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2008 YEAR REPORT

VIOLENCE AGAINST THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN BRAZIL

2008 YEAR REPORT

SUPPORT

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 2 This report is a publication of the Indigenous Missionary Council (Cimi), An organization connected to the National Conference of Bishops of Brazil

PRESIDENT Bishop Dom Erwin Kräutler

ADDRESS SDS – Ed. Venâncio III, room 309-314 CEP 70.393-392 – Brasilia – DF Tel: (61) 2106-1650 Fax: (61) 2106-1651 www.cimi.org.br

Violence against the indigenous peoples in Brazil – 2008 ISSN 1984-7645 (Portuguese version)

RESEARCH COORDINATOR Lúcia Helena Rangel – Doctor of Anthropology – PUC-SP

RESEARCH AND GATHERING OF DATA Cimi Regional Offices and Cimi Documentation Section

ORGANIZATION OF DATA BANK AND DATA TABLES Aida Cruz, Eduardo Holanda, Leda Bosi, Paul Wolters

REVISION OF DATA TABLES Eduardo Holanda, Lúcia Helena Rangel, Paul Wolters

SELECTION OF IMAGES Aida Cruz and Marcy Picanço

EDITING Paul Wolters

FINAL EDITING Marcy Picanço

REVISIONS Leda Bosi

ART DESIGN Licurgo S. Botelho

ENGLISH TRANSLATION Margaret A. Kidd, Paul Wolters

Cover photo: An eviction order carried out on an area occupied by more than 200 indigenous and homeless persons in Manaus, in March of 2008. Shock troops, dogs, horses and bombs with moral effect were used in the eviction. Credits: Luiz Vasconcelos / A Crítica This photo, kindly granted by the A Critica newspaper, was the winner of the 2009 World Press Photo Prize in the category daily news.

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 3 IN HOMAGE

Marçal de Souza Tupã- I (1920-1983)

November 25 of 2008 it was 25 years ago that Marçal Tupã-i, the voice of thunder, Guarani Nhandeva, was assassinated in the village of Campestre, in Antônio João, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Five shots fired at gun point took his life, when he opened the door of his house hearing an insisting and supplication voice that asked for medicine for an ailing father. The health worker Marçal believed and fulfilled the destiny that he himself foresaw some years earlier: “I am a person marked to die. But for a just cause, we die!”

He was a member of delegation that handed a letter to Pope John Paul II in his visit to Manaus, in 1980, and also represented the Union of Indigenous Nations in UN-conference in Boston in 1981. His political activity resulted in persecution, arrests, and death threats. Even today, the police investigation on his assassination has not been closed. The weapon of the crime and the person who ordered it were identified. The executor, at large, was absolved. There were appeals, the family of Marçal insisted for many years; but this is a history without end.

Marçal said, more than 25 years ago: “We indians, who live here are the ones who feel the injustice, the poverty, the persecution, hunger, because the area we occupy no longer offers conditions for our survival…”

(information drawn from: Prezia, Benedito – Marçal Guarani: the voice that cannot be forgotten. São Paulo: Expressão Popular, 2006)

Maria dos Anjos, Guajajara

On May 5, 2008, armed men on a motorcycle driving down a road, fired randomly into the village of Anajá, in the indigenous land of Araibóia, Maranhão. One of the shots hit and killed a child watching television in her home. The residents of the village say that the murderers were the same who killed Timóteo Guajajara in 2007. Ever since, the climate of terror and constant threats unsettle the village life. The murder was not denounced at the police office out of fear for reprisals. This type of episodes have become common in Maranhão, as in other regions of Brazil. That the soul of this child by meeting the soul of Marçal Tupã-I Guarani have joined energies to give force to the indigenous peoples of Brazil facing the violence that this report intends to denounce. (occurrence recorded in this report)

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Guarani Kaiowá – Mato Grosso do Sul – Photo: Egon Heck/Cimi Archive

“The green of the flag that the Brazilians brought represented the forest that civilization has torn from us; we live on government lands, like pariahs, crushed. The yellow, represented the wealth of Brazil, the fish and game, today absent from our land; they tore everything from us, all in the name of civilization. The white, which symbolized the peace so desired, today is absent in man kind. And, finally, the blue, which represented the sky, in its florescent beauty – stars and planets shining -, was the only thing that civilization left to the indian, and only because she hasn’t managed to conquer it, yet … ”

Marçal de Souza Tupã-I (1921 – 1983)

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 5 Notice to the reader

This is the 2008 year report on violence against indigenous peoples in Brazil of the Indigenous Missionary Council (Conselho Indigenista Missionário), in short CIMI.

Methodology The occurrences presented in this report were registered by CIMI during 2008. One source of information are national newspapers. However, equally important as a source of information are the CIMI teams that work throughout Brazil with the indigenous peoples. They report cases of violence they witness or verify in their daily work. They also corroborate, correct and complement the information gathered from the newspapers by the national secretariat.

Relevance The report presents many cases of violence against indigenous. However, in spite of the sheer number of cases, this report does not have the pretension to be complete. Unfortunately, there are many more cases of violence and violations happening in Brazil than CIMI could register. This means that none of the numbers presented is an absolute, or total number. In fact, it is more accurate to say that the report presents minimum numbers.

Therefore CIMI chooses to relate, in resume, every single occurrence registered. Foremost because every single violence must be registered and denounced, rather than fade away in general numbers. At the same time, these descriptions give relevance to the plain numbers: providing a localization, a date, a name of the victim, the indigenous people involved, the circumstances.

Having said that, CIMI does try to relate the registered numbers to the numbers reported in previous years, in order to create a notion of what is going on and to get a hint of any tendencies.

CIMI, September 2009

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CONTENTS

A commitment to life …………………………………………………………………………………….. 9 Bishop of the Xingu Prelature (Pará) and President of Cimi

Presentation Disgraceful picture of negligence and devaluation of life ……………………………………. 11 Roberto Antonio Liebgott – Vice President of Cimi

Introduction Systemic violence against the indigenous peoples ……………………………………………… 16 Lúcia Helena Rangel – Anthropologist / PUC/SP

Chapter I – Violence against indigenous property and assets Land rights related conflicts ………………………………………………………………………….. 24 Possessory invasions, illegal exploitation of natural resources and miscellaneous damages to indigenous property and assets …………………………………….. 28 Omission and morosity in regularization of indigenous lands ……………………………………. 39

Chapter II – Violence against persons practiced by private persons and public sector agents Murder …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 49 Attempted murder ……………………………………………………………………………………. 64 Homicide ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 72 Death threats ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 75 Miscellaneous threats ………………………………………………………………………………… 80 Unjustified physical injuries ………………………………………………………………………….. 82 Abuse of power ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 84 Racism and ethno-cultural discrimination ………………………………………………………….. 90 Sexual violence ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 95 Illegal seizure and retention of bankcards………………………………………………………….. 97

Chapter III – Violence provoked by omission on the part of public powers Suicide and attempted suicide ………………………………………………………………………. 101 Lack of adequate health care ………………………………………………………………………... 110 Death due to lack of health care …………………………………………………………………….. 131 Child mortality …………………………………………………………………………………………. 136 Malnutrition …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 142 Dissemination of alcoholic beverages and drugs …………………………………………………. 145 Failings in the area of indigenous education ………………………………………………………. 149 General lack of assistance …………………………………………………………………………… 155

Chapter IV – Violence against isolated indigenous peoples and peoples of little contact Violence against isolated indigenous peoples and peoples of little contact ……………………. 163

Summary tables ……………………….………………………………………………………….. 170

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 7 Xavante children – photo Ronaldo Nina, CIMI Archive

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 8 A commitment to life

s it has done for more than 20 years, also this year CIMI presents data on violations of A the rights of the indigenous peoples in Brazil. This 2009 edition of the report presents the cases recorded in 2008 and their analysis.

All these separate cases put together frame the picture of the precarious situation lived, until these days, by most of the 241 indigenous peoples who inhabit the national territory. Looking at the following numbers, photos and reports, we need to ask ourselves why we consent – as a society – to what indigenous Brazilians are facing right now.

Twenty years ago, in 1988, the Brazilian people demonstrated respect for the multiethnic and multicultural nature of the country. The Federal Constitution recognized that the diversity of visions and of ways of life of people living here should be respected and their survival guaranteed.

This determination, however, never became reality. On the contrary, the attacks against the indigenous continue to be practiced by the State, by groups and individuals.

In this report, again, the number of aggressions against the Guarani Kaiowá, in Mato Grosso do Sul cry out, especially the data on suicides and assassinations. These are, in the majority of cases, committed by the indigenous on their own people. Brazil seems to assist without any commotion the slow self-destruction of the Guarani Kaiowá, promoted primarily by actions and omissions of the State. Urgent measures are necessary to guarantee the physical and cultural survival of this population.

More than that, the State and the entire society must transform their perception of indigenous peoples. They cannot be seen and treated as a despicable obstacle. There needs to be a profound valorization of the contribution from the indigenous matrix to the formation of the national identity and of the sustainable way of the indigenous peoples to coexist with nature.

The Brazilian State must recognize the indigenous peoples in the programs that aim to provide growth and development for the country. Unfortunately this does not occur, Nearly 450 infrastructure projects are being planned and executed in indigenous lands, without their inhabitants having been duly consulted. The presence of the indigenous peoples becomes a hindrance for those who seek development that favors only the large-scale enterprises and agricultural business, demanding the liberation of lands for cultivation of monocultures. The presence of indigenous people can only be valued if we claim for a development oriented toward life, peace, environmental preservation, respect for the other and social welfare.

Faced with the regrettable portrait of violence presented in this report, Brazilian society needs to assume the commitment of guaranteeing a future of dignity for all the indigenous peoples of the country. A future where the children do not die because there are no doctors and medicines to save them, and the young people do not anymore commit suicide in order to escape from their reality. A future with full, complete life, a land without evil. “Uma terra sem males”.

Mai 2009,

Bishop Erwin Kräutler Bishop of the Xingu Prelature (Pará) and president of CIMI

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 9

Earth, essential element for the life of the indigenous peoples, has been the principal motive for the aggressions

Guarani Kaiowá, Mato Grosso do Sul – photo Egon Heck, CIMI Archive

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 10 Introduction

Disgraceful picture of negligence and devaluation of life

Roberto Antonio Liebgott Vice-President of Cimi

nce again, the Indigenous Missionary Council (Cimi) presents to society the year O report Violence Against Indigenous Peoples in Brazil. This publication registers aggressions practiced in 2008. For nearly 20 years, Cimi has been compiling this annual registry of the violence and violations committed against the indigenous persons against the heritage of indigenous peoples and the violence resulting from omission on the part of the public powers. These are only partial records - collected from national news media and through the work of the Cimi teams in the field. The data, therefore, do not represent the totality of aggressions committed against this population.

Each year, after the disclosure of data on violence against persons, communities and indigenous peoples, some journalists, researchers and even public authorities ask: what is Cimi’s interest in releasing reports on violence against Indians? We have always responded that, for the entity, the interest is to inform, denounce and demand measures to stop the violations of the rights to life, human dignity, access to and security of land and the environment.

The reports have proven, year after year, that the violence is systematic, on a daily basis, that it affects entire peoples, communities and individuals, in all regions of Brazil, and, moreover, that those responsible, in most cases, remain unpunished. Generally perpetrators of such practices seek to economically exploit the indigenous lands or its natural resources and to achieve this, they do not measure force. Other forms of violence are practiced by agents of the public powers themselves, via omissions or negligence in duties and responsibilities attributed to them, such as health care, education, effective land demarcation, monitoring and protection of indigenous lands and peoples in Brazil.

The general framework of violence against the indigenous in the year 2008 shows that political, economic and social choices of the government and society render ever more fragile those segments that, historically, have been disadvantaged. The land, a primary condition to a life of dignity and autonomy of the indigenous peoples has been the primary reason for the aggressions. Violence against the indigenous heritage configures a range of violences. Among these are violent invasions in order to possess the land, the illegal exploitation of natural resources, environmental damage, as well as the morosity of public powers in the land demarcation procedures and the paralysis of processes for removal of invaders and occupants of areas that have already been recognized and demarcated.

Violence against the person

In the year 2008, nearly 50 indigenous persons were victims of personal violations. In the survey are registered 60 murders, 8 cases of involuntary manslaughter, 6 cases of malicious injury, 16 cases of ethnic-cultural racism and discrimination, 29 attempted murders and 6 cases of sexual violence committed against indigenous persons in Brazil. Also identified were 12 cases of death threats, 19 occurrences of abuse of power, 6 cases involving miscellaneous threats, 3 cases of undue appropriation and retention of bank and other cards. Violence against persons were committed in 21 states of the Brazilian Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 11 federation, the Guarani-Kaiowá being the major victims, with 70 occurrences, or nearly 50% of the recorded cases.

Violence by omission of the public power

The data relating to omissions of the public administration also show an increasing trend in failure to assist the indigenous people. CIMI registered omissions of the public authorities in 19 states of the federation, affecting circa 60 indigenous peoples. We have registered cases of general failure of the authorities, but also failure in vital areas, like in the area of indigenous education and in the area of health care. In the latter case, the lack of assistance results in infant mortality and deaths from malnutrition. There was also the dissemination of alcohol and other drugs in addition to several suicides and attempted suicides.

Of this total set of cases of omission by the public administration, the considerable increase in reports of failing health care draws attention. In 2007 we recorded 24 cases, while in 2008 this number jumped to 77 occurrences.

All of this indicates that the official investment in disease prevention and protection of the indigenous communities has not been sufficient, and that it is necessary to formulate and implement adequate policies in regard to the Indigenous populations, including attentive monitoring by society. Moreover, various cases of misuse of resources have been verified, expressed in accusations of corruption in the National Health Foundation (FUNASA), the government agency responsible for the management of the indigenous health system.

Violence against indigenous patrimony

In this segment, our survey registered, in 2008, violence against more than 40 groups of indigenous peoples in 18 states of the federation. We highlight the conflicts related to territorial rights, environmental and biological damages, possessory invasions, illegal exploitation of natural resources, miscellaneous damages to indigenous properties, as well as omission and morosity in the land regularization process.

In 2008 the government of President Lula hit another record in relation to the indigenous peoples: only one indigenous land was recognized, demarcated and confirmed by presidential decree. From this fact it is possible to conclude that the anti- indigenous sectors - within and outside of the government – have been successful in their strategy to impede the demarcation of indigenous lands.

Equally relevant, is the perception of intense and continuous mobilization of economic and political groups, designated to pressure the branches of government (Executive, Legislative an d Judiciary) in legal procedures involving indigenous patrimony. A process of judicialization of the issues relating to indigenous peoples, is evidenced, as observed in the judgment of the case of the indigenous land Raposa Serra do Sol and of the disputes and interests surrounding this area. The trend of criminalization of communities in struggle for their rights is also evident, in particular in Mato Grosso do Sul and in Pernambuco. In these states, the incidence of attacks against the indigenous peoples is alarming, a fact that the indigenous themselves and the indigenist movement have made known in Brazil and worldwide.

