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The Following Are Edited Excerpts from Two Interviews Conducted with Dr
Interviews with Dr. Wernher von Braun Editor's note: The following are edited excerpts from two interviews conducted with Dr. Wernher von Braun. Interview #1 was conducted on August 25, 1970, by Robert Sherrod while Dr. von Braun was deputy associate administrator for planning at NASA Headquarters. Interview #2 was conducted on November 17, 1971, by Roger Bilstein and John Beltz. These interviews are among those published in Before This Decade is Out: Personal Reflections on the Apollo Program, (SP-4223, 1999) edited by Glen E. Swanson, whick is vailable on-line at http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4223/sp4223.htm on the Web. Interview #1 In the Apollo Spacecraft Chronology, you are quoted as saying "It is true that for a long time we were not in favor of lunar orbit rendezvous. We favored Earth orbit rendezvous." Well, actually even that is not quite correct, because at the outset we just didn't know which route [for Apollo to travel to the Moon] was the most promising. We made an agreement with Houston that we at Marshall would concentrate on the study of Earth orbit rendezvous, but that did not mean we wanted to sell it as our preferred scheme. We weren't ready to vote for it yet; our study was meant to merely identify the problems involved. The agreement also said that Houston would concentrate on studying the lunar rendezvous mode. Only after both groups had done their homework would we compare notes. This agreement was based on common sense. You don't start selling your scheme until you are convinced that it is superior. -
Apollo 13 Mission Review
APOLLO 13 MISSION REVIEW HEAR& BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES UNITED STATES SENATE NINETY-FIRST CONGRESS SECOR’D SESSION JUR’E 30, 1970 Printed for the use of the Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 47476 0 WASHINGTON : 1970 COMMITTEE ON AEROKAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES CLINTON P. ANDERSON, New Mexico, Chairman RICHARD B. RUSSELL, Georgia MARGARET CHASE SMITH, Maine WARREN G. MAGNUSON, Washington CARL T. CURTIS, Nebraska STUART SYMINGTON, bfissouri MARK 0. HATFIELD, Oregon JOHN STENNIS, Mississippi BARRY GOLDWATER, Arizona STEPHEN M.YOUNG, Ohio WILLIAM B. SAXBE, Ohio THOJfAS J. DODD, Connecticut RALPH T. SMITH, Illinois HOWARD W. CANNON, Nevada SPESSARD L. HOLLAND, Florida J4MES J. GEHRIG,Stad Director EVERARDH. SMITH, Jr., Professional staffMember Dr. GLENP. WILSOS,Professional #tad Member CRAIGVOORHEES, Professional Staff Nember WILLIAMPARKER, Professional Staff Member SAMBOUCHARD, Assistant Chief Clerk DONALDH. BRESNAS,Research Assistant (11) CONTENTS Tuesday, June 30, 1970 : Page Opening statement by the chairman, Senator Clinton P. Anderson-__- 1 Review Board Findings, Determinations and Recommendations-----_ 2 Testimony of- Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, Administrator of NASA, accompanied by Edgar M. Cortright, Director, Langley Research Center and Chairman of the dpollo 13 Review Board ; Dr. Charles D. Har- rington, Chairman, Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel ; Dr. Dale D. Myers, Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, and Dr. Rocco A. Petrone, hpollo Director -___________ 21, 30 Edgar 11. Cortright, Chairman, hpollo 13 Review Board-------- 21,27 Dr. Dale D. Mvers. Associate Administrator for Manned SDace 68 69 105 109 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIOSS 1. Internal coinponents of oxygen tank So. 2 ---_____-_________________ 22 2. -
Apollo 13--200,000Miles from Earth
