DE ARQUITECTURA Y ARQUEOLOGÍA

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DE ARQUITECTURA Y ARQUEOLOGÍA Luis Maldonado Ramos - Fernando Vela Cossío Colabora Jaime Maldonado Ramos DE ARQUITECTURA y ARQUEOLOGÍA Edita Editorial Munilla-Lería Autores Luis Maldonado Ramos Fernando Vela Cossío Jaime Maldonado Ramos (Capítulo III) Diseño Luis Miguel Gibert María Fullaondo Fotografías Luis Maldonado Ramos y Fernando Vela Cossío Dibujos Fernando Pasero Alonso, Luis Maldonado Ramos y Fernando Vela Cossío Fotomecánica Graficinco, S.A. Impresión Graficinco, S.A. Los textos de este libro, así como la documentación gráfica y fotografías han sido facilitadas por el autor. Ninguna parte de esta publicación, incluido el diseño de la cubierta puede reproducir­ se o almacenarse con ningún medio químico, eléctrico, fotocopia, etc., sin la debida autorización por parte de esta editorial. ©Editorial Munilla-Lería Avda. Filipinas, 30 • 28003 Madrid. España Telf /Fax: (91) 554 87 47 Marzo 1998 l.S.B.N.: 84-89150-21-4 Depósito Legal: M. 41.241-1998 Printed in Spain - Impreso en España Agradecimientos: A Javier de Cárdenas y Chávarri, Catedrático de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, por la confianza y el apoyo que siempre nos ha prestado. A Martín Almagro-Garbea, Catedrático de Prehistoria de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, por las orientaciones recibidas en las largas conversaciones que hemos mantenido con él y que nos han permitido materializar algunas de las hipótesis de trabajo que se exponen en este libro. Madrid, Octubre de 1997 L.M.R. y F.V.C. PROLOGO A lo largo de los últimos veinte años ha venido desarrollándose en nuestro país una política de protección, conservación y rehabilitación del Patrimonio Arquitectónico que, a pesar de sus desiguales resultados y su tantas veces escasa dotación económica, ha permi­ tido afrontar de forma sistemática el mal estado general del patrimonio inmueble de carác­ ter histórico-artístico. El desarrollo de esta política ha traído consigo un considerable aumento de la inves­ tigación en este ámbito, así como de la publicación y la difusión de trabajos relativos a temas como la teoría y la historia de la restauración, los criterios de conservación del patri­ monio inmueble o las técnicas y procedimientos de intervención para la rehabilitación arquitectónica, por ejemplo. Sin embargo, aún quedan por cubrir algunas áreas de investi­ gación que ocupan espacios aparentemente colaterales con respecto a la restauración arqui­ tectónica pero que progresivamente van demostrando su elevado interés en el ámbito gene­ ral de la protección e intervención sobre el Patrimonio. Este trabajo pretende reflexionar sobre una de estas áreas, la de la arqueología, y mostrar algunos aspectos de su aplicación en el terreno de la arquitectura, como ciencia aplicada para el progreso de la historia de la arquitectura y la historia de la construcción, y como instrumento, a través de la utilización de su metodología, en proyectos de restau­ ración y rehabilitación de edificios históricos. La primera parte del libro presenta algunas reflexiones en torno a la investigación arqueológica de la arquitectura, mientras la segunda desarrolla aspectos relativos a las intervenciones arqueológicas en proyectos de restauración del patrimonio arquitectónico. En la parte tercera, Jaime Maldonado Ramos, Letrado del Tribunal Supremo, aborda el análisis del régimen legal de la intervención arquitectónica en los yacimientos arqueológi• cos, incorporándose asimismo un anexo con los principales textos de la legislación vigen­ te en materia de Patrimonio Histórico-Artístico: la Ley del Patrimonio Histórico Español de 1985, la Ley del Patrimonio Cultural Catalán y la Ley del Patrimonio Cultural Vasco. 7 INDICE Capítulo I: Arquitectura, Arqueología e Investigación Científica 11 l. Arquitectura y Arqueología en los siglos XVIII y XIX....................................... 13 Historicismo greco-romano..................................................................................... 20 Bibliografía.............................................................................................................. 23 2. Espacio Doméstico y Arquitectura en Prehistoria.............................................. 25 Algunos ejemplos.................................................................................................... 28 Perspectivas antropológicas y etnográficas............................................................. 34 La oferta de las arquitecturas primitivas y vernáculas............................................. 36 Análisis tipológico................................................................................................... 41 La tipología y los factores modificadores........................................................... 42 Arquitectura y territorio..................................................................................... 44 Análisis constructivo............................................................................................... 45 Medio ambiente y arquitectura........................................................................... 45 Tecnología de la edificación............................................................................... 48 Conclusiones............................................................................................................ 49 Bibliografía.............................................................................................................. 51 3. Investigación Arqueológica y Arquitectura......................................................... 55 El yacimiento........................................................................................................... 57 Memoria descriptiva................................................................................................ 58 Modelos comparativos............................................................................................. 64 Reconstrucción teórica de la cabaña........................................................................ 7 4 Bibliografía.............................................................................................................. 77 Capítulo 11: Arquitectura, Arqueología e Intervención en Monumentos 79 l. La Protección del Patrimonio Arqueológico........................................................ 81 Arqueología y patrimonio arquitectónico: investigación e intervención................. 83 Arqueología e intervención en restauración de monumentos.................................. 86 Bibliografía.............................................................................................................. 89 2~ Intervenciones Arqueológicas en Proyectos de Restauración de Monumentos........ 91 Los principios básicos de la estratigrafía arqueológica............................................ 93 La lectura estratigráfica de paramentos.................................................................... 95 Bibliografía.............................................................................................................. 103 Capítulo 111: Régimen Legal de la IntervenciónArquitectónica en los Yacimientos Arqueológicos. Jaime Maldonado Ramos. Letrado del Tribunal Supremo. 105 l. Legislación Aplicable............................................................................................. 108 2. Resumen de su Contenido..................................................................................... 109 Constitución Española............................................................................................. 109 Ley del patrimonio histórico español....................................................................... 109 Ley del patrimonio cultural catalán......................................................................... 111 Ley del patrimonio cultural vasco ........... ~................................................................ 114 Convenio europeo para la protección del patrimonio arqueológico......................... 118 Convenio para la salvaguarda del patrimonio arquitectónico de Europa................. 119 Reglamento de la ley del patrimonio histórico español............................................ 120 3. Procedimiento de Actuación................................................................................. 121 La declaración como bien de interés cultural........................................................... 121 Actuación arquitectónica sobre bienes no declarados de interés cultural................. 121 Actuación arquitectónica sobre bienes declarados de interés cultural..................... 122 Régimen disciplinario.............................................................................................. 125 4. Conclusiones........................................................................................................... 127 Anexo 129 l. Ley de 25 de junio de 1985, del Patrimonio Histórico Español.......................... 131 2. Ley de 30 de septiembre de 1993, del Patrimonio Cultural catalán................... 114 3. Ley de 3 de julio de 1990, del Patrimonio Cultural Vasco.................................. 159 Capítulo 1 ARQUITECTURA, ARQUEOLOGIA E INVESTIGACION CIENTIFICA 1 l. ARQUITECTURA Y ARQUEOLOGIA EN LOS SIGLOS XVIIIY XIX.< ) El siglo XVIII, aunque heredero de tradiciones y formas propias del siglo anterior, asistió a un movimiento de renovación cultural y científica de sorprendente magnitud: la Ilustración. Para Clark, "aunque la victoria de la Razón se ganó en Francia, la batalla se había iniciado en Inglaterra" (Clark 1984: 363).
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