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 12 Federal Police wounded dozens of indigenous during a raid on the land of the Tupinambá (Bahia), photo: Tupinambá Archive, Serra do Padeiro/Bahia

It is also necessary to register that cases of intolerance occur, as in the incident involving the Kayapó in the seminar conducted in Altamira (Pará), to discuss the impacts of the Belo Monte hydroelectric plant. An unfortunate accident during a traditional dance of the Kayapó, which left one of the non-indigenous speakers wounded, was presented by media and commented upon as a “barbaric In 2008 the attack” of “wild indians”. Situations like these denote a clear strategy of government barbarization of these populations in an attempt to render their claims illegitimate. In of President other regions it is easy to observe a trivialization of aggressions against the Lula hit Indigenous, especially against those who now live in the proximity of urban centers. another In the year 2008, various cases of violence with a clear purpose of injuring record in communities and indigenous peoples deserve attention, cases that can be relation to characterized as genocidal actions: there was an invasion of land and grave the violence against entire communities in Roraima, in the disputed indigenous land indigenous Raposa Serra do Sol, practiced by rice farmers that have invaded the area over the peoples: last decades. The case in southern Bahia involves the Tupinambá people and in only one this case the aggression was planned and executed by the Federal Police; in the state of Maranhão the continuous violence against the Guajajara people were indigenous perpetrated by loggers, violences that have been repeated for years without the land was authorities taking action. confirmed There is serious violence, on record, against indigenous peoples related to land issues. The prime example of this happened in Mato Grosso do Sul, when the National Indian Foundation (Funai) constituted Technical Groups to undertake the identification of lands of the Guarani-Kaiowá people. The Funai, however, had no political conditions to put the activities in motion, as the president of the Foundation established agreements with landowners and state authorities to restrict the very work of these task forces. This, in practice, subjects them to the

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 13 interference of those who openly declare themselves opposed the demarcation of the lands.

Another reality that deserves attention is the situation of indigenous peoples in situations of isolation. Many of them are at risk, being subjected to daily violence: their lands are being devastated systematically by the economic expansion, especially in the states of Rondônia, Acre, Pará, Maranhão and Amazonas. Despite constitutional guarantees concerning the more than 60 isolated peoples throughout the Amazon, the public authorities responsible for their protection have not acted effectively to demarcate their land and to monitor and protect it from these invasions, in short, to ensure them life.

All of these data about the violence practiced against the indigenous peoples in Brazil compose a disgraceful scenario. The primary responsibility for this situation is that of the public authorities. But society at large cannot look away because the guarantee of adequate social rights and public policies also depends on mobilization and social control.

This report is intended to denounce the violence, demand measures and also to inform and raise awareness regarding the conditions of inequality to which indigenous peoples are subjected. As a consequence, it is expected that there be applied public policies in view of: the demarcation and protection of all indigenous lands, the protection of mineral, environmental, water and biodiversity resources; the protection and supervision of territories of peoples in situations of isolation and risk; to combat all invasions of land; to ensure punishment of those who promote and practice violence against the indigenous peoples and their communities; the implementation of an effective and coherent health care policy that considers the realities of each people, their needs and proposals, the guarantee of attention to differentiated education, in which the communities, their representatives and teachers are able to formulate and implement actions that do attend to ethnic and cultural differences and needs.

Society can no longer tolerate the omission, negligence and the subservience of public authorities to the pressure of politicians, segments of the agricultural industry, the sugar cane mills, the mining sector, the large land owners and the loggers. It can no longer tolerate the intolerance and prejudice that contaminate cities and regions turning their inhabitants against the indigenous communities.

Much of the population has, today, access to TV and radio programs, the Internet and newspapers that provide much information. However, with regard to indigenous rights, the news has very little impact and, in some cases, in such an equivocated manner, that, in fact, it feeds discrimination and the marginalization of indigenous peoples rather than fight it. In different regions indigenous peoples are still treated as obstacles to local and regional development and, not infrequently, the violence seems to be justified by this motive.

Finally, this report intends to disquiet us and mobilize us in this common cause, the defense of life, the protection of the rights of the "sons of the earth"!

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Photo: Maíra Heinen / CIMI Archive

Indigenous celebrate the decision of the Federal Supreme Court on the demarcation of the Raposa Serra do Sol land

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 15 Introduction Systematic violence against indigenous peoples

Lucia Helena Rangel Anthropologist / PUC-SP

IMI brings to the public the Report of Violence Against Indigenous Peoples in C Brazil -- 2008, which includes records of violence against the person, against indigenous property, omission by public powers and records with respect to isolated peoples and situations of risk. These are partial records, whose main sources are the press, local and national, in addition to the information registered by the Cimi teams working in all regions of Brazil. The data presented here, therefore, do not provide exhaustive coverage of the entire scope and cases of violence against indigenous peoples and do not cover all the violations of rights that affect this population. This report was completed at the same time the Federal Supreme Court (Supremo Tribunal Federa or STF) closed the vote on the Popular Action, a court case opposing the federal demarcation and presidential confirmation of the indigenous land Raposa Serra do Sol, located in Roraima, on the Northern border of Brazil. The STF rejected the case, that is, the judges did not reverse the demarcation of the indigenous land for which the people of Raposa had struggled for almost 40 years. This trial provoked an intense debate, both within the court and beyond, as perhaps the most profound that Brazilian society has ever had in respect to legislation and indigenous rights. The conflict over the demarcation of land (whether in separate islands per indigenous community or in a continuous area) should have been overcome already in 2005 when the President signed the decree confirming the demarcation of the land in a continuous area, according to the studies and legal procedures that regulate the demarcation process of indigenous lands in Brazil. Even so, the STF accepted the legal action that challenged the presidential decree. This triggered the national and international debate, mobilizing the indigenous and all of those who support their cause. It also mobilized those who despise the indigenous population, it sharpened the racism and it brought back to the center of the stage the old and worn out idea that the Indigenous presence, in any region of the country, is a hindrance to economic development. Another issue was added to the debate, namely, argument of the supposed threat to national sovereignty. Raposa is located in a border area and, according to the most irate radicals, the Indians could form an independent nation, insurgent against the Brazilian state. These positions treat the indigenous peoples as a category of second-class citizens, putting them apart from the national community when they want demarcation of their land in extensions sufficient to realize their mode of production, their form of ownership, their territorial uses, projecting for future population growth. As if the Brazilian state could not bear the sociocultural diversity and plurality the desires and necessities! To place the indigenous question within the ambit of national security and sovereignty question, is to remove it from its rightful place - which is the question of the unfair land distribution in Brazil, based on large land property (the infamous latifúndio) and big business for few and the lack of land for many. However, if the indigenous lands legally belong to the Federal Union, how can the Brazilian state be threatened by itself? How is it possible to consider the familiar agricultural production of food as an obstacle to development in a world that needs food? Production of indigenous families, in a state such as Roraima, where more than half the population is indigenous, represents commercial movement, food supply, in addition to livelihood of 20 Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 16 What the thousand people living within the indigenous area. How is it possible to contest people living the environmental preservation that is an immediate consequence of demarcation in Raposa of the land in a continuous area? The indigenous land in question is rich in Serra do Sol biodiversity With the land demarcated it will be much more feasible to protect it. endured for What the people who live in Raposa endured for many decades was the many decades illegal miners, loggers, cattle farmers and agricultural producers that have were the molested them for decades, bringing alcoholic beverages, prostitution and every illegal sort of degradation and violence. The struggle for the demarcation of land has prospectors, brought dignity to these people, a particular form of social and political the loggers, organization, prosperity, self-respect and self-esteem to individuals, their families the cattle and communities. operations and Not even the attention of the entire Brazilian society focusing on Raposa agricultural Serra do Sol, as a result of the ongoing trial, prevented the violence against producers that indigenous peoples. Within the area, or in other regions of Brazil. An despicable have molested episode was filmed in Raposa, on May 5, 2005. A group of Indians are building them for homes in the demarcated land that was in litigation, claimed by the owner of the decades, as Fazenda Depósito. Suddenly a truck and some motorcycles appear, hooded men they do today, jumping out, holding weapons. They immediately start shooting in the direction of bringing the indigenous that are still working. A boy films the men aiming and shooting, alcoholic recording the screams of those hit by the gun fire. People start running, the beverages, videographer is also targeted by gunfire and begins to run. The camcorder turns prostitution to the ground, recording the running, the running feet appear, the grass rushing and every sort by, then the dirt road. We hear the sound of feet of the cameraman hitting the of degradation ground, chap chap chap, in the terrified race to escape the gunshots. Later on, the and violence filming focuses the first aid to the victims (10 men and adolescents). They are accommodated, virtually stacked, in the cargo bed of a truck, taken to a health post, and from there to the nearest hospital. Meanwhile, during the rescue, some women scream and one of them shouts, loud and clear, outraged by the risk to loose her son. These images seem to be an update of what has been the history of the Amazon, ever since the era of the rubber exploitation, when the settlers organized the infamous correrias: violent raids against the Indigenous to make them run (correr). These correrias were organized by rubber tappers against the indigenous villages that, in their opinion, disturbed and hindered the extraction of rubber. A group of armed men would ambush and attack the village by surprise, shoot to kill, shoot to all sides, attacking anyone, from children to elderly persons, provoking a general fleeing that would leave the village deserted. The objective of this form of deliberate violence was to cleanse the area, as if the indigenous residents were only savages that hindered the extraction of latex. Over time, these wanderers were domesticated and ended up as workers of the rubber plantations. Similarly, in the memory of many this violent manner of expelling a community from their land persists. In the year 2000, in Coroa Vermelha, on the southern coast of Bahia, during a large gathering of indigenous people from throughout Brazil, during the celebration of 500 years of the arrival of the Portuguese to Brazil, there was a very violent armed repression. Around seven o'clock in the morning, a detachment of Military Police, while trying to stop and control a group of quilombolas and students who were going to the Indigenous Assembly, invaded the indigenous land of Coroa Vermelha, mounted on horses, throwing tear gas bombs with strong demoralizing effect, causing a huge runaway, once again. One woman, that had come from a distant region, who was washing clothes in the nearby creek, heard the bomb blasts and saw the running, also runs and, terrified, yells out "They are hunting us".

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 17 As was happening 100 years ago, farmers try to “clean” the area of indigenous presence in Raposa Serra do Sol Photoo: Reprodução de imagens de vídeo do Conselho Indigena de Roraima

In the Supreme Court judgment on Raposa Serra do Sol, one of the judges Many said that the chapters 231 and 232 of the Federal Constitution, which deal with communities indigenous peoples, propose a decolonizing legislation. This trial, perhaps, will have that were a civilizing effect not yet possible to assess. After all, who will decolonize the expulsed colonizer? Throughout the history of Brazil, conflicts between the indigenous and from their settlers led the indigenous to think that they were pacifying their tormentors, while lands pledge those thought themselves to be "Indian breakers." to retake their This is because the instrumental violence of colonization was quite refined, villages, to willingly and objective: clothes contaminated with diseases were given to the free indigenous who consequently died in outbreaks of epidemics, as they had no themselves resistance to these new viruses, wars were declared, poisoned food was left on from slave innumerous occasions, murders of parents and siblings were committed in order to labor and steal women and children were stolen to compensate for the infertility of senhoras from (the spouses of the western colonizers), there was humiliation on public squares, degrading the providing of pinga (fire water, or strong liquor) and a great number of cunning conditions to was used to neutralize the indigenous population. which they But perhaps one of the worst forms of colonization has been the lure of are chiefs and communities that witnessed the installation of rural properties on their submitted land: the white would move closer, bringing gifts, offering goods or money in exchange for services, establishing relations, becoming godfather of children. Production was started with the labour of the indigenous, whose mentality was not of land ownership. Thus, the community thought it more an addition to the group, a special neighbor, having firearms, metal instruments and all sorts of products never seen or already coveted. That is why the neighbor entrepreneur was accepted. Until one day this entrepreneur fences the area having taken it as his property, telling the indigenous they can no longer hunt there, fish or remove prime material. Even access to the fazenda property would be forbidden. The current owner had realized all the constructions, the production, the technologies employed; he occupied the area productively and he came to believe that he had the right to it. Hoodwinked, the Indigenous were forced off the property; remaining only those who agreed to be employees and / or henchmen of the new owner of the land. It was like this in the past, it continues like this in our days.

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 18 Thus, many communities have been driven off, because after the fence had been raised the method modified and the Indians began to be treated to the bullet and all forms of coercion. The community affected by this procedure would dislocate, go to live with relatives in other villages, or, as often happened, were taken to another area by official agents of the state. As it would happen, in this new place the situation was almost the same giving rise to the containment, the jamming and the resulting tensions, which generated innumerable internal conflicts. Moreover, we need to consider the proximity of the cities, the construction of roads, the presence of the farms that over time became the only source of survival because they provide jobs. The acceptance of these conditions is not, therefore, by choice, but for reasons that make survival a matter of risk to life. Nowadays many of these communities are committed to return to their villages, to put an end to slave labor, the degrading conditions to which they are submitted, to recuperate their way of life, their way of educating their children and to practice again their cultural expressions. Because they are aware of the cunning they were involved in and aware of their rights today. The May 5 video in Raposa Serra so Sol shows that the raids and the following correrias still have not ceased. If the Indians are impeding the planting of rice that was imposed onto their lands by force, the farmer feels it´s his "right" to chase them away running, using violence. Some episodes that occurred in other areas show equal treatment: in the state of Amazonas, in the indigenous land of Kulina do Rio Envira, the exploiters who illegally take wood and move in their herds of cattle, thus threatened, after a cow was slaughtered by the indigenous - "You pay me for the cow, or your tuxaua In the state (chief) is killed." In Maranhão, in the indigenous land Araribóia, invaders fired of Amazonas, shots into the homes and left a note: "Everyone has the survival instinct but only loggers and some have the courage to kill. It is time for this gang to die", followed by a list of cattle farmers six Guajajara names to be executed. These are just two of the twelve cases of that invade death threats, which were recorded in 2008, involving kidnapping, restrictions on the land of the universal right to come and go, reprisals for denounces of indigenous of the Kulina invasions and environmental destruction. These are threats suffered by issue death indigenous peoples due to disputes over the use of (their) lands. threats against them. Other threats were classified in the section ‘Various Threats’, which, In the state of likewise, involve the use of land, as was the case of armed repression against the Maranhão, Enawenê Nauwê of Mato Grosso, as they practiced their annual fishing ritual and invaders were surprised by weapons of civilian and military police, because the local land- shoot at owners do not accept the revision of the demarcation of indigenous land. villages In the chapter on the violence Against the Person, there were also and leave recorded 19 cases of abuse of power, the criminalization of 37 indigenous a message: leaders, 16 cases of racism, 6 cases of violent sexual assault, 6 of malicious “It is time for injury and 8 cases of manslaughter in collisions. this gang to die”. But the 60 murders of indigenous persons call for attention, 42 of them occurring in Mato Grosso do Sul, whose victims belonged to the Guarani Kaiowá people, confirming our assessment from previous years about the serious situation in which their people live. A situation that we classify as a form of genocide, that has not experienced any change. The 29 cases of attempted murder, involving 39 victims, reveal, among other things, constant tension in the state of Maranhão, where the victims are persons of the Guajajara, a people cornered by land conflicts, illegal exploitation of natural resources and trafficking of drugs. In southern Bahia, the cases of brutal attacks against the Pataxó, Pataxó Hã Hã Hãe and the Tupinambá people also demonstrate that this is an area of very great tension, without prospect of calming down in the short term. Leaders are persecuted and criminalized, ambushes are carried out as a result of conflicts over land rights. Irony of fate or not, even when they are far from their lands, the barrier of racism is encountered, as when three Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 19 Pataxó men were barred by a subway security guard in Rio de Janeiro, arguing that "Indians do not enter here". In the chapter on violence against Indigenous Patrimony, 94 events were registered relating to possessory invasions, illegal exploitation of natural resources, territorial conflicts and morosity in land regularization. There are cases that drag on for more than twenty years, as is the case of the Parakanã in Pará and the Ava-Guarani of Ocoí in Paraná. The delay in the demarcation process has been the central, dominant issue, especially in states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. Deforestation, pollution and silting of the rivers, contamination by agrotoxins, are factors that aggressively interfere with indigenous production, causing food shortages, many diseases and many conflicts. In the chapter on violence as a result of Omissions of the Public Powers, many violations of human rights were registered, for lack of official assistance, neglect and absence of social policies to address the problems of the indigenous. The increase in the number of suicide cases among the Guarani Kaiowá, in Mato Grosso do Sul, may be the most poignant signal of the social problems faced in this region: all 34 suicides reported occurred in this population, while it is worth noting that 25 of the victims were of ages between 13 and 25 years. Furthermore, in the state of Mato The indigenous schools in the state of Acre represent violations of the indigenous rights caused by the omission of the public powers - Grosso do Sul 409 workers in Photo: CIMI Amaônia Ocidental sugar cane mills were found and released, working in conditions qualified as degrading or analogous to slavery. Of these, 150 were of the Terena and Kaiowá Guarani peoples; Another issue in this region: children are removed from their families and sent to shelters with possibility of adoption by the Child protection authirties; there were 100 court convictions of indigenous persons, mostly Guarani Kaiowá, sentenced to jail while they were unable to exercise fully the right to defense. As far as the cases of failures in assistance in the area of education is concerned, the statements of indigenous teachers of Envira river in the state of Acre, summarize very well the problems experienced in all Brazilian regions: "... the distance that exists between indigenous schooling envisioned and determined in the legislation and that which is being realized ... Indigenous schools are in terrible conditions. Everything is lacking: adequate infrastructure, school materials, lunch, teacher training, transport ... Due to lack of conditions, the school year has not yet started". But we must highlight that most of the complaints and claims registered, refer to the failing assistance in health care, with 77 registered incidents. This concerns populations that Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 20 are entirely or partly unattended, in situations where the lack of medicines, sanitation, equipment, transport, doctors and nurses reigns, as well as inadequate treatment and neglect in the hospitals. A series of claims were brought to the National Health Foundation (FUNASA) and to the National Indian Foundation (FUNAI) and many protests of revolt were realized, by means of public events and denunciations by the indigenous peoples, as well as by some of the very health workers, working with indigenous health. The picture gets worse if we take into account the cases of mortality, infant mortality and malnutrition, which particularly affect the children. Isolated peoples In Rondônia, the As for people living in a situation of isolation and risk, Cimi calculates construction of there are 73 groups in these conditions, the Amazon region being their the Santo Antônio principal habitat. The situations of vulnerability vary, such as the case of the and Jirau Awa-Guajá people in the state of Maranhão, whose land has been hydroelectric demarcated land and who receive regular assistance, but who, plants on the perambulating freely through the region, run various risks due to the illegal Madeira river extraction of timber and other invasions of their indigenous land, suffering threatens at from constant attacks. In Rondônia, the construction of the Santo Antônio least four isolated and Jirau hydroelectric plants on the Madeira river threatens at least four indigenous isolated groups, living in the area of direct influence of the venture. It is groups that live calculated that in the state of Rondônia there are 14 peoples in a situation of without contact isolation and risk, of those, 10 have their habitat in the Madeira River basin. with the The concern for the isolated peoples increases every year, due to the surrounding, Program of Acceleration of Growth (PAC) of the federal government, the occidental hydroelectric plants of the Madeiro river being one of the major projects to society. receive governmental incentives. In the same manner, road construction threatens several peoples in situations of isolation in the state of Acre.