Apollo13"Houston,we'vegota problem." EP-76,ProducedbytheO fficeofPublicA ffairs NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration W ashington,D.C.20546 U.S.GOVERNM ENT PRINTING OFFICE,1970384-459 NOTE:Nolongerinprint. .pdf version by Jerry Woodfill of the Automation, Robotics, and Simulation Division, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 77058 . James A. Lovell, Jr., Commander... Fred W. Haise, Jr., Lunar Module Pilot... John L. Swigeft, Jr., Command Module Pilot. SPACECRAFT--Hey, we've got a problem here. Thus, calmly, Command Module Pilot JackSwigert gave the first intimation of serious trouble for Apollo 13--200,000miles from Earth. CAPSULECOMMUNICATOR--ThisisHouston;say again, please. SC--Houston, we've hada problem. We've hada MainBbusundervolt. By "undervolt"Swigert meant a drop in power in one of the Command/Service Module's two main electrical circuits. His report to the ground began the most grippingepisode in man's venture into space. One newspaper reporter called it the most public emergency and the most dramatic rescue in the history of exploration. SC--Andwe hada pretty large bang associatedwith the cautionandwarning here. Lunar Module Pilot Fred Haise was now on the voice channel from the spacecraft to the Mission Control Center at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Manned Spacecraft Center in Texas. Commander Jim Lovell would shortly be heard, then again Swigert--the backup crewman who had been thrust onto the first team only two days before launch when doctors feared that Tom Mattingly of the primary crew might come down with German measles. Equally cool, the men in Mission Control acknowledged the report and began the emergency procedures that grew into an effort by hundreds of ground controllers and thousands of technicians and scientists in NaSA contractor plants and On university campuses to solve the most complexand urgent problem yet encountered in space flight. -
Apollo Over the Moon: a View from Orbit (Nasa Sp-362)
chl APOLLO OVER THE MOON: A VIEW FROM ORBIT (NASA SP-362) Chapter 1 - Introduction Harold Masursky, Farouk El-Baz, Frederick J. Doyle, and Leon J. Kosofsky [For a high resolution picture- click here] Objectives [1] Photography of the lunar surface was considered an important goal of the Apollo program by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The important objectives of Apollo photography were (1) to gather data pertaining to the topography and specific landmarks along the approach paths to the early Apollo landing sites; (2) to obtain high-resolution photographs of the landing sites and surrounding areas to plan lunar surface exploration, and to provide a basis for extrapolating the concentrated observations at the landing sites to nearby areas; and (3) to obtain photographs suitable for regional studies of the lunar geologic environment and the processes that act upon it. Through study of the photographs and all other arrays of information gathered by the Apollo and earlier lunar programs, we may develop an understanding of the evolution of the lunar crust. In this introductory chapter we describe how the Apollo photographic systems were selected and used; how the photographic mission plans were formulated and conducted; how part of the great mass of data is being analyzed and published; and, finally, we describe some of the scientific results. Historically most lunar atlases have used photointerpretive techniques to discuss the possible origins of the Moon's crust and its surface features. The ideas presented in this volume also rely on photointerpretation. However, many ideas are substantiated or expanded by information obtained from the huge arrays of supporting data gathered by Earth-based and orbital sensors, from experiments deployed on the lunar surface, and from studies made of the returned samples. -
Challenger Accident in a Rogers Commission Hearing at KSC
CHALLENGER By Arnold D. Aldrich Former Program Director, NSTS August 27, 2008 Recently, I was asked by John Shannon, the current Space Shuttle Program Manager, to comment on my experiences, best practices, and lessons learned as a former Space Shuttle program manager. This project is part of a broader knowledge capture and retention initiative being conducted by the NASA Johnson Space Center in an “oral history” format. One of the questions posed was to comment on some of the most memorable moments of my time as a Space Shuttle program manager. Without question, the top two of these were the launch of Challenger on STS‐51L on January 28, 1986, and the launch of Discovery on STS‐26 on September 29, 1988. Background The tragic launch and loss of Challenger occurred over 22 years ago. 73 seconds into flight the right hand Solid Rocket Booster (SRB) broke away from the External Tank (ET) as a result of a burn‐ through in its aft most case to case joint and the Space Shuttle vehicle disintegrated resulting in the total loss of the vehicle and crew. The events leading up to that launch are still vivid in my mind and deeply trouble me to this day, as I know they always will. This paper is not about what occurred during the countdown leading up to the launch – those facts and events were thoroughly investigated and documented by the Rogers Commission. Rather, what I can never come to closure with is how we, as a launch team, and I, as one of the leaders of that team, allowed the launch to occur. -
