Seedossiers memoria, 210 Odalswind, landowner, 163, 168, 169 Menant, François, 280 Odilo, abbot of Cluny, 290, 295, 307, 308, Mercia, 359 312 Merol, bishop of Le Mans, 119 Odo, abbot of Cluny, 290, 295 Meseta, region, 91, 92 Odovacar, 71, 73, 94, 100

386 Index

Opila, abbot of San Toribio de Liebana,´ dossier.Seedossiers 276 Persian Empire, 17–18 archive.Seelay archives Peter, arcarius, 75, 76 orality, 9–10, 173, 180, 181, 285 Peter de Niviano, 172, 245 Ordlaf, ealdorman, 336, 337, 345–7, 348, dossier.Seedossiers 356 Petrucci, Armando, 233, 234, 236 original charters.Seecharters Piacenza, 237, 245, 258 Osona-Manresa, region, 262–3 archive.Seeecclesiastical archives charters.Seecharters charters.Seecharters ostraca, 22, 31, 37–9, 42, 49, 50, 51–2, 54, church of, 245 58, 61, 91, 368 Piasca, monastery, 276–8 Admiralty Island, 49, 51 archive.Seeecclesiastical archives Bir Trouch, 37–8, 51, 52, 55, 58, 59 dossier.Seedossiers Jerba, 39, 51, 52 Piasca, villa, 276 Negrine,´ 50, 61 Pippin I, king, 158, 371 Ostrogothic Italy, 85 Pippin of Aquitaine, king, 178, 179 Oswulf, landowner, 347, 348 Pirenne, Henri, 365 Otero, monastery, 273 Pisa, 239 archive.Seeecclesiastical archives archive.Seeecclesiastical archives charters.Seecharters church of, 1, 94, 239 Otilo, duke, 226 pittakia, 29–30, 48, 55, 75 Otmar, abbot, 158, 159, 162 placita, 71, 89, 118, 121, 129, 140–1, 147, Otto I, emperor, 329 159, 166, 173, 180, 251, 253, 265, Otto II, emperor, 321 266, 311, 348 Otto III, emperor, 249, 322 Poitiers, 117, 299, 319 Otto, count, 201 polyptychs, 58, 77, 100, 175–6, 371 Oxyrhynchus, Egypt, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28 Pompeyano, landowner, 272–3 archive.Seelay archives Paciﬁcus, archdeacon, 256, 257 Porphoreus, donor, 324 Paderborn, 203, 205 Portugal, 259, 260 Padua, 335 praecepta, 1, 128, 160, 328 pancartes, 248, 313 precaria, 76, 163, 179, 198, 200, 201, 203, papyri, 19–21, 343 218, 220, 240, 263, 290 Egyptian, 21–31, 183, 368 preservation of documents.Seedocument Italian or Ravennate, 64, 65, 70–1, preservation 72–3, 74, 75–82, 98–102, 106, 122, Priectus, landowner, 163, 168–9 133, 184, 318, 367, 368, 370 private records.Seedocumentary records rolls, 20–1 production of documents.Seedocument St-Denis, 318, 367 production Paris, 108, 128, 129, 137, 140, 185, 294, prosecutor, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107 299, 317, 318 Provence, 175 Passau, church of, 191, 192, 193 Prum,¨ 112, 113, 114, 117 cartulary.Seecartularies Psimanobet family, 22 Paterna, landowner, 270–2, 280 archive.Seelay archives archive.Seelay archives public archives, 71, 183 Pauli Sententiae, 79, 85, 90 arca publica, 87 Pavia, 119, 251 archivum publicum, 23 Pedro Fla´ınez, count, 273–5, 278 Merovingian, 19 archive.Seelay archives municipal.Seegesta municipalia Peira of Eustathius, 32 praetorian prefect, 19, 71, 75–6 Pena,˜ J. Theodore, 49 proconsular, 55–6 Perrecy, estate, 155, 176–82, 188, 307, Roman state, 18–19, 23, 55–7 319, 372, 374 archive.Seelay archives Rabegaud, abbot of St-Calais, 119 cartulary.Seecartularies Ragnesind, vir inluster, 118–19

