Pathway into English for 843 Indigenous American Words According to the Oxford English Dictionary (2020) Na-Dene: white mouse; Algic: macock, Mangoak, Neusiok, werowance; Quechua: Inca; Tupi-Guarani: tatou; Cariban: yucca. 1600 Algic: cockarouse, Manahoac, maracock, Massachusett, matchcoat, moccasin, Mohawk, moose, musquash, mussascus, Nanticoke, Uto-Aztecan: cacao, Chichimeca, copal, nopal, pulque, Narragansett, Niantic, Nipmuc, nocake, opossum, papoose, Penobscot, Quetzalcoatl, sapota, tacamahac; Arawakan: aji, macana, Pequot, persimmon, pocosin, pohickory, poke, pone, powwow, puccoon, maguey, maize, nigua, papaya, savannah, zemi; Quechua: molle, Via Danish (1): Direct to raccoon, roanoke, sachem, sagamore, samp, sannup, skunk, squanter- quinoa, quipu; Tupi-Guarani: anime; Cariban: cannibal, Carib, squash, squash, squaw, Susquehannock, tomahawk, torup, tuckahoe, cayman, hammock, manatee, piragua; Unspec. S. Am.: guava. Eskimo-Aleut: (1745) angakok wampumpeag, wigwam; Uto-Aztecan: quamoclit, teocalli; Quechua: English ananas, guaca, guanaco, jerkin; Tupi-Guarani: jaguar, jararaca, jiboya, Algic: Eskimo; Tupi-Guarani: acajou, agouti, genipat, manioc, sapucaia, tapeti, urucu; Cariban: mobbie, piai. petun, toucan. (534) 1650 Algic: �rewater, maccarib, maninose, manitou, Minisink, Montauk, 1600 Natick, Nottoway, poke, Potawatomi, quickhatch, rockahominy, Shawnee, Uto-Aztecan: achiote, aguacate, chocolate, jicama, metate, milpa, terrapin, Wampanoag, webb, wejack; Iroquoian: Adirondack, Cherokee, Mixe, petaca, pinole, tomato; Arawakan: mani; Quechua: coca, Onondaga, Tuscarora; Muskogean: Yamasee; Uto-Aztecan: colin, jalap; condor, guano, oca, pacay, puna; Cariban: mangrove, mico. Engl. Tupi-Guarani: coaita, coati, guara, guarauna, maracana, paca, tayassu, urubu; Cariban: peccary; Unspec. S. Am.: curucui, hoactzin, mishla. Algic: assapan, caribou; Uto-Aztecan: melt; Tupi-Guarani: pian. 1700 via Fr. Eskimo-Aleut: Inuit, kabloonat; Algic: huskanaw, Mashpee, Menominee, 1650 methy, mocotaugan, Passamaquoddy, pemmican, seawan, shaganappi, Uto-Aztecan: posole; Quechua: charqui, pampas, pauxi, Quechua; (81) tittimeg, wavey, wawa, wawaskeesh, wicopy, windigo; Siouan: tepee; Unspec. S. Am.: Miskito. Iroquoian: Cayuga, Wyandot; Muskogean: busk, Choctaw, Coushatta, Mico, Yuchi; Uto-Aztecan: atole; Quechua: cherimoya, Lucuma; Tupi- Algic: Abenaki, Assiniboine, Mascouten, Ottawa, Outagami, Pawnee, Guarani: cerigo, timbo; Cariban: karatas; Unspec. S. Am.: pitpan. sagamité; Siouan: Pawnee, Santee, Teton, Yankton; Muskogean: Chickasaw; Arawakan: anole, mahoe; Tupi-Guarani: roucou; Cariban: 1750 ajoupa, Galibi, pirogue. Eskimo-Aleut: kabloona, kayak, umiak; Na-Dene: Dogrib; Wakashan: Ahousaht; Penutian: tyee, wapato; Algic: cawquaw, Chippewa, Dogrib, kinnikinnick, machicote, mathemeg, menhaden, menomin, metump, 1700 mocock, mummichog, Munsee, namaycush, neechee, Piegan, pipsissewa, Uto-Aztecan: mescal; Arawakan: pitahaya; Quechua: mita, pique, quina; pogamoggan, quahog, Rocky Mountains, Sarcee, shoepack, Slave, Mapuche: maqui; Unspec. S. Am.: boldo. succotash, tautog, Tom Pung, totem, townho, wapacuthu, whisky john, Winnebago; Siouan: Minnetaree, wakon; Iroquoian: Big Knife; Algic: carcajou, Cree, Maliseet, Mississauga, Nipissing, Ojibwa, rogan, Muskogean: Mikasuki, Muskogee; Uto-Aztecan: axolotl, Nahuatlaca, saccacommis, Sauk, Sioux; Arawakan: simarouba; Quechua: quinaquina; octli, Olmeca, xoloitzcuintli; Arawakan: hackia, labba; Quechua: guarapo; Tupi-Guarani: cashew; Cariban: agami; Mapuche: quillay. Via German (2): Tupi-Guarani: anhinga, boiguacu, cocorite, jabiru, jacana, jacaranda, pacu, perai, sai, tannia, tapir, troolie, unau; Cariban: caracoli, cassiri, marudi, Algic: (1793) hackmatack; matapee, mucka-mucka, pegall, perai, queyu, tamanoir, tannia; Mapuche: 1750 Uto-Aztecan: (1778) ahuehuete Pehuenche; Unspec. S. Am.: Arawak, cagui, calaba, capybara, corozo, Muskogean: Seminole; Uto-Aztecan: mesquite, Mixteca, coypu, crab, determa, guariba, sipeera, toco, woolsaw. mizquitl, Moqui, ocote, Otomi, Toltec, Totonac, Zapotec, zopilote; Arawakan: corial, genip, icaco; Quechua: puma. 1800 Eskimo-Aleut: aglu, komatik; Na-Dene: Chilkat, Haida, Sitka, Takulli; Algic: kinkajou, malachigan, maskinonge, Micmac, Naskapi, Salishan: Methow, Musqueam, Nanaimo, Okanagan, Shuswap, Sinixt, pekan, pembina, tullibee; Siouan: Cheyenne, Mandan; Engl. Skokomish, Squamish, Twana; Wakashan: Bella Coola, hiaqua, Nitinaht, Iroquoian: Ondatra; Muskogean: bayou; Uto-Aztecan: potlatch, Wakash; Penutian: cayuse, eulachon, hiaqua, Klamath, klooch, mazame; Tupi-Guarani: acouchi, margay, marikina, sajou, saki; via Sp. Molale, Multnomah, Palouse, potlatch, quinnat, salal, skookum, Cariban: alouatte, cabiai, caoutchouc, kabassou, tamarin, Tillamook, tillicum, Tsimshian, Wallawalla; Hokan: Washoe; Algic: tinamou; Unspec. S. Am.: cotinga. Athabaskan, baggataway, Beothuk, Chipewyan, chipmunk, kyak, mamateek, mechameck, medicine man, Mide, Midewiwin, mugwump, (154) muskeg, muskimoot, pisk, pokelogan, saskatoon, scup, Siksika, squeteague, 1800 tamarack, tikinagan, wanigan, wankapin, wapiti, watap; Siouan: Absaroka, Caddoan: Tonkawa; Uto-Aztecan: camote, chia, epazote, hule, jacal, Dakota, Lakota, Miniconjou; Caddoan: Skidi; Iroquoian: dowitcher; mecate, nagual, Papago, petate, peyote, Pima, quetzal, sacate, Yuma; Muskogean: Tom Fuller; Uto-Aztecan: chalchuite, chinampa, Tecoma, Mayan: Maya; Arawakan: cocobolo, hutia, majagua; Quechua: tule; Mayan: cenote, Kekchi; Arawakan: hassar, hyawa, ita, juriballi, huaca, ratanhia, tambo; Tupi-Guarani: Guaycuru, ombú, tagnicati; labaria, maam, mora, Taino; Quechua: lautu, Quechan; Tupi-Guarani: Cariban: majagua, mani, mombin; Mapuche: mara, pichi, puya; caatinga, Caboclo, guarana, guazu, guazuti, jaboticaba, kamichi, mora, Unspec. S. Am.: guemal. poyou, surucucu, tucum, tucuma; Cariban: accouri, acouchi, cassareep, Divi-divi, Macusi, mapepire, saouari; Mapuche: quillaia; Unspec. S. Am.: Algic: babiche, mitasses, rubaboo, toboggan, togue; Muskogean: Tupi-Guarani: maraca. Arapaima, Arracacha, calisaya, camoudie, carpincho, carrancha, coscoroba, Opelousa; Tupi-Guarani: jacamar; Unspec. S. Am.: tous-les-mois. courida, Cusparia, Degu, hya-hya, jume, sabal, tagua, tucutucu, Tupi, 1600 Tupinamba, wallaba, wamara, Warao, yarke, zamang. 1850 Tupi-Guarani: ai, boyuna, genipap, ipecacuanha, maguari, merrywing, mitu, mituporanga, piquia, 1850 Uto-Aztecan: cacomistle, Cahita, chayote, chicle, jicara, piaba, sagoin, seriem, tamandua, Tapuia. Eskimo-Aleut: igloo, Inuk, kamik, kudlik, Malamute, mukluk, muktuk, Mazatec, mole, Nahuatl, nixtamal, Olmec, oyamel, pinacate, Netsilingmiut, nunatak, piblokto, ulu, Yuit; Na-Dene: hogan, Hoochinoo, sotol, tilma, Tlapanec, toloache, Yaqui, year count; Mayan: 1700 skil, Tlingit, Yeibichai; Salishan: kokanee, Makah; Wakashan: Tzotzil; Quechua: caucho, guanay, guango, mashua, piquillin, Tupi-Guarani: anhima, jacare, copaiba, saimiri, tapioca. muckamuck, Nimpkish, tenas; Penutian: cheechako, chuck, cultus-cod, soroche, Yunca; Tupi-Guarani: guira; Cariban: moriche, Via Dutch (9): Gitksan, high muck-a-muck, iktas, mahala, Modoc, Monache, saman; Mapuche: pelu, rauli; Unspec. S. Am.: balata. 