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 21

Chapter I

Violence against indigenous property and assets

Conflicts related to territorial right ……………………. 24

Possessory invasions, illegal exploitation of natural resources and damage to indigenous property and assets ………………………………...... 28

Omission and delay in regularization of lands ……… 39

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 22 Parakanã people (state of Pará). The delay of authorities in identifying and demarcating indigenous lands leads to increased land conflict in various regions of Brazil - Photo: Tarcisio Feitosa / CIMI arquives

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 23 Chapter I

Conflicts related to territorial rights Year: 2008

In 2008 CIMI registered 16 territorial rights conflicts. 2 of them located in the state of Bahia, in, 4 in Ceará , 1 Maranhão, 1 in Mato Grosso, 1 in Mato Grosso do Sul, 1 in Pará, 5 in Rondônia and 1 in Santa Catarina. In 9 cases, the primary cause of these conflicts was delay by authorities in the regularization of indigenous lands. There are cases of indigenous lands already regulated and demarcated, where invaders remain in the area and the federal government does not effectuate the desoccupation. Thus, indigenous communities must wait, sometimes for decades, to have returned what they are guaranteed by the Federal Constitution. In Pará, for example, 20 years ago, more than 1,200 farmers and loggers invaded and occupied the indigenous land named Apyterewa, of the Parakanã people that was regulated and demarcated. Instead of removing the invaders, as per constitutional mandate, the responsible authorities tried to keep them in the area, arriving at a reduction of the size of the indigenous land. In Santa Catarina, similarly, after publication of the decree that declared the limits of the indigenous land Morro dos Cavalos, of the Guarani people, there was protest against the demarcation supported by the municipality of Palhoça, the city where the land is located. It also unleashed a campaign to annul the demarcation. In Mato Grosso do Sul, the authorities have not yet met the demands of the Terena of terra indigena Pilad Rebua, seeking the removal of farmer invaders from the area. In Bahia, a Tupinambá community was violently expelled from land that the people had retaken, because the National Foundation of Indigenous Affairs (Funai) had not met the deadline set by the Regional Court Federal 3rd Region (TRF3) to complete the identification report for this land. Also in Bahia, another example of how delay by authorities leads not only to injustice, but also to violence. A Pataxó community retook an area from which the people had been expulsed in the 1970s. For over 20 years, this people has claimed the area as traditional territory, and exhausted by awaiting official action, retook it. Farmers holding the land didn’t even resort to the court. They subsequently contracted a group of armed men to expulse the Pataxó, what the indigenous managed to prevent. In recent years, Pataxó communities have suffered pressure and various types of violence caused by territorial conflicts. There are 7 cases of conflicts provoked by construction work, as is the case in the state of Ceará with a tourist center and port. Projects of the governmental Program of Acceleration of Growth (PAC) in Rondônia, are a concern due to lack of attention in the plans to isolated peoples in the affected regions, jeopardizing the survival of these peoples. This also applies to the case of the Santo Antônio hydroelectric plant on the Madeira river, and to the paving of the BR 429 road, linking the cities of Presidente Médici and Costa Marques. In many demarcated and regulated indigenous lands, the responsible authorities did not remove non-indigenous invaders. Thus, the communities continue waiting, sometimes for decades, for the return of what they are guaranteed by the Federal Constitution.

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 24 CONFLICTS RELATED TO TERRITORIAL RIGHTS Data of 2008 Total of cases: 16

BAHIA – 2 Case(s)

INDIGENOUS LAND: PATAXÓ PEOPLE(S): PATAXÓ TYPE OF CONFLICT: Reintegration of possession DESCRIPTION: The landowners supposedly contracted armed men to expulse the indigenous people. The struggle for retaking the land goes back a long time. The Pataxó state that they will not be leaving the land and that they are not invading because it is ancestral land and the retaking fulfills a constitutional right. The families were expulsed in the 1970s by the old Brasil-Holanda commercial logging company. The area was traditional territory of this people and it is under study for formal recognition and demarcation. SOURCE: A Tarde, 19/07/2008 INDIGENOUS LAND: TUPINAMBÁ DE OLIVENÇA PEOPLE(S): TUPINAMBÁ DE OLIVENÇA TYPE OF CONFLICT: Reintegration of possession DESCRIPTION: In January 2008, the TRF (Regional Federal Court) suspended, for 180 days, the decision for removal of the Tupinambá community. During this period the Funai was to finalize the identification report for the lands. The report was finalized, but the Funai requested complementary information by the Technical Group. The period expired and the Federal Court ordered the Federal Police to carry out the reintegration of possession. The action left many people injured, and indigenous homes, tools and utensils destroyed. SOURCE: Informe 839/Cimi - Boletim Mundo - 23/10/08

Photo Marcy Picancy/ CIMI Archives

The port of Pecém brought grave impacts on the lands of the Anacé people (Ceará)

CEARÁ – 4 Case(s)

INDIGENOUS LAND: TREMEMBÉ DE ALMOFALA PEOPLE(S): TREMEMBÉ TYPE OF CONFLICT: construction of tourist real estate on indigenous land DESCRIPTION: In Ceará there is a conflict between the Tremembé of São José and Buruti and the Nova Atlântida group. This tourism enterprise intends to build a huge tourist complex on the land that has been inhabited for hundreds of years by the indigenous peoples. The construction was halted by a Federal court injunction which was confirmed by the Regional Federal Tribunal of the 5th Region of Recife. The business group also denies the existence of the Tremembé and claims possession of the lands occupied. SOURCE: Instituto Terramar INDIGENOUS LAND: TAPEBA PEOPLE(S):TAPEBA TYPE OF CONFLICT: Petition to annul demarcation process DESCRIPTION: In the municipality of Caucaia, the Arruda oligarchy in local, municipal power for decades, entered a mandate of security requesting the annulment of the demarcation process for the lands of the Tapeba people, who have already been struggling for three decades for the demarcation of their lands. SOURCE: Instituto Terramar Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 25

INDIGENOUS LAND: ANACÉ PEOPLE(S): ANACÉ TYPE OF CONFLICT: Construction of the Porto de Pecém DESCRIPTION: In São Gonçalo do Amarante, Ceará, since the construction of the Porto de Pecém (port of Pecém), the situation of the Anacé has been worsening. The enterprise has already caused the expulsion of three communities and threatens the greater portion of the land they occupied, in addition to causing sever environmental impacts on the areas. SOURCE: Instituto Terramar

INDIGENOUS LAND: PITAGUARY PEOPLE(S): PITAGUARY TYPE OF CONFLICT: Invasion DESCRIPTION: In Maracanaú, the Pitaguary are judicially threatened with loss of part of their lands to a landowner who unduly occupies a space of 600 hectares in the middle of the village of Santo Antônio dos Pitaguary. SOURCE: Instituto Terramar

MARANHÃO – 1 Case(s)

INDIGENOUS LAND: KRIKATI PEOPLE(S): KRIKATI TYPE OF CONFLICT: Invasion DESCRIPTION: The Krikati detained staff of the Funai and Incra demanding greater agility in the removal of 80 invaders of their lands. The Funai administrator in Araguaína, Celso Fernandes said that the indigenous leaders have already sought the presence of the Federal Police in the area, because the ranchers were impeding the work of the staff. The work begun in 2000, but has not been concluded until now. SOURCE: Folha de São Paulo/SP, 3/06/2008, 4/06/2008; Jornal do Tocantins/TO, 3/06/2008

MATO GROSSO DO SUL – 1 Case(s)

INDIGENOUS LAND: PILAD REBUA PEOPLE(S): TERENA TYPE OF CONFLICT: Reintegration of Possession DESCRIPTION: The indigenous land comprises according to federal records 208 hectares. However, 48 hectares have been invaded by large land owners. This is the part that the Terena are trying to regain. Toward this end, they occupied this area. In the other 160 hectares live circa 3 thousand people, that is only 0.05 hectares for each Terena individual. On July 13 Judge Vânia Arantes, of the 1st Vara Civil de Miranda, deferred the reintegration of possession ordering immediate vacating of the retaken area and arrest of the leaders who attempted to resist. According to the legal advisors of CIMI, this sentence void] because “it was handed down by a judge absolutely incompetent to process and judge this type of demand, because the competency to judge indigenous rights lies with Federal Courts, according to the Constitution”. The Military Police were on site to carry out the eviction ending up in conflict with the indigenous group. In the conflict the police used bombs with moral effects and fired rubber bullets. The tents occupied by the indigenous group were burned and police vehicles were damaged. Four people were arrested and jailed at the Police Civil delegacy of Miranda and machetes, mallets, bows and arrows were confiscated. SOURCE: O Estado do Mato Grosso, 19/06/2008; Cimi - Assessoria comunicação, 17/06/08

MATO GROSSO – 1 Case(s)

INDIGENOUS LAND: MARÃIWATSEDÉ (SUYAMISU) PEOPLE(S): XAVANTE TYPE OF CONFLICT: Invasion DESCRIPTION: Removed from their traditional land against their will in 1966, the Xavante returned only in 2004 to their lands, and retook it after having camped for nine months at the side of the road. Two children died. Even though the immemorial possession of the indigenous peoples has been corroborated the removal of the invaders remains slow. The political and economic forces active in the State have joined in the intent to postpone to the maximum the liberation of the indigenous land. The Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (Incra), responsible for resettling of the landowners, works slowly and inefficiently, which makes the process of desoccupation even slower. SOURCE: Cimi Regional Mato Grosso

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 26

Photo: Gilberto Vieira/CIMI Archives

The indigenous land Marãiwatsedé, of the Xavantes in Mato Grosso, continues to be invaded by non- indigenous like laarge scale soy bean producers

PARÁ –1 Case(s)

INDIGENOUS LAND: APYTEREWA PEOPLE(S): PARAKANÃ TYPE OF CONFLICT: Invasion DESCRIPTION: More than 1,200 families of ranchers and loggers invaded and occupied the indigenous land more than 20 years ago and remain to this day. The territory was confirmed by presidential decree on 10/04/2007. Since the 1970s anthropologists have confirmed the presence of the Parakanã. Politicians and leaders of the invaders do not accept this confirmation and are trying to annul it resorting to public acts and demonstrations. To divert the focus of interest from land-grabbing they claim that there are 2 thousand colonists who have already been settled and because of this the indigenous land will need to be diminished. The pressure from the farm owners and local politicians has already resulted in a reduction of the original area, causing sharpening of the conflict and stimulating new invasions. Stimulated by political and economic interests organized groups of settlers enter the area for the illegal exploitation of gold and trees. SOURCE: O Liberal/PA, 22/05/2008; Cimi Norte II

RONDÔNIA – 5 Case(s)

PEOPLE(S): Uncontacted people TYPE OF CONFLICT: works related to PAC (governmental Program for Accelerated Growth) DESCRIPTION: Machinery from the Madeira Energia consortium initiated construction of the Santo Antônio hydroelectric plant. A Funai report indicates references exist to at least five groups of isolated indigenous peoples in the area embraced by the plant plans. One of the groups was located only 14 km from the central construction works of the hydroelectric plant. They live in an area already destined of restricted use, called Jacareúba Katawixi. Prior experience shows that encounter between isolated indigenous peoples and non- indigenous is disastrous, due to the culture shock, transmission of diseases and other problems. According to Cimi information, delivered to the Ministério Público Federal and confirmed by the Funai, there are peoples living near the indigenous areas Karitiana and Karipuna, those of the Karipuninha river live in the Jirau region and in the indigenous land Katawixi located in the southern region of Lábrea in the state of Amazônas. These

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 27 peoples are at serious risk of their lands being inundated and of the destruction of natural resources that would exterminate these peoples. SOURCE: Agenda Popular-Cedefes-sept/2008; Cimi Regional Rondônia

INDIGENOUS LAND: URU-EU-WAU-WAU PEOPLE: JURUREY TYPE OF CONFLICT: Road construction and paving DESCRIPTION: The studies that precede the paving of the BR 429 road that links the municipalities of Presidente Médice and Costa Marques, did not take into consideration the existence of isolated peoples while the road will directly impact the Jururey people, precisely on the part of the Serra da Onça, where the road will pass at a distance of 5 kilometers of the Jururey maloca (settlement). SOURCE: Cimi Regional Rondônia

PEOPLE: CASSUPÁ, SALAMÃI TYPE OF CONFLICT: Hydroelectric plant construction (PCH) DESCRIPTION: The territory claimed by the Cassupá and Salamãi is being threatened by the construction of a hydroelectric plant on the Cascata river, that will destroy sacred places of these peoples. SOURCE: Cimi Regional Rondônia

PEOPLE: ARARA, ARIKAPÚ, ARUÁ, GAVIÃO, KANOÉ, KARITIANA, KAXARARI, KWAZÁ, MAKURAP, TUPARI TYPE OF CONFLICT: Invasions DESCRIPTION: In demarcation of the majority of the demarcated lands of these indigenous peoples, the traditionally occupied lands and sacred places, were not taken into consideration. The peoples request revision of the boundaries. Considering the lack of space permitting their physical and cultural reproduction, these peoples experience violence with the constant invasions of their territories by loggers, fishermen, miners, forest management projects, and the construction of the Madeira hydroelectric complex, among others. SOURCE: Cimi Regional Rondônia

INDIGENOUS LAND: KUJUBIM PEOPLE: KUJUBIM TYPE OF CONFLICT: failure to regulate indigenous land DESCRIPTION: Part of the traditional territory of the Kujubim is today designated as extractivist reserve and another part is threatened with an INCRA settlement project, placing the entire forest at risk and the survival of this people who are still struggling for the regulation of their land. SOURCE Cimi Regional Rondônia

SANTA CATARINA – 1 Case(s)

INDIGENOUS LAND: Morro dos Cavalos PEOPLE: Guarani TYPE OF CONFLICT: Opposition to land demarcation DESCRIPTION: In 2007, with the delay by Funai in meeting stipulated deadlines for the legal demarcation process, the media, Veja magazine in particular, initiated a disinformation campaign against the demarcation of the indigenous land. Even so, in April of 2008, Minister of Justice Tarso Genro signed the declamatory decree, recognizing the Indigenous Land. On June 17 opposers to the demarcation organized a protest, supported by the mayor of Palhoça himself. The mayor went so far as to solicit an audience at the ministry of Justice to discuss the decree and petitioned for its revocation. The accusation being that the demarcation is an “anthropological fraud”. SOURCE: Cimi Sul; Diário Catarinense, 13 e 17/6/2008

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 28 Possessory invasions, illegal exploitation of natural resources and miscellaneous damage to indigenous patrimony and assets

Year 2008

n 2008 41 cases of possessory invasion and illegal exploitation of natural resources Iwere registered in indigenous lands (TIs), resulting in environmental and biological damage, as well as damage to indigenous property. This situation impacts the lives of the indigenous that depend on the natural resources of their lands.