Index 387

Raimbaldus, count, 329 Rome, 59, 93, 100, 322, 327, 330 Ramiro II, king, 277 Romeo, Carlo, 236 Ramsey, estate, 350 Romulus Augustulus, 100 Ramsey, monastery, 351, 357 Rosenwein, Barbara, 303 Rankweil, villa, 165, 166, 168, 169, 170, Rothari’s Edict, 93–4 171, 174, 176, 182, 187, 188, 307 Rottachgau fragment, 187 archive.Seelay archives Ruﬁnus, historian, 138 charters.Seecharters Ruthard, count, 157–8, 159 church at, 168, 201 Rantwig, landowner, 195–6 S. Bartolomeo in Carpineto, monastery, Raoul, king, 307 325 Ratbald-Wicbald family, 199, 216, 218 S. Clemente in Casauria.SeeCasauria Ratburn, viscount, 307 S. Esuperazio in Cingoli, church, 334 Ratold, bishop of Verona, 256, 257 S. Maria in Organo, monastery, 245, 257 Ravenna, 64–5, 70–82, 93, 94, 96, 99, S. Martino in Lunata, church, 241 100, 237, 318, 322 S. Nicola in Gallucanta, monastery, 328 archive.Seeecclesiastical archives S. Pietro ai Sette Pini, church, 239 church of, 71, 72, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 96, S. Pietro di Castiglione, monastery, 324 100, 101, 184, 367 S. Pietro in Castro, church, 257 gesta municipalia. See gesta municipalia S. Salvatore on Monte Amiata, monastery. papyri.Seepapyri See Monte Amiata Recceswinth, king, 84, 87, 89, 93 S. Zeno, monastery, 257 Recoire, landowner, 276 Saale, 202, 221 Redemptus, arcarius, 21–3 Saalegau, 224 Redon, monastery, 187, 320, 372, 374 Saargau, 193, 217, 220, 221 Regensburg, church of, 191, 192, 193 Sadalberga, abbess of Laon, 209, 211 cartulary.Seecartularies Sahagun,´ monastery, 2, 261, 273, 276–9 Regino of Prum,¨ 372 archive.Seeecclesiastical archives Regularis Concordia, 358 Becerro gotico.´ See cartularies Reims, 322 charters.Seecharters Remiremont, monastery, 208 Salamir, villa, 271 gesta municipalia. See gesta municipalia Salerno, 328 Reynolds, Susan, 346 sales, 69, 72, 74, 75, 79, 80, 89–90, Rhaetia, 165, 166, 170, 172, 185, 190, 229 195–6, 240–5, 302–4 Rhine, 96, 102, 160, 173, 174, 184, 188, in ecclesiastical archives, 241–5 192, 193, 199, 201, 202, 212, 221, uendicionis titulum, 195, 196 224, 225, 314, 359 Salvian of Marseilles, 74 Rhineland, 186, 191 Salzburg, 119, 120 Richsvind, donor, 199, 201 cartulary.Seecartularies Rieti, 73, 81, 100 church of, 191, 193, 371 church of, 234 San Mart´ın de Valdepopulo, monastery, Rihhart, donor, 226–7 279 Ripon, church, 359 San Salvador de Palazuelo, monastery, 279 Rochester, church of, 349 San Toribio de Liebana,´ monastery, 276 Roderic, count, 270, 271 archive.Seeecclesiastical archives Rodoin family, 211, 216, 220 Sanchez-Albornoz,´ Claudio, 267, 268 Rodrigo Guimirez, 265 Sant Benet de Bages, monastery, 269 Roman Empire, 18, 34, 35, 36, 63, 64, 66, Santa Mar´ıa de Leon,´ monastery, 279 71, 152, 363 Santa Maria de Otero de las Duenas˜ .See documentary culture.Seedocumentary Otero, monastery culture Santa Mar´ıa de Piasca, monastery.See documentary records.Seepapyri, Piasca, monastery ostraca, tablets and slates Santiago de Valdavida,´ monastery, 277 Romanus, abbot of Casauria, 245 dossier.Seedossiers Romanus, comes Africae, 43, 46, 57 Sassovivo, monastery, 324

388 Index

Saulnois, 193, 200, 215, 220 Plan, 157 Sawyer, Peter, 341 scriptorium, 157 Saxony, 221 St Martin in Berg, church, 200, 211, 371 Schlehdorf, monastery, 198, 228 St Martin in Edesheim, church, 198–9 scribes, 44, 213–14, 298, 323 St Martin in Tours, monastery, 133, 135, amanuensis, 103, 115, 200, 213, 215, 136, 138, 150, 159 216, 218, 220, 221, 222 St Martin-des-Champs, priory, 292 cancellarius, 200, 213, 216, 218, 219, St Mary in Dauendorf, church, 199 221, 247 St Pancratius in Steinhart, church, 227 clerical, 167–8, 225–8, 235–6 St Peter in Uhlweiler, church, 199 diocesan, 221–3 St Praiectus, monastery.SeeFlavigny ecclesiastical, 44 St Saviour at Roncalem, church, 164, 168, lay, 50–1, 234–6, 246–8, 304 171 local, 167–8, 170, 214–19, 220–1, St Zeno at Isen, church, 227 227–8 Staab, Franz, 204 monastic, 156–7, 204, 219–20, 223–5 Staffordshire, 352, 353, 359 notarius, 78, 99, 213, 215, 216, 217, Starcholf, 121 235, 247–8 Stengel, Edmund, 204 public, 44, 70, 82, 85–6, 99, 183, 214 Stenton, Frank, 357 Sens, 103, 107 Stock, Brian, 10 Severus, conductor, 38, 52 Stoke Canon in Devon, 355 Siena, 237 Strasbourg, 203, 204, 221 Siferth, thegn, 357 church of, 203 Sighifrid, landowner, 319 Styrr Ulfson, thegn, 360, 361 Silvester, abbot of SS. Cosma and Subiaco, monastery, 327 Damianus, 326 cartulary.Seecartularies Sisnando, bishop, 270, 271 Suger, abbot of St-Denis, 318 Sisnando, landowner, 272 Switzerland, 155 archive.Seelay archives Syracuse, 73, 100 slates, 33, 65, 82–3, 88–93, 368 Snodland, estate, 349, 350, 352 tablets, 20, 25 Sobrado de los Monjes, monastery, 261, wood, 1, 16, 42, 68, 91. See also 269 Albertini Tablets archive.Seeecclesiastical archives Ta c i t us , 364 cartulary.Seecartularies Tassilo, duke, 120, 226 Spain.SeeIberia Tebaldus, bishop of Verona, 257 Spoleto, 237 Teudo, bishop of Rieti, 234 Sprandel, Rolf, 121 Te ut o o f B i b a r o, 331 SS. Benedict and Scholastica in Subiaco, Theoderic, 69, 74, 78, 79 monastery.SeeSubiaco Edict, 69, 78–9, 85, 88 SS. Cosma and Damianus, monastery, 326 Theodora, nobilissima femina, 326–7 St-Calais, monastery, 119 Theodore of Canterbury, bishop, 128, St Cuthbert, monastery, 360 143 St-Denis, monastery, 159, 184, 317–18, Theodosian Code, 18, 66, 85, 135 367, 374 Theophylact, abbot of S. Nicola in archive.Seeecclesiastical archives Gallucanta, 328 cartulary.Seecartularies Theotchar, duke, 211, 215 charters.Seecharters Theuderic II, king, 118 papyri.Seepapyri Theutgar, scribe, 215, 217 St Gall, monastery, 119, 120, 122, Thorney, monastery, 351 154–60, 161, 162–6, 168–73, 176, Thugilo, widow, 80 186, 188, 190, 212, 229, 271, 285, Timgad, North Africa, 53 309, 371, 372 Tivoli, 330 archive.Seeecclesiastical archives Tjader,¨ Jan-Olof, 70, 79 charters.Seecharters Toledo, 86, 93