Nasa Johnson Space Center Oral History Project Oral History Transcript
NASA JOHNSON SPACE CENTER ORAL HISTORY PROJECT ORAL HISTORY TRANSCRIPT FAROUK EL-BAZ INTERVIEWED BY REBECCA WRIGHT BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS – NOVEMBER 2, 2009 WRIGHT: Today is November 2, 2009. This oral history interview is being conducted with Dr. Farouk El-Baz in Boston, Massachusetts, for the Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. Interviewer is Rebecca Wright, assisted by Jennifer Ross-Nazzal. We certainly would like to start by telling you thank you. We know you‘re a very busy person with a very busy schedule, so thank you for finding time for us today. EL-BAZ: You‘re welcome to come here, because this is part of the history of the United States. It‘s important that we all chip in. WRIGHT: We‘re glad to hear that. We know your work with NASA began as early as 1967 when you became employed by Bellcomm [Incorporated]. Could you share with us how you learned about that opportunity and how you made that transition into becoming an employee there? EL-BAZ: Just the backdrop, I finished my PhD here in the US. First job offer was from Germany. It was in June 1964; I was teaching there [at the University of Heidelberg] until December 1965. I went to Egypt then, tried to get a job in geology. I was unable for a whole year, so I came back to the US as an immigrant in the end of 1966. For the first three months of 1967, I began to search for a job. When I arrived in the winter, most of the people that I knew 2 November 2009 1 Johnson Space Center Oral History Project Farouk El-Baz were at universities, and most universities had hired the people that would teach during the year. -
Killer Corsairs How the Navy Got Them in Line
JAY LENO’S STASH OF AIRPLANE ENGINES JULY 2021 Vought F4U Corsair KILLER CORSAIRS HOW THE NAVY GOT THEM IN LINE Asteroid Threat A Preemptive Strike p.34 AIRSPACEMAG.COM APOLLO 15 ● AT 50 FIRST CARON THE MOON CREDIT 48 AIR & SPACE airspacemag.com BEFORE APOLLO15, ASTRONAUTS COULD EXPLORE ONLY AS FAR AS THEY COULD WALK. ■ BY EARL SWIFT WHEN APOLLO 14 landed astronauts on the moon for the third time in February 1971, it was met with a week-long yawn by the press and the public. The TV networks carried live coverage of the launch and paid some mind to the long translunar coast, where misfortune had called on Apollo 13, but offered only occasional snippets of Alan Shepard and Ed Mitchell’s time on the lunar surface. News from Fra Mauro was dutifully passed along by the country’s newspapers, but with palpable lack of enthusiasm. America had grown jaded about moon missions, it seemed. But fact was, the second and third lunar landings made for lousy TV. To viewers, they looked pretty much the same as Apollo 11: The astronauts were on foot. The TV camera was stationary and positioned near the lun175 Excerpted and condensed ar module. Its low-resolution footage captured the crew from Across the Airless Wilds: The Lunar Rover and bouncing around base camp, doing nothing especially stir- the Triumph of the Final ring. In fact, Apollo 14’s single made-for-TV moment is Moon Landings, by Earl the only thing many older Americans remember about it: Swift. HarperCollins, 2021. Alan Shepard’s golf shot that went for “miles and miles” in the weak lunar gravity. -
Interviews with the Apollo Lunar Surface Astronauts in Support of Planning for EVA Systems Design