There were cases of possessory invasion by land grabbers, agricultural and livestock farmers, in addition to cases of illegal exploitation by loggers and miners who illegally removed wood and minerals like gravel, sand, precious stones and gold. Cases were recorded of illegal predatory fishing and hunting and even invasion by narcotraffickers that take advantage of indigenous lands for the transport of drugs, in many cases even illegally constructing aircraft runways.

The cases occurred in the states of Acre, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rondônia, Rio Grande do Sul, Roraima, Santa Catarina and Tocantins.

The state with the greatest number of cases (8) was Rondônia. These vary from invasion of indigenous lands by ranchers, illegal exploitation of wood and removal of sand, to huge infrastructural construction works. Attention is called to the fact that the governor of Rondônia, Ivo Cassol, occupies 80% of the traditional territory of the Wayurú people.

Second is the state of Mato Grosso with 7 cases of record: 1 being deforestation, 1 of illegal wood exploitation, 2 of invasion by large scale ranchers, 2 of pollution of rivers by agricultural toxins and 1 of predatory fishing. This is not surprising as Mato Grosso has the worst rates of deforestation due to the expansion of monocultures, especially soy, which require, besides a lot of space, intensive use of agricultural toxins.

Photo: CIMI Maranhão team

In various regions of the country invaders ilegally seize natural resources of indigenous lands, like the loggers of this photo in the lands of the Guajajara people in the state of Maranhão Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 29

os p Photo Maurício Cam

Na act of arson destroyed the Guarani village in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. The presence of the indigenous accommodates inhabitants and real estate companies in the region

It is regularly observed that various invasive activities occur at the same time, in the same area. The indigenous land Arara do Rio Amônia, in the state of Acre, for example, suffers illegal wood extraction and predatory hunting as well as the presence of narcotics traffickers.

Illegal wood exploitation in the indigenous land Araribóia, of the Guajajara people has been reported to the authorities for years. Nonetheless, no measures have been taken and the activity continues inflicting various forms of damage and involving various persons in the depredation of the natural assets of this land.

Deserving of further attention is mining activity, which constitutes theft of natural resources of indigenous land causing, at the same time, serious environmental damage. For example, the Yanomami who live along the Catrimani river in Roraima, ended up without potable water and suffer hunger because of fish die-off due to water contamination by the chemicals and heavy metals used in the mining process.

In the region of the Cautário river, in Rondônia, 4 soldiers, one corporal and a sergeant of the Army from the city of Forte Príncipe, together with the Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente (Ibama) of the municipality of Costa Marques, expulsed residents of one Kujubim village, burned their homes and gardens. The motive for this violence is unknown.

Highlighted also is the case of destruction of indigenous assets in the state of Rio de Janeiro on the beaches of Camboinhas, in Niterói, where six houses, the school and all personal belongings of a Guarani community were burned. The community lives in an area of interest for real estate construction.

Two cases of the construction of hydroelectric power plants draw attention, so called PCH´s - Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétricas, a growing trend in Brazil. One is located in Rondônia, in the indigenous land Rio Branca, and one in the indigenous land Votouro, in Rio

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 30 Grande do Sul. The dams threaten to inundate indigenous lands already demarcated or under study for demarcation. The various peoples of the Rio Branco already suffer from transport difficulties generated by five other dams that are in operation, and from scarcity of fish and testudines (turtle species), which are their primary source of food. The dams profoundly affect the reproduction of these animals.

Highlighted, in closing, are the two cases involving cellulose production companies Veracel and Aracruz. In Bahia, Veracel has more than 1000 hectares (more than 2,471 acres) of eucalyptus plantations within the lands claimed by the Pataxó of Barra Velha. The intense water consumption of this tree specie causes water scarcity in the region, even drying up regional water streams. This scarcity also reduces the presence of animals in the indigenous hunting areas. In Espirito Santo, when the Comboios land of the Tupinikim was declared indigenous land, it included plantation areas of the Aracruz Celulose company. The Tupinikim received this land totally devastated, thousands of stumps left from the eucalyptus harvest cover the land impeding both planting and reforestation. Streams and creeks are polluted with agrological toxins and without ciliar forests (forest along the river bed, that retains water and protects from erosion). The company promised to help to find solutions.

POSSESSORY INVASIONS, ILLEGAL EXPLOITATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND MISCELLANEOUS DAMAGE TO INDIGENOUS PATRIMONY AND ASSETS Data of 2008 Total of cases: 41

ACRE- 1 case(s)

INDIGENOUS LAND: ARARA DO RIO AMÔNIA PEOPLE(S): ARARA TYPE OF DAMAGE: Illegal wood extraction, trafficking of animals DESCRIPTION: Extraction of wood and predatory hunting are constant within the indigenous land. Another concern of the indigenous community is the intense flux of narcotics traffickers, because of the easy access to Peru. The presence of illegal settlers, hunters and narcotics traffickers intensified after formal publication of the demarcation in the Diário Oficial da União. Cacique (chief) Francisco Siqueira already denounced this to the Ministério Público Federal, but no measures were adopted. SOURCE: Equipe Cimi Regional AO, cacique Francisco Siqueira; A Gazeta/AC,15/11/2008

AMAZONAS– 2 case(s)

INDIGENOUS LAND: KULINA DO RIO ENVIRA PEOPLE(S): KULINA DO RIO ENVIRA TYPE OF DAMAGE: Illegal wood extraction, commercial hunting DESCRIPTION: Three fronts of illegal invasions have been exploring the indigenous land for a number of years. Loggers remove legally protected trees, ranchers increase their cattle fields into and within the Kulina area and hunters kill or scare the game off the territory. SOURCE: 6a.CCR do MPF, 03/12/2008

INDIGENOUS LAND: VALPARAISO PEOPLE(S): APURINÃ TYPE OF DAMAGE: Deforestation DESCRIPTION: The rancher removed 300 hectares of virgin forest. The area in question is claimed by the Apurinã and therefore under demarcation study which makes deforestation even more illegal. The deforestation was reported to Funai. Nothing was done. SOURCE: Indigenous leader

BAHIA – 2 case(s)

INDIGENOUS LAND BARRA VELHA PEOPLE(S): PATAXÓ Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 31 TYPE OF DAMAGE: Eucalyptus plantation DESCRIPTION: The caciques of the villages Guaxuma and Barra Velha are alarmed by the expansion of eucalyptus plantations into the lands they revindicate. They state that the creeks are drying up and the amount of game is reduced. The Veracel cellulose company recognizes that 3,851 hectares of their property is within the area under study for amplification of the indigenous territory of the Pataxó. Of this total 1,018 ha is occupied with eucalyptus for cellulose production. SOURCE: Correio Braziliense, 29/08/2008

INDIGENOUS LAND: CARAMURU CATARINA PARAGUAÇU PEOPLE(S): PATAXÓ HÃ-HÃ-HÃE TYPE OF DAMAGE: Invasion DESCRIPTION: 36 hooded men entered the area, bringing in a herd of 500 head of cattle and threatening to remove the indigenous people by force. The area was retaken in 2007 and is part of the indigenous land. The process for concluding the regularization has been awaiting Supreme Court action for 25 years. SOURCE: Informe do Cimi, 6/03/2008

CEARÁ – 1 case(s)

INDIGENOUS LAND LAGOA DA ENCANTADA PEOPLE(S): GENIPAPO KANINDÉ TYPE OF DAMAGE: Pollution and exploitation of water DESCRIPTION: In Aquiraz, Ceará, the Genipapo Kanindé suffer from the pollution and removal of water from the indigenous lake Lagoa da Encantada by the Ypióca cachaça distillery group. The group is also accused of criminalizing defenders of indigenous rights. SOURCE: Instituto Terramar

ESPIRITO SANTO – 1 case(s)

INDIGENOUS LAND: COMBOIOS PEOPLE(S): TUPINIKIM TYPE OF DAMAGE: Deforestation DESCRIPTION: Following the declaration of the Ministry of Justice recognizing Comboios as indigenous land, the Tupinikim received a devastated land with water utilization problems. The village water is supplied by trucks because creeks near them are drying out or polluted by agrological toxins. According to a study of the the Espirito Santo section of the Association of Brazilian Geographers, the construction of roads resulted in canalization of the course of the Sahy river, leaving extremely poor environmental conditions, loss of ciliar forest replaced by pastures of cattle farms leaving the river side trampled and the water polluted with cattle feces. The community demanded indemnification for the destruction of river springs, drying of the rivers and degradation of the land as a consequence of a large eucalyptus plantation of a cellulose company. The removal of the eucalyptus to which the company had committed, left thousands of tree stumps and the soil is still poisoned by agrological toxins which affects utilization of the land. SOURCE: Correio Brasiliense, 1º e 2/06/2008

MARANHÃO – 2 case(s)

INDIGENOUS LAND: CARU PEOPLE(S): AWÁ-GUAJÁ TYPE OF DAMAGE: illegal extraction of lumber DESCRIPTION: The exploitation of lumber initiated at the headwaters of the Água Branca stream, which compromised the region where the indigenous used to hunt and collect food. From that point, it logging extends throughout the indigenous area, with the construction of a clandestine road that cuts the indigenous land. This situation puts the lives of the Awá at risk, as much those in the villages as the uncontacted groups. SOURCE: Equipe Awá; Cimi Regional- MA

INDIGENOUS LAND ARARIBÓIA PEOPLE(S): GUAJAJARA TYPE OF DAMAGE: Illegal extraction of lumber DESCRIPTION: The indigenous land is recognized and demarcated, but remains the target of invasion. In 2007 there was an extensive operation that involved the Federal Police, Ibama and the Federal Highway Police, nevertheless the loggers continue their predatory and violent invasion, provoking fear among the communities. As a consequence, the Guajajara refrain from utilizing the traditional hunting areas for fear of the loggers’ presence. SOURCE: Cimi Regional-MA

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 32 MATO GROSSO DO SUL – 3 Case(s)

INDIGENOUS LAND: CACHOEIRINHA PEOPLE(S): TERENA TYPE OF DAMAGE: Invasion DESCRIPTION: Cacique João Metelo reported that non-indigenous families are occupying nearly 400 hectares of indigenous land, while 1,800 indigenous families occupy only 45 hectares. The Prefecture of Miranda donated this land, but according to the chief, the whites invaded the area and refuse to leave. He also says that the Funai committed to incorporating this area to the Terena village. In addition to the invaders, there is also an electricity substation of the Enersul in the area. SOURCE: O Estado de São Paulo/SP, 27/05/2008

INDIGENOUS LAND: KADIWÉU PEOPLE(S): KADIWÉU TYPE OF DAMAGE: Deforestation DESCRIPTION: Forests in the Kadiwéu area are being cut to accommodate increasing demand of the steel plant installed in Corumbá. The Companhia MMX, which has been producing pig iron (crude iron) in Corumbá since 2007, continues to operate under a court injunction. Environmental authorities have twice apprehended illegal charcoal originating from native forests. The company is violating the agreement with the public prosecutor’s office and the state government, in which it assured that it would acquire charcoal only from reforested areas. SOURCE: O Imparcial/SP, 3/2/2008

INDIGENOUS LAND: TAUNAY / IPEGUE PEOPLE(S): TERENA TYPE OF DAMAGE: Deforestation DESCRIPTION: Lisio Lilli Terena states that deforestation in the area increased considerably with the possibility of demarcation of the indigenous land. According to Lilli Terena, charcoal production and cattle are the motors behind the cutting of the trees. Besides this, the entire region is threatened by soy and sugar cane monoculture. SOURCE: O Imparcial/SP, 3/02/2008

MATO GROSSO – 7 Case(s)

INDIGENOUS LAND: VALE DO GUAPORÉ PEOPLE(S): NAMBIKWARA TYPE OF DAMAGE: Illegal timber exploitation DESCRIPTION: Operation Caipora, of the Federal Police, dismantled an illegal lumber extraction scheme in the indigenous land Valé do Guaporé. Public servants are suspected of being involved. SOURCE: www.otempo.com.br, 29/5/2008; Folha de S.Paulo, 29/05/2008

INDIGENOUS LAND: ERIKBAKTSA PEOPLE(S): RIKBAKTSA TYPE OF DAMAGE: Predatory fishing DESCRIPTION: The indigenous people took seven hostages, caught in the act of fishing in a predatory manner. The gear, boat and fish were seized. They requested that fishing licenses be issued to inhabitants of the reserve as well as qualification of persons of the village as forest inspectors. The chief of the Funai in Juína said that the area is a target for illegal mining, fishing and logging activities. SOURCE: A Gazeta/MT, 22/05/2008

INDIGENOUS LAND: ENAWENÊ-NAWÊ PEOPLE(S): ENAWENÊ-NAWÊ TYPE OF DAMAGE: Agrotoxins DESCRIPTION: Soy plantations contaminate rivers where the Enawenê-Nawê fish. Those who ate fish from the Juruena river, in the proximity of Sapezal, the soy empire, are experiencing health problems. SOURCE: www.24horasnews, 29/07/2008

INDIGENOUS LAND PORTAL DO ENCANTADO PEOPLE(S): CHIQUITANO TYPE OF DAMAGE: Environmental damage DESCRIPTION: The Chiquitano report conflicts caused by burnings, deforestation and pollution of the river. Cattle ranchers throw dead cattle into the river which endangers the health of the community, as this pollutes the only river that supplies the villages. SOURCE: Cimi Regional MT Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 33

INDIGENOUS LAND UMUTINA PEOPLE(S): UMUTINA TYPE OF DAMAGE: Agro-toxins pollution DESCRIPTION: During the meetings about social, economic and ecological zoning of Mato Grosso do Sul, the sugar cane factory owners pressure the indigenous people to remain in their favor. However, these businesses are dumping contaminated residues in the Paraguay and Bugres rivers, from which the Umutina draw their traditional food, which are the fish. There has already been one environmental accident killing millions of fish affecting the subsistence of the community. SOURCE: Francisca Navantino (Chikinha Paresi), 8/11/2008