Index 389

tomos synkollesimos. See papyri rolls Walefred, scribe, 143 Totone of Campione, 172, 240 Wardour, royal site, 345, 347 dossier.Seedossiers Warin, count, 157–8, 159, 298 Touraine, 127, 149 Warwickshire, 352, 353 To ur s , 105, 107, 133, 176 Westbury, estate, 349, 350 Tunhuang, Buddhist monastery, 364 Whittow, Mark, 34 Tunisia, 1, 38, 39, 40, 48, 52, 55, 59, 60, Wichard, donor, 308, 311, 316 61 dossier.Seedossiers Tuscany, 94, 237, 242 Wickham, Chris, 35, 251 Widerad, abbot of Flavigny, 136, 139 Ulpian, jurist, 68 will.Seewills Uracca, queen, 275 Wilfrid, saint, 360 Urban II, pope, 295, 296, 314 William, count, 296, 298, 299, 301, 302–4 Valdavida´ .SeeSantiago de Valdavida´ wills, 68–9, 77, 87–8, 101, 139, 208–9 Valdore,´ villa, 274 Eberhard, 207–8 Valentinian I, emperor, 43, 46, 47, 49 Ermentrude, 208–9 Valentinian II, emperor, 137 Idda, son of, 209 Valentinian III, emperor, 58, 74 Widerad, 139 Novel of, 78 Wiltshire, 336, 345 Valerius, scribe, 167, 169 Winchester, church of, 356, 357, 358 validation of documents.Seedocument use bishop of, 337, 346, 348, 356 and practice council, 358 Valle de Laurenzo, villa, 278 Wissembourg, monastery, 191, 192–3, Valpuesta, monastery, 266 195, 197, 199, 200–1, 203, 205, Vandal kingdom, 47–8, 56–7 206, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 217, Vermudo II, king, 274 218–21, 225, 229, 230, 371, 372 Vermudo Nunez,˜ count, 277 archive.Seeecclesiastical archives Verona, 234, 238, 256, 334 cartulary.Seecartularies archive.Seeecclesiastical archives Witigis, king, 73, 80 charters.Seecharters Wolfoald-Gundoin family, 216, 220 church of, 256–7 Wolfram, scribe, 223, 224 Vezin, Jean, 289 Worcester, church, 349, 361, 362 Vicenza, 334 Wor mald, Patrick, 18, 339, 343, 348, Vico Teatino, 244 349 dossier.Seedossiers Wor ms, 119, 204, 221 Victor of Vita, 47, 57 Wor msgau, 203 Vigilius, pope, 81 Wulfad, bishop of Bourges, 178 Viginti Boguli, North Africa, 38, 55 Wulfgeat, thegn, 353–4 Vikings, 356, 359, 374 Wulfric Spot, thegn, 352, 353, 354 Villa de Belone, 279 archive.Seelay archives Villa de Petro, 279 family of, 353–4, 359 Vosges, 199, 207, 220 Wulfstan, archbishop of York, 360

wadium, 194, 195 Yo r k , 360 Walcari, landowner, 242 Waldebert, abbot of Luxeuil, 209 Zeno, emperor, 74 Waldhambach, estate, 199, 200 Zeumer, Karl, 83, 128 Waldo, abbot of St Gall, 157, 158, 161 Zurich, 120, 165