NASA Technical Memorandum 108846 Interviews with the Apollo Lunar Surface Astronauts in Support of Planning for EVA Systems Design Mary M. Connors, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California Dean B. Eppler, SAIC, Houston, Texas Daniel G. Morrow, Decision Systems, Los Altos, California September 1994 NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center Moffett Field, California 94035-1000 Interviews with the Apollo Lunar Surface Astronauts in Support of Planning for EVA Systems Design MARY M. CONNORS, DEAN B. EPPLER,* AND DANIEL G. MORROW** Ames Research Center Summary was to explicate any other insights that could help further the planning process. Focused interviews were conducted with the Apollo astronauts who landed on the Moon. The purpose of The intended primary audience for this study is mission these interviews was to help define extravehicular activity planners and scientists and engineers responsible for (EVA) system requirements for future lunar and planetary EVA system design. However, we anticipate that various missions. Information from the interviews was examined aspects of the report may also be of interest to a wider with particular attention to identifying areas of consensus, readership and it is written to be accessible to anyone since some commonality of experience is necessary to aid with a general interest in EVA. the design of advanced systems. Results are presented This study followed a request made by the Office of under the following categories: mission approach; Exploration, NASA Headquarters, to the New Initiatives mission structure; suits; portable life support systems; Office at Johnson Space Center (JSC). The study team dust control; gloves; automation; information, displays, was headed by Robert Callaway of the New Initiative and controls; rovers and remotes; tools; operations; Office and included members of the Crew and Thermal training; and general comments. -
Spacewalk Database
Purchaser First Inscribed First ID Name Purchaser Last Name Name Inscribed Last Name Biographic_Infomation 01558 Beth / Forrest Goodwin Ron & Margo Borrup In 1957 CURTISS S. (ARMY) ARMSTRONG became a member of America's Space Team. His career began with the launch of Explorer I and Apollo programs. His tireless dedication has contributed to America's future. He is truly 00022 Cheryl Ann Armstrong Curtiss S. Armstrong an American Space Pioneer. Science teacher and aerospace educator since 00023 Thomas J. Sarko Thomas J. Sarko 1975. McDonnell Douglas 25 Years, AMF Board of 00024 Lowell Grissom Lowell Grissom Directors Joined KSC in 1962 in the Director's Protocol Office. Responsible for the meticulous details for the arrival, lodging, and banquets for Kings, Queens and other VIP worldwide and their comprehensive tours of KSC with top KSC 00025 Major Jay M. Viehman Jay Merle Viehman Personnel briefing at each poi WWII US Army Air Force 1st Lt. 1943-1946. US Civil Service 1946-1972 Engineer. US Army Ballistic Missile Launch Operations. Redstone, Jupiter, Pershing. 1st Satellite (US), Mercury 1st Flight Saturn, Lunar Landing. Retired 1972 from 00026 Robert F. Heiser Robert F. Heiser NASA John F. Kennedy S Involved in Air Force, NASA, National and Commercial Space Programs since 1959. Commander Air Force Space Division 1983 to 1986. Director Kennedy Space Center - 1986 to 1 Jan 1992. Vice President, Lockheed Martin 00027 Gen. Forrest S. McCartney Forrest S. McCartney Launch Operations. Involved in the operations of the first 41 manned missions. Twenty years with NASA. Ten years 00028 Paul C. Donnelly Paul C. -
A Case Study of the Failure on Apollo 13 Based on TMX-65270, Report of Apollo 13 Review Board
A Case Study of the Failure on Apollo 13 Based on TMX-65270, Report of Apollo 13 Review Board Prepared by Brenda Lindley Anderson, QD34 1 ABSTRACT The dramatic journey of the crippled Apollo 13 vehicle has been heavily documented and popularized. Many people know there was an explosion in the service module which caused the vehicle to lose its oxygen supply. Less well known is the set of circumstances which led to the explosion. This paper examines the manufacturing, processing and testing history of oxygen tank #2, detailing the additive effects which caused the oxygen to ignite and to overpressure the tank. 2 The Apollo 13 Flight Apollo 13 was to be the third manned lunar landing. The selected landing site was in the hilly uplands of the Fra Mauro lunar region. A scientific package of