INDIGENOUS LAND URUBU BRANCO PEOPLE(S): TAPIRAPÉ TYPE OF DAMAGE: Invasion DESCRIPTION: Settlers, who had already been indemnified and removed return to invade the area. After a hearing between Tapirapé representatives, Cimi and the Federal Public Ministry, it was decided that the Federal police would remove the invaders. More than five months passed without any action. The invaders began to divide the north region of the indigenous land and threaten to create lots for third parties. A commission of Tapirapé leaders was in Brasilia to denounce the case to the Funai, yet there has still been no response regarding the removal of the invaders. SOURCE: Cimi Regional Mato Grosso

INDIGENOUS LAND: JARUDORE PEOPLE(S): BORORO TYPE OF DAMAGE: Invasion DESCRIPTION: The Indigenous Land Jarudore remains invaded and some of the Bororo people, led by Cacique Maria Aparecida, constructed a village in a small portion of the territory. The cacique has had several meetings in the capital Brasília to press for Funai actions, but nothing is done. In 2006 a civil action was filed at the Ministério Publico demanding desoccupation of the land. This process is lingering in the Federal Courts. Meanwhile the Bororo are faced with a series of threats. Early in 2007 Helenilson, a Bororo who lived in the district of Jarudore, an active member of the community, was murdered in his own home by military police. The murderer was apprehended and confessed the crime, yet has still not been tried and continues to pressure the community. SOURCE: Cimi Regional Mato Grosso Photos: CIMI Mato Grosso / CIMI Archives

The indigenous land Jarudora of the Bororo in the state of Mato Grosso continues invaded and indigenous leaders suffer threats from these non-indigenous Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 34

PARÁ – 4 Case(s)

INDIGENOUS LAND: ALTO RIO GUAMÁ PEOPLE(S): TEMBÉ TYPE OF DAMAGE: Invasion DESCRIPTION: Invaders incentivized by loggers, planters of marijuana and especially by former deputy of Garrafão do Norte, Manoel Evilásio, refuse to leave the indigenous land in a conflict that has dragged on for years. In this case, approximately two thousand colonists have held ten Tembé and two Funai employees hostage. The reserve was recognized and demarcated in 1996 and, according to Cacique Ednaldo Tembé, the desoccupation of the entire indigenous area was to have been completed in December 2007. This indigenous land is rich in gold, cassiterite, diamonds and titanium. The avarice of the ex-representative extends to deputies and attorneys who also have political interests in the region. SOURCE: Cimi Norte II; O Liberal/PA, 17/02/2008, 19/02/2008 e 20/02/08

INDIGENOUS LAND: XIKRIN DO RIO CATETÉ PEOPLE(S): XIKRIN TYPE OF DAMAGE: Deforestation DESCRIPTION: Occurrence of systematic deforestation and burnings within the indigenous land. SOURCE: O Globo/RJ, 27/04/2008; Diário do Pará, 24 e 29/04; Cimi Norte II

INDIGENOUS LAND TEMBÉ PEOPLE(S): TEMBÉ TYPE OF DAMAGE: Illegal extraction of wood DESCRIPTION: The community blocked a road that gave access to the village, as protest against the illegal activity of loggers in the reserve. The area contains different noble tree species, which has drawn the attention of loggers in the region. According to charges by indigenous leader Raimundo Tembé, the area is being deforested and trucks depart daily loaded with illegal cuttings. The cacique further notes that many of the Tembé have been co-opted by the loggers and do not support the protest. The community also complains of lack of inspection by Funai. SOURCE: O Liberal/PA, 29/10/2008 e 30/10/2008

INDIGENOUS LAND: CAPOTO/JARINA PEOPLE(S): KAYAPÓ TYPE OF DAMAGE: Invasion DESCRIPTION: Livestock ranchers are invading the indigenous land. During a six day expedition in the eastern boundaries of the reserve, the Kayapó observed areas where grass plains substitutes the original forests and forest areas that where burnt to prepare for total deforestation. The expedition participants are part of the 1st indigenous forestry fire brigade. Kayapó leader Magaron underlines that legislation stipulated that ranches maintain a 10km distance from untouched forest of the indigenous reserves. SOURCE: www.diáriodecuiaba.com., 28/11/2008

PARANÁ – 1 Case(s)

INDIGENOUS LAND: BOA VISTA PEOPLE(S): KAINGANG TYPE OF DAMAGE: Agro-toxins DESCRIPTION: The community is encamped on two hectares of their traditional territory. The utilization of agro-toxins by neighboring farmers in the area, directly affects the indigenous community, polluting the waters and provoking skin, respiratory and other illnesses. SOURCE: Comunidade Indígena e Cimi-Equipe Paraná

RIO DE JANEIRO – 1 Case(s)

INDIGENOUS LAND: CAMBOINHAS PEOPLE(S): GUARANI TYPE OF DAMAGE: Arson DESCRIPTION: An act of arson destroyed six malocas (indigenous barracks), a school and personal belongings. At the time of the fire there were only women and children and one man in the village. In the school, where the children were studying the Tupi language, books were also stored, among them the work by Darci Tupã Nunes de Oliveira, which contained the history of their ancestors. According to the Civil Police the fire was of criminal origin. The OAB ( Organization of Brazilian Lawyers) of Rio de Janeiro in turn charged that armed militias were involved in the case. The motivation being to expulse the indigenous from the place. The area in question is within a luxury real estate area, and target of civil construction contractors to built more upper class Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 35 housing. The terrain was donated to the indigenous by windsurfer George Mollin Rebelo according to land records (numbers 5865.0101479-88 and 5865.010.1488-79). SOURCE: noticias.uol.com.br - 18.07.2008 e Ag. Brasil, 18.07.2008; Isto É - 22/10/08

RONDÔNIA – 8 Case(s)

INDIGENOUS LAND: KARIPUNA PEOPLE(S): KARIPUNA DE RONDÔNIA TYPE OF DAMAGE: Invasion and wood exploitation DESCRIPTION: The indigenous land was reduced by 50 thousand hectares in 1995. The Funai promised to create two supervision posts, which was not done. Clandestine roads were opened and a violent colonization started like the creation of the districts Nova Dimensão and União Bandeirantes. Exploitation and theft of trees has intensified on indigenous land. A massive quantity of felled trees is transported at night by trucks, evading Funai inspection. SOURCE: Equipe Cimi Guajará-Mirim/RO

INDIGENOUS LAND: RIO GUAPORÉ PEOPLE(S): ARIKAPÚ, ARUÁ, DJEOROMITXI, KANOÉ, KUJUBIM, MAKURAP, MASSAKÁ, WAYURÚ TYPE OF DAMAGE: Removal of sand DESCRIPTION: A Bolivian company removes gravel from the banks of the Guaporé river, within the indigenous area, for construction of the Guayaramerim airport in Bolivia. In June of this year, during the indigenous assembly of the Kujubim people, with the presence of the Ministério Publico Federal and the Federal Police, the community denounced the problem and demanded provisions. The Federal Police have been on site and only gave a verbal warning to the company which continues operations. SOURCE: Comunidade Baia das Onças; Equipe Cimi - Guajará Mirim/RO

INDIGENOUS LAND RIO CAUTÁRIO PEOPLE(S): KUJUBIM Photo: CIMI team Maranhão TYPE OF DAMAGE: Destruction of village homes DESCRIPTION: Soldiers from the Army arrived pointing firearms at the indigenous residents who were expulsed, their homes burned and gardens destroyed. The case is being investigated. SOURCE: As vítimas, Pe. João Picart (Paróquia de Costa Marques) e Equipe Cimi - Guajará

INDIGENOUS LAND: RIO GUAPORÉ PEOPLE(S): ARIKAPÚ, ARUÁ, DJEOROMITXI, JABUTI, KANOÉ, KUJUBIM, MAKURAP, MASSAKÁ, WAYURÚ TYPE OF DAMAGE: Seizing of indigenous patrimony DESCRIPTION: The accused, a Bolivian, bought nuts from river communities and sold foods, drinks, motors, rifles, etc. at inflated prices, which caused indebtedness of the indigenous peoples. There are communities that are cutting trees to pay the debt. According to the chief, one person of the village got indebted and as a reprisal the accused Actions by the IBAMA and the Federal Police have not managed to curb the seized the community boat, while illegal logging in indigenous areas threatening the person to not try and get it back. SOURCE: Cimi Regional Rondônia; Saturnino Jaboti (cacique); Comunidade

INDIGENOUS LAND RIO BRANCO PEOPLE(S): ARIKAPÚ, ARUÁ, DJEOROMITXI, KAMPÉ, KANOÉ, MAKURAP, SABANÊ, WAYURÚ TYPE OF DAMAGE: Construction of a hydroelectric plant (PCH) DESCRIPTION: There are already 5 hydroelectric plants in operation on the Rio Branco in the municipality of Alta Floresta. The new PCH that is being constructed at the headwaters of the Rio Branco, approximately 10km

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 36 from Alta Floresta, will directly impact, and with major violence, the 10 indigenous peoples who survive on this river. The primary consequences that these peoples will face are the difficulty of transport by the lowering of river levels, the diminution in reproduction of fish and turtles/tortoises, which is their primary food source, and higher incidences of malaria cases. SOURCE: Cimi Regional/RO - Equipe Rio Branco e Kwazá

PEOPLE(S): MIQUELENO TYPE OF DAMAGE: Invasion DESCRIPTION: Plantation owners and settlers of rural Incra colonies invaded the Miqueleno traditional territory. They live in constant conflict due to threats from the plantation owners and cooptation of leaders. SOURCE: Cimi Regional Rondônia

INDIGENOUS LAND PUROBORÁ PEOPLE(S): PURUBORA TYPE OF DAMAGE: Deforestation DESCRIPTION: The forest of the Puruburá territory has been badly destroyed. The pavement of the BR-429 highway is another threat as it cuts their traditional territory. This Brazilian highway passes through the boundary of indigenous land Uru Eu Wau Wau causing environmental damage. SOURCE: Cimi Regional Rondônia

PEOPLE(S): WAYURÚ TYPE OF DAMAGE: Invasion DESCRIPTION: Large plantations, approximately 80% of which are owned by the governor of Rondônia, Ivo Cassol, occupy the traditional territory of the Wayurú people. SOURCE: Cimi Regional Rondônia

RORAIMA – 2 Case(s)

INDIGENOUS LAND: YANOMAMI PEOPLE(S): YANOMAMI TYPE OF DAMAGE: Mining DESCRIPTION: Illegal mining activity on the Catrimani river near the community, is polluting the water used by the Yanomami. As a consequence, there are almost no fish, the people pass hunger and are unable to drink the water or bathe. Their survival is threatened. The miners were removed in 2003, but many returned and constructed clandestine landing strips. The Funai post was deactivated in 2006. SOURCE: Hutukara Associação Yanomami, 14/08/2008

INDIGENOUS LAND: YANOMAMI PEOPLE(S): YANOMAMI TYPE OF DAMAGE: Mining DESCRIPTION: The Yanomami denounce the presence of miners near the maloca (village) of Papiu. According to them, the invaders killed a Funai employee some time ago. Yanomami lives are profoundly impacted by the presence of the miners and they urgently request their removal. SOURCE: Hutukara Associação Yanomami, 03/09/2008

RIO GRANDE DO SUL – 1 Case(s)

INDIGENOUS LAND: VOTOURO PEOPLE(S): KAINGANG TYPE OF DAMAGE: Illegal dam construction DESCRIPTION: The projected dam will flood the indigenous area, which is in the study phase of demarcation. Neither the Funai nor the construction planners consulted the community. The process has been taken to the Ministério Publico Federal. SOURCE: Comunidade Indígena e Cimi - Equipe Iraí

SANTA CATARINA – 2 Case(s)

INDIGENOUS LAND: PIRAI PEOPLE(S): GUARANI TYPE OF DAMAGE: Incompletion of demarcation deadlines DESCRIPTION: In October 2004, the Guarani leaders of Santa Catarina, meeting in the village of Pindoty, sent a letter to the president of the Funai calling for the creation of Technical Groups in order to start the identification of indigenous lands that are without any prevision. The Funai, in 2007, asked the anthropologists to elaborate the operational plan for the immediate creation of the Technical Groups for the identification of the Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 37 lands. The plan was presented in March 2008 but the groups have not yet been created. As long as the study is demarcatory studies haven´t started the affected communities suffer, as it remains impossible for them to use the lands that are rightfully theirs; in addition to this, the surrounding residents do not respect the land boundaries, run cattle on it, which various times have eaten all food planted by the community. SOURCE: Cimi Sul, equipe Florianópolis

INDIGENOUS LAND: MORRO DOS CAVALOS PEOPLE(S): GUARANI TYPE OF DAMAGE: Deforestation DESCRIPTION: Both the Guarani and Cimi team have made photographic records of deforestation within the indigenous land, at the edges of BR-101. The Ministério Publico was notified and sent a team to the site. According to Prosecutor Dr. Ana Lúcia Hartman, the company had authorization from the Amparo Environmental Foundation – FATMA, which in turn alleged that the deforestation was outside of the indigenous land. SOURCE: Cimi - Equipe Florianópolis

TOCANTINS – 3 Case(s)

INDIGENOUS LAND: PARQUE DO ARAGUAIA PEOPLE(S): KARAJÁ TYPE OF DAMAGE: Illegal fishing DESCRIPTION: The invaders fly an airplane in, land on a clandestine airfield near the village to fish in the region. The cacique Sauré Karajá reported that they apprehended the people because they were fishing in an area of the island without indigenous authorization. SOURCE: Jornal do Tocantins, 30/07/2008

INDIGENOUS LAND: INÃWÉBOHONA PEOPLE(S): JAVAÉ TYPE OF DAMAGE: Illegal fishing DESCRIPTION: Sport fishers come in organized trips to the Ilha do Bananal, with access through the village of Boto Velho. This action violates a clause in the agreement signed between the Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, intermediated by Ibama, Funai and the indigenous communities. The agreement establishes obligations for the sustainable use of fishing resources on the island by the Javaé, as long as the Fishing Agreement is not finalized, so the communities can fish as a commercial activity and thus generate an alternative form of income. SOURCE: Jornal do Tocantins, 21/10/2008

INDIGENOUS LAND: APINAYÉ PEOPLE(S): APINAYÉ TYPE OF DAMAGE: Illegal extraction of wood DESCRIPTION: A team mounted by indigenous leaders, Ibama and Funai made a surprise inspection visit in the area and found the accused was removing logs from indigenous land. SOURCE: Edivado Apinajé (health agent); Cimi Regional GO/TO

Photo: Karine Teixeira/CIMI Archives

Large landowners illegally deviate water of the Javaé river in Tocantins for irrigation. There are also illegal fishers