1800 muckamuck, Nisenan, potlatch, salt chuck, soapolallie, Takelma, tenas, Algic: (1600-1700) Maqua Wishram, Yokuts, Yuki; Hokan: Karok, Yurok; Algic: Hupa, Mattole, Tupi-Guarani: abiu, acara, acu, ani, babassu, jupati, becuiba, Engl. Mingo, canticoy, suppawn; Algic: ouananiche; Uto-Aztecan: teosinte; Tupi-Guarani: calipeva, candiru, carajura, imbauba, manaca, marabou, meetsuk, moonias, muskwa, piskun, pocan, scuppaug, Stoney, Wiyot; jequirity; Unspec. S. Am.: courlan. matamata, miriti, moco, motuca, munguba, mutum, Mucuna, (1750, 1769) kiskitomas, Siouan: Hidatsa; Uto-Aztecan: atlatl, Hohokam, istle, kachina, kiva, murumuru, mustaiba, nandu, oiticica, peba, pequi, peroba, via Pg. punkie; (1816) Manhattan; Nahua, ololiuqui, paho, piki, saguaro, sego, Sipapu, Subtiaba, teguexin, piassava, pichurim, pirarucú, pium, pororoca, pupunha; Iroquoian: (1666) Oneida; teonanacatl, teopan, tlachtli; Arawakan: benab, hyawaballi; Quechua: 1900 Mapuche: maloca; Cariban: murumuru. (61) Unspeci�ed S. Am.: (1777) cundurango, ichu, Tacsonia, tiza; Tupi-Guarani: eyra, guara, icica, inajá, Uto-Aztecan: capulin, chilaquiles, chipotle, 1900 kakkerlak. jaborandi, jacitara, jaguarondi, jatoba, sauba, taigu, tayra, tipiti, uakari, guacamole, guayule, Mixteco, molcajete, pascola, Tupi-Guarani: caipirinha, manicou, urucuri; Cariban: tomalley, tunu; Mapuche: Mapuche; Unspec. S. Am.: tepache; Mayan: olingo; Quechua: chuño, inti, moqueca, muriqui, mussurana, sucupira. bebeeru, camara, carap, colocolo, copaiye, Cuna, cush-cush, diuca, galpon, pueblo joven, quena, vinchuca. kakaralli, lana, Terena, tonga, turanira, Wapishana, warracoori, Yahgan, yari-yari. 1900 Eskimo-Aleut: inukshuk, Inuktitut, Inupiaq, Inupik, masu, Nunamiut, Ookpik, pingo, Qallunaaq, Qallunaat, qiviut, qulliq, sillapak, Yuk, Yupik; 2020 D-AW | @thelifeofwords | http://thelifeofwords.uwaterloo.ca | Methodology: OED3 entries with Indigenous American language names occurring in the "etymon language" or "source language" fields were isolated. If a non- Na-Dene: Anasazi, Na-Dene, quinzhee; Salishan: Mosan, Nuxalk; Indigenous language name also occurred in the same field, the lemma was assigned a "via" group based on the first-occurring non-Indigenous language; if not, or if English was listed, it was assigned "Direct to English". The area Wakashan: Ditidaht, 'Namgis, Nuu-chah-nulth; Penutian: chum, of each group circle corresponds to the number of words from each group. Similarly, the thickness of the "in" lines corresponds to the number of words from each region. Regions correspond more or less to the territories of Penutian, Yawelmani; Algic: Malpeque, ponask; Iroquoian: orenda; Uto- Indigenous language groups, though in some cases groups are amalgamated. They are: Arctic, Subarctic, Northwest Coastal, Californian, Central N. American, East American, Southeast American, Central American, Caribbean Aztecan: Tohono O'odham; Mayan: katun, pok-ta-pok, tzolkin; Quechua: and Northern S. American (Guyana), Amazon Basin, and Western & Southern S. American. Words are listed according to their date of first attestation in English (per OED3) and their Indigenous language group. totora; Tupi-Guarani: sambaquí, tatusiid; Cariban: Garifuna; Yanomamo: ebene; Unspec. S. Am.: curiara, kanaima, sackie, yakamik.