five experiments was to be emplaced on the lunar surface. Also, the landing crew was to gather a third set of selenological samples from the lunar surface to be studied by scientists on earth. However, on the third flight day, an explosion of oxygen tank 2 in bay 4 of the Service Module (SM) changed the scientific exploration flight into an outstanding rescue mission. Design of the Apollo Oxygen Tank Assembly The oxygen tank of the Apollo Service Module (SM) is constructed of concentric inner and outer shells, containing a vacuum between shells to reduce heat leak. A dome caps the tank providing containment for the fluid, electrical and signal paths into and out of the tank. See figure 1. Figure 1 Service Module Oxygen Tank 3 The gap between the tank shells also contains insulating material. -
Building for the Future
The Space Congress® Proceedings 1983 (20th) Space: The Next Twenty Years Apr 1st, 8:00 AM Building for the Future Rocco Petrone Assistant Director for Program Management, Kennedy Space Center, NASA Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.erau.edu/space-congress-proceedings Scholarly Commons Citation Petrone, Rocco, "Building for the Future" (1983). The Space Congress® Proceedings. 3. https://commons.erau.edu/space-congress-proceedings/proceedings-1983-20th/session-iv/3 This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Space Congress® Proceedings by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. "Building for the Future" First Space Congress Lt. Col. Rocco Petrone Assistant Director for Program Management Kennedy Space Center, NASA April 20, 1964 Thank you, Mr. Hagan: It is an honor and a challenge for me to speak to this distinguished gruup representing the space community and to undertake an extremely ditiicult task - which is to attempt to substitute for Dr. Kurt Debus, Director oi the John F. Kennedy Space Center, NASA. Dr. Debus asked me to extend his sincere regrets. You may know that Mrs. Debus recently underwent major surgery in Nashville. While she is recuperating nicely, Dr. Debus could not speak to you at this time. Let me add a hearty welcome from NASA to that of John Hagan, the Canaveral Council of Technical Societies, and General Davis. It is very appropriate, of course, that the First Space Congress has convened at the door of the nation 1 s spaceport. -
View the Apollo 13 Chart
APOLLO 13 (AS-508) LC-39A JULY 2015 JOHN F. KENNEDY SPACE CENTER AS-508-2 3rd LUNAR LANDING MISSION MISSION FACTS & HIGHLIGHTS Apollo 13 was to be NASA’s third mission to land on the Moon. The spacecraft launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Midway to the moon, an explosion in one of the oxygen tanks of the service module crippled the spacecraft. After the in-flight emergency, for safety reasons, the crew was forced to temporarily power down and evacuate the command module, taking refuge in the lunar module. The spacecraft then orbited the Moon without landing. Later in the flight, heading back toward Earth, the crew returned to the command module, restored power, jettisoned the damaged service module, then the lunar module and, after an anxious re- entry blackout period, returned safely to the Earth. The command module and its crew slasheddown in the South Pacific Ocean and were recovered by the U.S.S. Iwo Jima (LPH-2). FACTS • Apollo XIII Mission Motto: Ex Luna, Scientia • Lunar Module: Aquarius • Command and Service Module: Odyssey • Crew: • James A. Lovell, Jr. - Commander • John L. Swigert, Jr. - Command Module Pilot ( * ) • Fred W. Haise, Jr. - Lunar Module Pilot • NASA Flight Directors • Milt Windler - Flight Director Shift #1 • Gerald Griffin - Flight Director Shift #2 • Gene Kranz - Flight Director Shift #3 • Glynn Lunney - Flight Director Shift #4 • William Reeves - Systems • Launch Site: John F. Kennedy Space Center, Florida • Launch Complex: Pad 39A • Launch: 2:13 pm EST, April 11, 1970 •Orbit: • Altitude: 118.99 miles • Inclination 32.547 degrees • Earth orbits: 1.5 • Lunar Landing Site: Intended to be Fra Mauro (later became landing site for Apollo 14) • Return to Earth: April 17, 1970 • Splashdown: 18:07:41 UTC (1:07:41 pm EST) • Recovery site location: South Pacific Ocean (near Samoa) S21 38.6 W165 21.7 • Recovery ship: U.S.S.