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 38 Omission and morosity in the regularization of indigenous lands Year 2008 There were registered 37 cases of omission and delay in the regularization of indigenous lands in 2008. As in previous years, CIMI observes that the authorities, specifically the responsible state organ FUNAI, ignore many demands of the indigenous communities, even delaying or paralyzing the various stages of the demarcation process of the lands. It is worth emphasizing that the Federal Constitution of 1988 stipulated a period of five years to recognize and regularize all indigenous lands, stating that it is an obligation of the Federal Union to the indigenous peoples. The delays place the communities in a state of uncertainty, insecurity and disquiet. It effectively denies them the right to live, plant and hunt in their territories. With no alternatives, this leads to poverty, hunger, degrading work, dependency and marginalization. In addition to this, without definition of their rights over the lands, these peoples remain vulnerable to pressure, intimidation and violence from private owners, businesses, invaders, politicians, in short, all forces that oppose the presence of the indigenous in these lands that are historically of theirs. This reality is verified in the cases of six indigenous peoples in Rondônia, who live in constant conflict and under constant threat from those interested in their lands. The lives of the Pataxó and the Pataxó Hã Hã Hãe in Bahia are impacted in the same way. Besides this, revindicated lands – or even lands already registered as indigenous – continue to be vulnerable to invasions, occupations, exploitation of natural resources and deforestation. As an example, the lands claimed by the Nambikwara-Mamaide. While the completion of the process is delayed, other non-indigenous groups take advantage to occupy this region. In fact, throughout the country, when an area is claimed as being indigenous land, an increased coveting of these lands, augmented exploitation, deforestation and illegal mining is observed. This report does not present all delayed and obstructed cases, but provides a significant profile of the morosity of the state organs involved in the process of demarcation. The regularization process is a complex administrative procedure of specific stages, including determined deadlines – all defined in Decree no 1.775/96. Notwithstanding, the responsible state organs ignore all of these deadlines. FUNAI fails to attend to the demands of all of the peoples, alleging lack of resources. In many cases, following the formation of a Technical Group, initiation of anthropological research and land survey is delayed. Emblematic of this are cases occurring in the three states of the southern region and in Mato Grosso do Sul where there is vehement resistance to any kinds of regularization of indigenous land. In Mato Grosso do Sul, powerful agricultural entities, politicians, and the state government formed an alliance that succeeded in getting the work of the technical groups for 26 areas suspended and forcing the Federal authorities into negotiations regarding the conditions of the continuation of this process. In case the work of the Technical group is concluded, according to many reports, FUNAI delays publication of the anthropological report of identification and delimitation. As a result, FUNAI exceeds the deadline for presenting these reports to the Minister of Justice, and, in turn, this Ministry then exceeds the 30-day deadline to declare the limits, via a publication known as the Portaria Declaratória. Once this Portaria Decaratória is published, two processes must begin: the physical demarcation of the area and the indemnification of non-indigenous persons living, or owning land in the declared area. This second process generally lasts for a long time. It should be considered, however, that physical delimitation work in no way impedes the last step in the process, the confirmation of the land by the President of the Republic. Nevertheless, this last step usually takes a long time to be realized. In 2008, only one indigenous land was

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 39 confirmed, while 57 lands that had already been declared awaited this final confirmation. It is difficult to evaluate how many delays are motivated by lack of resources, as the FUNAI usually alleges, by negligence, or by resistance within the FUNAI, the Ministry of Justice and the Presidency of the Republic. It is also difficult to verify the degree to which delays result from the massive pressure applied by economic and political groups to which these executive organs end up ceding. It is observed that those in opposition to indigenous land demarcation are increasingly better organized, forming alliances, attempting to influence public opinion and the public powers with statements, accusations, media campaigns, incomplete and incorrect statements, creating a climate that is unfavorable, prejudicial and hostile to the indigenous peoples. In 2008, this lobby grew notably in the states of Mato Grosso do Sul and Santa Catarina and its presence was felt throughout the entire judgment process of the indigenous land Raposa Serra do Sol at the Supremo Tribunal Federal (the Federal Supreme Court STF). The situation in the Southern states calls attention. In Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná the Guarani and Kaingang communities suffer from procrastination on the part of the FUNAI. Despite repeated promises in recent years to initiate or continue processes of regularization, the state organ fulfilled none of these, resulting in 23 cases of omission. This omission is complemented by the attitudes of the local authorities that do not recognize the rights of the indigenous communities and, as a consequence, deny them food assistance and social and health assistance programs. In this manner, with neither proper nor sufficient land, the communities continue to live in situations of extreme misery. Some are literally living on the road side, facing health problems, malnutrition, alcoholism and juvenile and child exploitation, in addition to threats and prejudice of the surrounding society. There are groups that have been living on the sides of highways for 20, 30 and even 40 years.

OMISSION AND MOROSITY IN THE REGULARIZATION OF INDIGENOUS LANDS Data of 2008 Total of cases: 37

ALAGOAS – 1 Case

INDIGENOUS LAND: KALANKÓ PEOPLE(S): KALANKÓ DESCRIPTION: The Kalankó organized a retaking of land. They have suffered threats of being evicted from the lands they occupy and they continue victim of many persecutions by ranchers. Until this day, the authorities made no provisions. SOURCE: Cimi Regional Nordeste

BAHIA – 2 Case(s)

INDIGENOUS LAND: TUPINAMBÁ DE OLIVENÇA PEOPLE(S): TUPINAMBÁ DE OLIVENÇA DESCRIPTION: The tension began when the Federal Police started the preparations for the eviction to reintegrate property rights in one of the areas where the Tupinambá live. However, in January 2008, the Regional Federal Court suspended the eviction for 180 days. In this period the Funai was to finalize the report for identification of the lands. The report was finalized, but the Funai asked the Technical Group for complementary information. However, this deadline expired and the Federal Court ordered the Federal Police to carry out the reintegration order. Three indigenous people who questioned the police action were shot with rubber bullets. The action left many other persons injured and destroyed indigenous homes and utensils. SOURCE: Informe 839/Cimi - Boletim Mundo - 23/10/08

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 40 INDIGENOUS LAND: PATAXÓ PEOPLE(S): PATAXÓ DESCRIPTION: The struggle for retaking of land has gone on for a long time. The indigenous peoples affirmed that they will not leave the area and that they are not invading because the area pertains to their ancestors and the retaking represents the fulfillment of a constitutional right. The families were expulsed in the 1970s by the old lumber exploitation company Brasil-Holanda and the area, that was part of the traditional territory of these people, is in the studies for demarcation. SOURCE: A Tarde, 19/07/2008

GOIAS – 1 Case(s)

INDIGENOUS LAND: CARRETÃO I PEOPLE(S): TAPUIA DESCRIPTION: The revision of the outlines of the indigenous lands Carretão I and II, left the three ancient cemeteries of the community outside of the limits of the land. For years the people have called for the inclusion of the cemeteries, because in order to bury their dead the indigenous must request permission of the rancher to enter the place. SOURCE: Indigenous community; Cimi Regional GO/TO

MATO GROSSO – 7 Case(s)

INDIGENOUS LAND: CABIXI PEOPLE(S): NAMBIKWARA-MAMAIDE DESCRIPTION: The morosity in the identification, recognition and demarcation of the indigenous land Cabixi, claimed by the Nambikwara subgroup Mamaindê, propitiates the occupation of the land by large ranches, exploitation of lumber and colonization projects. SOURCE: Cimi Staff/MT, 04/11/2008; Jornal O Diário/MT, 4/11/2008

INDIGENOUS LAND: BATELÃO PEOPLE(S): KAYABÍ DESCRIPTION: The Kayabi people were removed from their land in 1966. In that year a group was taken to the Indigenous Park of the Xingu and another group was installed where the village Tatuí is today, in an area shared with two other ethnicities: Apiaká and Munduruku. Although the years have passed, the Kayabí never forgot their traditional territory of Batelão and reclaim it. Despite having been identified, the demarcation of the land was suspended in 2004, by an injunction conceded to ranchers and loggers that continue to exploit the indigenous land. The same injunction impedes the indigenous people from entering their land. The ranchers are also impeded, but these continue to disrespect the injunction and station gunmen to impede indigenous entry. Through hearings with the Ministério Público Federal, the indigenous are trying to get the impasses solved for the definitive demarcation of Batelão. The struggle of the Kayabí people for the land of Batelão has already caused the disappearance in 2003, of an important leader, Yewut Kayabí, about which no information has been discovered. SOURCE: Cimi Regional Mato Grosso

Photo: Gilberto Vieira/CIMI Archive

Invaders of the indigenous land Batelão of the Kayabi people illegally logged and degraded the area consuming all natural resources

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 41 INDIGENOUS LAND: PONTAL PEOPLE(S): APIAKÁ DESCRIPTION: The Apiaká continue to struggle for the recuperation of their traditional lands. In the region of Pontal, in a hunting encampment, they have heard signs from the Apiaká who still choose to live in isolation. Today many Apiaká are living in the Pontal, resisting pressure from invaders. The Funai has realized on preliminary surveys of the demarcation process. SOURCE: Cimi Regional Mato Grosso

INDIGENOUS LAND: PORTAL DO ENCANTADO PEOPLE(S): CHIQUITANO DESCRIPTION: The Chiquitano people demand the demarcation and possession of their traditional territory. The Funai identified only a part of the land and paralyzed the process of demarcation. Faced with the morosity of the Funai, the ranchers in the region, state politicians and ruralist representatives, have been acting to impede demarcation favorable to the indigenous, including pressuring and co-opting some of the indigenous. Some politicians have gone to the media defending their arguments saying that the Chiquitano are not indigenous, but are Bolivians. SOURCE: Cimi Regional Mato Grosso

INDIGENOUS LAND: TEREZA CRISTINA PEOPLE(S): BORORO DESCRIPTION: The demarcation process of the total area claimed by the Bororo, that is, to incorporate the nearly 30% demarcated by Marshal Cândido Rondon that remains outside of the later demarcation, remained practically halted in 2008 within the Funai. SOURCE: Cimi Regional Mato Grosso

INDIGENOUS LAND: MENKU PEOPLE(S): MYKY DESCRIPTION: In the demarcation process of the Myky people, some important areas were left out: areas of food (nut trees) and tukum palm (prime material for weaving in extensive daily use), extremely important for the alimentation and culture of the people. The Funai has already identified the locations of ancient villages and sacred places and as such, the process of amplification should only take a short time. The Myky further face the risk of being prejudiced by the construction of small hydroelectrics plants (PCHs) that will impact their land. SOURCE: Cimi Regional Mato Grosso

INDIGENOUS LAND: KAWAHIVA DO RIO PARDO PEOPLE(S): KAWAHIVA DESCRIPTION: There are indications of at least six groups of indigenous peoples living in isolation in Mato Grosso. One of these has already been identified as the Kawahiva people. Funai published a decree in the Díario Oficial da Uninão that establishes restriction to rights of ingress, locomotion and permanence of “foreign peoples” on 411 thousand hectares delimited for the indigenous land of the Kawahiva of Rio Pardo. Nevertheless, the land has not been demarcated yet. SOURCE: Cimi Regional Mato Grosso

PARÁ – 1 Case

INDIGENOUS LAND: APYTEREWA PEOPLE(S): PARAKANÃ DESCRIPTION: More than 20 years ago, more than 1,200 families of ranchers and loggers invaded and occupied the indigenous land. The territory was recognized and demarcated by presidential decree on 19/04/2007. Since the 1970 anthropologists have confirmed the presence of the indigenous Parakanã, however, politicians and leaders of the invaders do not accept the confirmation and are attempting to annul it through public actions and demonstrations. The pressure from ranchers and local politicians has already resulted in the reduction of its original area, resulting in exacerbation of the conflict and stimulating new invasions. Groups of owners, stimulated by economic and political interests, enter the area in an organized form for the illegal extraction of gold and lumber. SOURCE: O Liberal/PA, 22/05/2008; Cimi Norte II

PARANÁ – 3 Case(s)

INDIGENOUS LAND: AVA-GUARANI DE OCOI PEOPLE(S): GUARANI DESCRIPTION: Approximately 600 Guarani are in an area of 230 hectares. They have, for years, been calling for identification of a new area or revision of existing limits. SOURCE: Cimi Sul - Equipe Paraná

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 42 INDIGENOUS LAND: BOA VISTA PEOPLE(S): KAINGANG DESCRIPTION: Although the Portaria Declaratoria had been signed on April 19, 2007, the land survey and demarcation of the area still has not been concluded. A total of 10 families are camped on less than 2 hectares of their traditional land. SOURCE: Cimi Sul - Equipe Paraná

INDIGENOUS LAND: KA`AGUY GUAXY PALMITAL PEOPLE(S): GUARANI DESCRIPTION: The community called for the creation of another Technical Group in 2006. In November 2007, the Justiça Federal de União de Vitória granted a period of six months for Funai to present the anthropological report of identification of the land. As the deadline was not met by the Funai, the Federal Judge, in August 2008, determined for reintegration of possession against the Guarani. SOURCE: Cimi Sul - Equipe Paraná

RIO GRANDE DO SUL – 15 Case(s)

INDIGENOUS LAND: MATO PRETO PEOPLE(S): GUARANI DESCRIPTION: The Guarani community is composed of 9 families camped at the side of the América Logistica railroad, between the municipalities of Exerim and Erebango. They have already been in this situation for five years. The Funai had committed to publishing the anthropological report by the end of June, 2008, however this was not done. The Ministério Público Federal attempted an agreement with the state and Incra to realize a part of the desoccupation of the land but did not obtain results. The failure to meet the deadline left the community without land and living in deplorable conditions. The Guarani are victims of malnutrition, alcoholism and other illnesses. SOURCE: Cimi Sul - Equipe Iraí

INDIGENOUS LAND: LAJEADO DO BUGRE PEOPLE(S): KAINGANG DESCRIPTION: The indigenous land was demarcated with 279 hectares. Of these, 80 are forest, 10 are occupied by a deactivated airport and the rest is very rocky and degraded soil. They call for amplification of the land. In a meeting between the Kaingang and the Coordenadoria Geral de Identificação e Delimitação (CGID), Funai announced the creation of a Technical Group for the studies by 15 September. With the deadline unmet, the community continues with reduced space and difficulties in self-sustainability. SOURCE: Cimi Sul - Equipe Iraí

INDIGENOUS LAND: PASSO GRANDE DA FORQUILHA PEOPLE(S): KAINGANG DESCRIPTION: For two years the indigenous group has been waiting for the creation of a Technical Group as promised by the Funai. At the beginning of 2008, in a meeting with the community and the Ministério Público Federal, the Funai was given a period until the end of September 2008, to resolve the question. This was not realized. The community has camped at the edge of the highway for 30 years. As a consequence, they suffer from health problems, alcoholism and malnutrition. SOURCE: Relatório/2008- Cimi Equipe de Porto Alegre - Discurso de Maurício Guarani

INDIGENOUS LAND: IRAPUÁ PEOPLE(S): GUARANI DESCRIPTION: In 1997, the Funai made a preliminary survey of the area, a promising a solution by 2006/2007. In a meeting in 2008 with the community and Ministério Público Federal, this Foundation, once again, promised to resolve the question. The Guarani have been camped at the edge of BR-290. There are 15 families living in deplorable conditions of health, affected by alcoholism and malnutrition. Ranchers occupy the Indigenous Territory. SOURCE: Relatório/2008 - Cimi Equipe Porto Alegre - Discurso de Maurício Guarani

INDIGENOUS LAND: PARQUE DO ITAPUA PEOPLE(S): GUARANI DESCRIPTION: The area where the Guarani are is 23 hectares granted by the government of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, located near the Parque Estadual de Itapuã, which is land of traditional occupation of this people. The community, composed of 10 families, lives in precarious conditions in a reduced area, outside of their traditional land, without natural resources for their subsistence. The families suffer from malnutrition, diseases, the presence of alcohol and the (sexual) exploitation of children and adolescents. The decree for the indigenous land was published on August 31, 2008, but no provision has been made for the resources to initiate the fieldwork. The Funai had promised to liberate the resources for the fieldwork by the end of September,

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 43 2008, but this has not occurred. SOURCE: Report/2008 Cimi staff of Porto Alegre; Discourse of Maurício Guarani

INDIGENOUS LAND: MORRO DO OSSO PEOPLE(S): KAINGANG DESCRIPTION: The Kaingang occupied the natural reserve Morro do Osso, in 2004. When the indigenous occupation was undertaken, a large part of the area had already been designated for luxury condominium construction. Studies exist by researchers of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul that historically corroborate indigenous habitation in this region. Proof of this is the ancient archeological sites and indigenous cemeteries. In 2006, the Federal Regional Court (TRF) assured the indigenous right of remaining in the area until the Funai processed the anthropological studies. Since then, the Funai has been promising the creation of the Technical Group, extending the deadline to September 2008, a deadline that was not met. As a consequence, the community has been suffering prejudice and discrimination on the part of the elite who live in the Morro do Osso surroundings. SOURCE: Cimi Sul - Staff Porto Alegre

INDIGENOUS LAND: CAPIVARI PEOPLE(S): GUARANI DESCRIPTION: For two years the Guarani have been waiting for promises from Funai for the creation of a Technical Group. At the beginning of 2008, in a meeting with the community and Ministério Público Federal, the Foundation was provided a period until the end of September of 2008, to resolve the question. The Guarani are camped in a swampy area and near a highway, exposed to problems of alcoholism, disease and malnutrition. SOURCE: Report/2008 Cimi staff of Porto Alegre; Discourse of Maurício Guarani

INDIGENOUS LAND: ESTIVA PEOPLE(S): GUARANI DESCRIPTION: Since 2006, the families have been waiting for promises from the Funai to create a Technical Group. At the beginning of the year, in a meeting with the community and the Ministério Público Federal, the Foundation was given a period until the end of September of 2008, to resolve the question. The area is in the possession of the Viamão municipality. There are 16 families living in conditions of poor health, victims of alcoholism, malnutrition and (sexual) exploitation of adolescents and children. SOURCE: Report/2008 Cimi staff of Porto Alegre; Discourse of Maurício Guarani

INDIGENOUS LAND: PASSO GRANDE PEOPLE(S): GUARANI DESCRIPTION: For two years the Guarani have been waiting for promises from the Funai for the creation of a Technical Group. At the beginning of 2008, in a meeting with the community and Ministério Público Federal, the Foundation was provided a period until the end of September of 2008, to resolve the question. The Guarani have been camped at the side of the highway for 40 years, exposed to problems of alcoholism, disease and malnutrition. SOURCE: Report/2008 Cimi staff of Porto Alegre; Discourse of Maurício Guarani

INDIGENOUS LAND: CANTAGALO PEOPLE(S): GUARANI DESCRIPTION: Despite demarcation and confirmation, the Guarani are still denied usufruct of the land. Funai has not made indemnification payments to the non-indigenous occupants who therefor refuse to leave. Due to this situation, the Guarani have no access to their land and, living in encampments, face health problems of malnutrition and alcoholism. SOURCE: Report/2008 Cimi staff of Porto Alegre

INDIGENOUS LAND: LAMI PEOPLE(S): GUARANI DESCRIPTION: The Funai promised the creation of a Technical Group for identification of the area, by September of 2008. The Guarani, a total of five families, are camped at the side of the highway near Porto Alegre, awaiting the Funai actions. They live with poor health conditions, submitted to malnutrition, alcoholism and exploitation of adolescents and children. SOURCE: Report/2008 Cimi staff of Porto Alegre

INDIGENOUS LAND: ACAMPAMENTO XINGU PEOPLE(S): KAINGANG DESCRIPTION: The community is camped in black tarp barracks, at the side of the highway. The Kaingang demand demarcation of the land. In a meeting with the CGID, Funai announced the creation of a Technical Group for identification and delimitation, by September 15, 2008. With the failure to meet the deadline the community continues to live in inhuman conditions. SOURCE: Cimi Sul - Staff Iraí Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 44

INDIGENOUS LAND: MATO CASTELHANO PEOPLE(S): KAINGANG DESCRIPTION: The community, composed of 40 families, with approximately 60 children, is camped in black tarp barracks at the side of BR- 285, which links Passo Fundo to Vacaria. They are demanding the demarcation of the land. In a meeting with the CGID, Funai announced the creation of a Working Group for identification and delimitation, by September 15, 2008. With the deadline not met, the Kaingang community remains in inhuman conditions. SOURCE: Cimi Sul - Staff Iraí

INDIGENOUS LAND: CACIQUE DOBLE PEOPLE(S): KAINGANG DESCRIPTION: The indigenous land was demarcated with 4426 hectares and occupied by approximately 1200 persons. The community calls for amplification of the land. In a meeting with CGID, Funai announced creation of the Technical Group for studies, by September 2008. With noncompliance with the deadline the community continues with reduced space and with difficulties for self-sustainability. SOURCE: Cimi Sul - Staff Iraí

Photo: CIMI Sul team

About 40 families of the Kaingang people, including 60 children, are camped in tents along the BR-285, Rio Grande do Sul

RONDÔNIA – 1 Case

PEOPLE(S): CASSUPÁ, KUJUBIM, MIQU ELENO, PURUBORA, SALAMÃI, WAYURÚ DESCRIPTION: Six peoples demand the demarcation of their traditional territories Only the Purubora people had their land surveyed: the report is ready, but the community remains without access. The peoples live in constant conflict with and under constant threat by ranchers and other occupants of their lands, which generates internal divisions, co-opting of leaders, which fractures the struggle of the people. The delay of the study and demarcation contribute to deforestation of what little forest remains in the lands being claimed. SOURCE: Cimi Regional Rondônia

SANTA CATARINA - 5 Case(s)

INDIGENOUS LAND: MORRO ALTO PEOPLE(S): GUARANI DESCRIPTION: The Guarani occupied this land in August of 2003 and since this time the community has been calling on Funai for demarcation. In October of 2004, the leaders meeting in the indigenous land Pindoty sent a letter to the president of Funai calling for the creation of the Technical Groups for the lands that had no provisions. In this same year the Ministério Público Federal introduced an action against Funai soliciting the regularization of the Guarani lands on the northern coast of the state of Santa Catarina. Funai, in a meeting in September 2007 promised to solve the problem and asked anthropologists to elaborate the operational plan for the Technical Group. The plan was sent in March of 2008, but as of the end of 2008 the Group had not been created. As a consequence of this situation the community lives in insecurity because they cannot enlarge their planting fields. In addition to this a good part of the land is protected as being the headwaters of rivers, so the Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 45 vegetation must be maintained. At the same time, as the land is not regularized, the public agencies allege that it is not possible to develop social projects for assistance to the Guarani. SOURCE: Cimi Sul - Staff Florianópolis, 09/2008

INDIGENOUS LAND: TARUMÃ PEOPLE(S): GUARANI DESCRIPTION: In October of 2004, the Guarani leaders meeting in the indigenous land Pindoty sent a letter to the president of Funai calling for the creation of the Technical Groups for the lands that had no provisions. Funai, in a meeting in September 2007 promised to solve the problem and asked anthropologists to elaborate the operational plan for the Technical Group. The plan was sent in March of 2008, but as of the end of 2008 the Group had not been created. As a consequence of this situation the community lives in insecurity because it cannot augment the planting fields as they are surrounded by private property. In addition to this they cannot access public resources and assistance projects because the public agencies insist on the thesis that it is not possible to develop projects because the land is not regularized. SOURCE: Cimi Sul, Staff Florianópolis

INDIGENOUS LAND: MASSIAMBU PEOPLE(S): GUARANI DESCRIPTION: In October of 2004, the Guarani leaders meeting in the indigenous land Pindoty sent a letter to the president of Funai calling for the creation of the Technical Groups for the lands that had no provisions. Funai, in a meeting in September 2007 promised to solve the problem and asked anthropologists to elaborate the operational plan for the Technical Group. The plan was sent in March of 2008, but as of the end of 2008 the Group had not been created. As a consequence of this situation the community lives in insecurity unable to create their gardens because they live on only 4.6 ha. Surrounded by private property. They also suffer threats when they pass through the properties to look for firewood and materials for artisan work. The threats also impact the children impeding them from going to the rivers to fish or bathe. In addition to this the community cannot access public resources and assistance projects because the public agencies insist on the thesis that the land not being regularized it is not possible to develop projects. SOURCE: Cimi Sul, Staff- Florianópolis

INDIGENOUS LAND: CAMBIRELA PEOPLE(S): GUARANI DESCRIPTION: In October of 2004, the Guarani leaders meeting in the indigenous land Pindoty sent a letter to the president of Funai calling for the creation of the Technical Groups for the lands that had no provisions. Funai, in a meeting in September 2007 promised to solve the problem and asked anthropologists to elaborate the operational plan for the Technical Group. The plan was sent in March of 2008, but as of the end of 2008 the Group had not been created. As a consequence of this situation the community lives in insecurity because there are always people who claim to be owners and threaten to dispossess them of the land. They do not have space for their gardens because they occupy approximately one hectare surrounded by private property at the edge of BR-101. The community cannot access public resources and assistance projects because the public agencies insist on the thesis that with the land not regularized it is not possible to develop projects. SOURCE: Cimi Sul, Staff - Florianópolis

INDIGENOUS LAND: PIRAI PEOPLE(S): GUARANI DESCRIPTION: In October of 2004, the Guarani leaders meeting in the indigenous land Pindoty sent a letter to the president of Funai calling for the creation of the Technical Groups for the lands that had no provisions. Funai, in a meeting in September 2007 promised to solve the problem and asked anthropologists to elaborate the operational plan for the Technical Group. The plan was sent in March of 2008, but as of the end of 2008 the Group had not been created. Meanwhile, the community cannot use the total area to which it has a right; in addition to this the residents of the surrounding area do not respect the limits of the land and graze their cattle there, which, a number of times have eaten all that the community had planted. SOURCE: Cimi Sul, Staff - Florianópolis

TOCANTINS – 1 Case

INDIGENOUS LAND: KARAJÁ DE ARUANÃ I PEOPLE(S): KARAJÁ DESCRIPTION: The administrative process of desoccupation of the vacation mansions of the municipality of Aruanã and inclusion of the ancestral cemetery to the land of the Karajá people is halted. The population has been suffering an intense process of violence because they live practically in the city, encircled by avenues and exposed to alcoholism, drugs and prostitution, in addition to what is referred to as ecotourism during the beach season. SOURCE: Indigenous Community; Cimi Regional GO/TO

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 46

Chapter II

Violence against persons by private persons and public sector agents

Murder ……………………………………………………. 49

Attempted murder ……………………………………… 64

Homicide ………………………………………………… 72

Death threats …………………………………………… 75

Miscellaneous threats ………………………………… 80

Unjustified physical injuries ………………………… 82

Abuse of power ………………………………………… 84

Racism and ethnic-cultural discrimination ……….. 90

Sexual violence ………………………………………… 95

Illegal seizure and retention of bankcards...………. 97

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 47

s on heck CIMI Archive g Photo: E

In 2008, once again, the highest number of murders among indigenous is registered among the Guarani Kaiowá people of Mato Grosso do Sul, with 42 cases

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 48 Chapter II Murder Year: 2008 n the year 2008, 60 murders of indigenous people were registered. The vast majority I(42) in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, all victims being Guarani Kaiowá. These data confirm the reality of continuing violence registered by CIMI in previous years. Besides these, there were 4 murders in the state of Minas Gerais, 3 in Maranhão, 2 in Alagoas, 2 in Pernambuco, 2 in Tocantins.

In comparison with 2007, in which 92 victims were registered, the number of murders dropped 35%. However, analyzing the period between 2003 and 2008, it is possible to observe that the number of murders of indigenous persons remains elevated. Until 2005, the annual average was 41 murders in the entire country. This situation, already grave, worsened after 2005 with 58 victims in 2006, 92 in 2007 and 60 in 2008, which constitutes an annual average of 70 murders. Of the murder victims in 2008, 46 were State People Number of men or boys, 11 victims were women or girls, murders and in three cases victim gender was not reported. In three cases the victims were raped before they were murdered. Among the murders registered in 2008, 39 were – or are suspected of having been – committed by indigenous; 6 by non-indigenous and in 14 cases the perpetrator is unknown. In one case a murder occurred following a rape, the perpetrators having been both indigenous and non-indigenous. Of the murders, 13 resulted from fights involving people who were intoxicated. In 12 cases, the murderers were related to the victim, like a spouse, a father-in–law and a nephew. There was also a fight between two brothers, which resulted in the death of one. Revenge was murder motive in 8 cases.

In the murders the use of different forms of knives predominates, totaling 32 cases, almost all with indigenous perpetrators. There were 11 cases of beatings including use of wood or rock. A firearm was used in 7 cases (4 times by non-indigenous), there were 3 cases of asphyxiation or hanging. In 5 cases the means used was either unknown or not reported.

There is a direct relationship between the lack of demarcation of lands and the violence faced by indigenous peoples. The situation encountered in Mato Grosso do Sul confirms this rule.

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 49 One case calls attention to the weapon used, among other elements, which is the murder of a Xavante girl who suffered from neurological and motoric handicaps in the Casa de Assistência ao Índio (hospital for indigenous people) in the capital Brasilia. She died of cardiac arrest during an operation to save her from hemorrhage caused by impalement (insertion of a pointed object into the genital organs). The police investigation did not identify the perpetrators of the crime. Attention is called to the motive for murder of José Cícero Salistiano, of the Xukuru- Kariri people. This crime was probably motivated by revenge and intimidation on the part of narcotics traffickers active within the indigenous land, because the father of the victim had denounced this activity at the police. The murder of Truká Mozeni de Arajo de Sé, who was a candidate for a vacant city council seat, with a good chance to be elected, resulted in strange proceedings, in that only one of the 5 known aggressors involved in the crime was jailed. Also warranting attention is the murder of a young Guarani Kaiowá by a police officer. The police allege victim resistance resulting in a violent confrontation. In Pernambuco, a bus was attacked that was transporting Pankaruru teachers on their way to an annual meeting of indigenous teachers in the state. The bus was targeted and José Rogério de Souza received the was lethally hit. Also, attention is called to the murder of a 6 year-old Guajajara girl, shot in the head by hooded motorcyclist gunmen who invaded the village, firing at the homes. The situation of the Guajajara in Maranhão remains highly concerning. Tension in the region motivated by land conflicts and large scale, intense and illegal logging activity in indigenous lands continues. There are constant threats, intimidation of indigenous, invasions of villages and gunfire aimed at their homes. Mato Grosso do Sul The extreme contrast between the state of Mato Grosso do Sul and other states in Brazil warrants specific analysis. We observe that the number of murders has grown since 2003 in absolute as well as relative terms.

Analyzing the numbers, it can be concluded that between 2003 and 2005, the number of murders in Mato Grosso do Sul grew, while the number of recorded murders in other states decreased. In 2006 the numbers remained constant. In 2007, while the number of murders in the rest of the country increased 30%, in Mato Grosso do Sul this index increased 89% - nearly three times as much as the national average. In 2008, as the number of murders in the rest of the country diminished by 54%, the drop in Mato Grosso do Sul was only 21%. It is thus that of all murders of indigenous peoples in 2008 in Brazil, 70% occurred in Mato Grosso do Sul. We perceive, therefore, that the violent reality in the communities in Mato Grosso do Sul has intensified in the last six years. What can explain this increase throughout the years and what are the factors that differentiate Mato Grosso do Sul from other states? In the previous reports, a direct relationship has been observed between the lack of land and occurring violence, or more specifically, between the lack of demarcation of indigenous lands and violence. Mato Grosso do Sul does not escape this rule.

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 50 Observe that populous Guarani Kaiowá communities exist in this state, living confined to small parcels of land. In recent years this confinement has intensified, due to the advance of ‘latifúndios’ (very large scale, privately owned plantations), especially soy and sugar cane, which exacerbate the land conflict. There is great resistance in all strata of non-indigenous society against any process of regularization of Guarani Kaiowá lands. This resistance tends to increase and adds to a powerful prejudice and racism against the indigenous peoples. In addition to this employment opportunities have been reduced, and in the employment that remains, especially cane cutting, both working conditions and wages have worsened. The framework is completed by absences and shortcomings of the authorities in areas of education, health and social assistance for the indigenous peoples. In sum, the Guarani Kaiowá live confined, unemployed, poor, hungry, without future prospect, in a society that disrespects and rejects them, and attempts to restrain their conquest to have their land rights granted. This situation provokes great psychological and social tension in the communities and has as one of its consequences the high rate of alcohol consumption. This turns out to be a violent and at times fatal combination, as witnessed in the elevated numbers of murders and attempted murders. The elevated number of suicides, which increased from 28 in 2007 to 34 in 2008, completes this desolate and extremely violent picture. It is worth noting that because of this increase in suicides, the number of violent deaths (suicides and murders) among the Guarani Kaiowá in 2008 ((76 cases) remains at the same elevated level as in the year 2007.

Photo: CIMI team

Funeral of Maria dos Anjos, the Guajajara girl, murdered at the age of six, in the state of Maranhão. Inhabitants of neighbouring cities regularly shoot randomly at the indigenous houses when passing the villages

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 51 MURDER Data of 2008 Total of cases: 60 Victims: 60 (individuals)

ALAGOAS - 2 Case(s) - 2 Victim(s)

13/10/2008 VICTIM: Joseph Cicero Salistiano PEOPLE: XUKURU-KARIRI INDIGENOUS LAND: XUKURU-KARIRI MUNICIPALITY: PALMEIRA DOS INDIOS PLACE OF OCCURRANCE: Xukuru Kariri DESCRIPTION: Salistiano was shot near a farm in a rural area, far from indigenous land. The accused are sons of the cacique Antonio Ricardo da Silva. The father of the victim reported on a radio program that there is intense drug trafficking within the Indigenous area. MEANS EMPLOYED: Firearm SOURCE: Clipping da 6ª CCR do MPF, 15/10/2008

22/02/2008 VICTIM: A.C.A.S. PEOPLE: WASSU COCAL INDIGENOUS LAND: WASSU COCAL MUNICIPALITY: JOAQUIM GOMES PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Wassu Cocal DESCRIPTION: According to the uncle of the victim, he was walking along the BR-101 road with some colleagues when he was shot by motorcyclists. The victim was killed by mistake since the target of bandits was the victim’s brother. The minor was taken to the Armando Lages Emergency Unit, but did not survive the gunshots. MEANS EMPLOYED: firearm SOURCE: Site alemtemporeal.com.br; Gazeta de Alagoas, 23/02/2008

AMAZONAS - 1 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

28/09/2008 VICTIM: Carlos Cesar Vieira do Nascimento PEOPLE: Sateré-Mawé INDIGENOUS LAND: DESALDEADOS MUNICIPALITY: MANAUS PLACE OF OCCURRANCE: Manaus DESCRIPTION: Carlos was on his way to work when he saw the accused in fight with a neighbor identified as Jean. Carlos César tried to break up the fight. Jean went home. The accused came back looking for him. Not finding him, he attacked Carlos victim instead. He confessed the crime. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: A Crítica / AM, 07/10/2008

AMAPÁ - 1 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

19/04/2008 VICTIM: Rolian dos Santos Paixão PEOPLE: KARIPUNA AMAPÁ INDIGENOUS LAND KARIPUNA MUNICIPALITY OIAPOQUE PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia do Manga DESCRIPTION: The victim and the accused were drunk and started to argue. At the peak of the fight the accused stabbed the victim, killing him at once. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: O Liberal / PA, 23/04/2008

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 52 FEDERAL DISTRICT - 1 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

25/06/2008 VICTIM: J.P.T.X. PEOPLE: XAVANTE INDIGENOUS LAND: CHÃO PRETO MUNICIPALITY: BRASILIA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Brasília DESCRIPTION: The Indigenous victim who suffered from neurological and motoric problems was hospitalized at the CASAI (indigenous hospital) in Brasilia. She came from the village of São Pedro in Campinápolis for health treatment at Sara Kubitschek Hospital. She was attacked during the morning, suffering an impalement (insertion of a pointed object in their genital organ) and taken to the Hospital where she died from cardiac/respiratory arrest during the operation to save her. MEANS EMPLOYED: Impalement SOURCE: Agência Brasil, 26/06/08; Correio Brasiliense, 04/07/08

MARANHÃO - 3 Case(s) - 3 Victim(s)

05/05/2008 VICTIM: Child PEOPLE: GUAJAJARA INDIGENOUS LAND: ARARIBÓIA MUNICIPALITY ARAME PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Village Anajá DESCRIPTION: Armed men invaded the village, arriving on a motorcycle and started to fire. One of the shots struck the child that was watching television in a home at the edge of the highway. The invasion of indigenous villages has become common in Maranhão. According to the indigenous the perpetrators would be the same who, at the beginning of 2007, murdered Timothy Guajajara. Since then, they have been threatening people in the village and creating a climate of terror in the region. Afraid of the threat, many families moved to the interior of the indigenous land. They say it is not possible live in peace, because they never know where and when the next attack will be. The family did not register a murder report for fear of reprisals and urge for the presence of FUNAI and the Federal Police in the area. MEANS EMPLOYED: Firearm SOURCE: Regional Cimi-MA, 06/05/2008; Official Breakfast, 07/05/2008

16/03/2008 VICTIM: Clovis Guajajara PEOPLE: GUAJAJARA INDIGENOUS LAND: ARARIBÓIA MUNICIPALITY: ARAME PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Village of Criola DESCRIPTION: The victim was murdered when he in the company of his relatives met with the group of Fagner Batista. They had a brawl due to a bet that one of the brothers of the victim had refused to pay. In the region of Arame, there is a fierce and historic racism against the Indians. MEANS EMPLOYED: Piece of wood SOURCE: O Estado do Maranhão, 18/03/2008; Regional Cimi / MA

28/08/2008 VICTIM: Poliana Lima de Souza Guajajara PEOPLE: GUAJAJARA INDIGENOUS LAND: ARARIBÓIA CITY: GRAJAÚ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Nova Lima DESCRIPTION: The youngster left a bar around 23 hours. In the backyard of her house she was hit with stones what killed her. According to information she had been raped. MEANS EMPLOYED: Stones SOURCE: CIMI Regional Team Maranhão

MINAS GERAIS - 4 Case(s) - 4 Victim(s)

10/08/2008 VICTIM: Edson Douardo Leite PEOPLE: XAKRIABÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: XAKRIABA Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 53 MUNICIPALITY: SÃO JOÃO DAS MISSÕES PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Riachão DESCRIPTION: Killed while he was in the Praça de Esportes listening to music of the re-election campaign for the mayoral candidate, José Nunes de Oliveira Xakriabá. He was violently attacked with a knife for no apparent reason. The victim was married, left a daughter of 10 months and wife pregnant with the second child. The victim's brother, who is a leader in the Xakriabá community, said the murderer was a campaigner for the opposition candidate. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: Xakriabá Cimi East Team - 11/08/2008 Indigenous Missionary Council - Cimi 63

27/09/2008 VICTIM: David Macedo Alves PEOPLE: XAKRIABÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: XAKRIABA MUNICIPALITY: Montes Claros PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Village of Barra Sumaré DESCRIPTION: The victim was accompanied by another indigenous man who was seriously injured. They were attacked when returning to the village. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: Estado de Minas, 30/09/2008

28/07/2008 VICTIM: Arlindo Maxakali PEOPLE: MAXAKALI INDIGENOUS LAND: MAXAKALI MUNICIPALITY: SANTA HELENA DE MINAS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Água Boa DESCRIPTION: A disagreement between members of the same family, could have been the cause of the tragedy. His father-in-law, Geraldo Maxakali, murdered Arlindo with a shot in the head. The reason for the disagreement was not clear. MEANS EMPLOYED: Firearm SOURCE: Nilson dos Santos (Team Health-Bertópolis / MG, 29/07/2008), Estado de Minas, 30 / 7

28/07/2008 VICTIM: Geraldo Maxakali PEOPLE: MAXAKALI INDIGENOUS LAND: MAXAKALI MUNICIPALITY: SANTA HELENA DE MINAS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Água Boa DESCRIPTION: After the murder of Arlindo Maxakali, the accused tried to flee but was chased by the family of the victim. He was killed with several shots. MEANS EMPLOYED: Gun fire SOURCE: Nilson dos Santos (Equipe de Saúde-Bertópolis/MG, 29/07/2008); Estado de Minas,30 /7

MATO GROSSO DO SUL - 42 Case(s) - 42 Victim(s)

15/06/2008 VICTIM: L.V. PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: AMAMBAÍ MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAÍ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Limão Verde DESCRIPTION: The crime occurred following a disagreement leaving a party in the village. The victim suffered various injuries over the body, the right hand nearly severed and skull fractured. The accused confessed the crime saying they were under influence of alcohol and that he did not remember the details. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: newspaper Folha de São Paulo / SP, 16/6/2008 and 18/6/2008

31/05/2008 VICTIM: Lizeu Gonçalves PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 54 INDIGENOUS LAND: ALDEIA LIMÃO VERDE MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAÍ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Limão Verde DESCRIPTION: The victim was drinking with other indigenous when they began to argue and the boy was struck with a sickle. The father of Lizeu said the child was rescued by a Funasa team and taken to the hospital, where he later died. MEANS EMPLOYED: sickle SOURCE: www.ultimahoranews, 02/06/2008

28/05/2008 VICTIM: Ramão Martins PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: JAGUAPIRÉ MUNICIPALITY: DOURADO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Village Jaguapirú DESCRIPTION: The indigenous youngsters had gone to drink and ended up fighting. The teenager told the police that he was stabbed in the chest by the victim, which motivated his reaction, which ended up killing Ramão. The purchase of alcohol in the villages is normal, even though the sale if it is banned within indigenous territory. The Indians know who sells and where to find the product which is still causing crimes in the reserve. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: Dourados News, 29/05/2008, The Progress / MS,

30/05/2008 VICTIM: G.R. PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: AMAMBAÍ MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAÍ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Limão Verde DESCRIPTION: The child's body was found by women who were washing clothes in a stream. The captain (chief) of the village, Castelão Nelson, said the child's mother had reported the disappearance of her daughter about ten days before. The police suspects involvement of the mother of the victim. MEANS EMPLOYED: unknown SOURCE: www.ultimahoranews.com-18/06/2008

1/05/2008 VICTIM: D.M. PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: YVY KATÚ MUNICIPALITY: JAPORA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Camp Yvy Katu DESCRIPTION: The Indigenous man was missing for several days. When he was last seen, by a relative, he had been visibly injured. The body was found in front of the Agrolac plantation. Several land conflicts have been reported in the region between Guarani and plantation owners. MEANS EMPLOYED: Unknown SOURCE: www.campogrande.news.com.br

1/05/2008 VICTIM: G.M. PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: LIMA CAMPO MUNICIPALITY: PONTA PORA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Lima Campo DESCRIPTION: Killed, beaten up and the body was thrown in a well in the village. The accused was arrested and justified the crime to the police saying that on arrival at home, found his wife in bed with the boy. MEANS EMPLOYED: Piece of wood SOURCE: midiamaxnews - 28/07/2008

20/08/2008 VICTIM: Maria Garcia PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Bororo DESCRIPTION: The victim's husband confessed the crime. arguing that the motive was jealousy. He said to have used black magic, of which he is a disciple. Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 55 MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: O Progresso / MS, 22/08/2008

09/2008 VICTIM: Child PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Bororó DESCRIPTION: The child was violated and killed. The accused is stepfather of the victim and is fugitive, supposedly hiding in a village in Amambaí. According to information the stepfather had taken the child three months ago and reported the case to a relative. Agents of Operation Sucuri, Military Police, Civil Police and Guardianship Council and are investigating the case. MEANS EMPLOYED: not reported SOURCE: Dourados Agora 08/12/2008

17/04/2008 VICTIM: Male PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Bororó DESCRIPTION: The victim was found in the village and was not identified. The work was delayed because the vehicle of the Civil Police presented mechanical problems and the police had to push the car for 30 minutes. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: Dourados Agora 17/04/2008

1/09/2008 VICTIM: Gerson Martins PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: AMAMBAÍ MUNICIPALITY: AMABAÍ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Amambai DESCRIPTION: The victim was beaten up in the village and taken to the Amambaí hospital by Funasa ambulance. According to the Military Police, the victim was drunk. He did not survive the injuries. EMPLOYED MEANS: beating SOURCE: www.campogrande.news.com.br, 1/09/2008

2/08/2008 VICTIM: D.G. PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: AMAMBAÍ MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAÍ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Village Amambaí DESCRIPTION: The body of the victim was found on a road in the village with a machete, supposedly used in crime, next to it. A young suspect came to be detained by leaders of the village, but managed to escape. The police are investigating the case. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: www.campogrande.news.com.br, 2/08/2008

16/08/2008 VICTIM: Bertulino José Martins PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: AMAMBAÍ MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAÍ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Amambaí DESCRIPTION: There is suspicion that the victim was killed during a robbery. He was found on a road in the village. According to information, the suspect was an adolescent who approached the elder and asked what he carried, and then stabbed him. The suspect has not been found. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: campogrande.news, 17/08/2008

02/09/2008 VICTIM: Roberto Alípio PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 56 INDIGENOUS LAND: CAARAPÓ MUNICIPALITY: CAARAPO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Caarapó DESCRIPTION: He was murdered with a stab to the chest. According to the family, the victim had been threatened with death by one of the sons of an ex-partner. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: midiamaxnews, 02/09/2008

04/09/2008 VICTIM: Mario de Souza PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: AMAMBAÍ MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAÍ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Not identified DESCRIPTION: The victim had several injuries in the head. He did not live within the village and was attacked in his home by his wife. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: campogrande.news, 04/09/2008

28/09/2008 VICTIM: D.S. PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: PORTO LINDO MUNICIPALITY: JAPORA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Tey Kuê DESCRIPTION: The body of the adolescent was found with two knife stabs in the thorax. The victim's family took the body to Tey Kuê village, for burial. The Police do not yet know the motive of the crime and no suspect has been indicted. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: campogrande.news, 29/09/2008

19/10/2008 VICTIM: Sérgio da Silva PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: JARARÁ MUNICIPALITY: JUTI PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Jarará DESCRIPTION: A fight in Aldeia Jarará in the municipality of Juti, ended in death on the morning of October 19. One person was arrested. According to police information, the perpetrator of the crime could be Admilson Oliveira, 28 years. He stabbed the indigenous Sérgio da Silva, 24 years, in the groin and the chest. The crime occurred at the home of the perpetrator. Admilson and Sérgio had argued about a supposed indecent proposal of Sérgio to Admilson´s wife. The two continued to drink alcohol and around 1am started arguing about the same subject. Admilson stabbed Sérgio, who still went in search of help, but fell dead at 50 m from the Admilson house. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: Midiamaxnews

6/11/2008 VICTIM: F.R. PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: AMAMBAÍ MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAÍ PLACE OF OCORÊNCIA: Village Amambaí DESCRIPTION: The body of the adolescent was found by an indigenous leaving home to have maté (herbal tea) in her daughter’s residence, saw the youth laying in a street of the village. The Indigenous thought the adolescent was drunk. On returning home, she noticed that the youngster was in same position and alerted the leaders of the village, who called the police. The case is being investigated. MEANS EMPLOYED: Unknown SOURCE: www.portalms.com.br / News, 6/11/2008

7/11/2008 VICTIM: Rozema Oliveira Fernandes PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 57 PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Bororo village DESCRIPTION: He was murdered in the backyard of his home. According to witnesses, the crime was a result of a fight over a bike that Rozema had lent to the accused, who was his friend. The accused fled, but ended up arrested later while sleeping at home. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: www.grandefm.com.br, 8/11/2008

11/11/2008 VICTIM: E.I. PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Jaguapiru DESCRIPTION: According to the mother, her son was at home when two friends arrived and called him to go out and drink. In a fight, one of them killed him. The accused presented himself to the police and his version of the murder is that when returning from a dance, a group of 10 indigenous approached him, reporting an assault. The victim, who was in the group, armed with a knife, assaulted Cleomar who defended himself and stabbed him in the chest. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: midiamaxnews, and www.grandefm.com 11/11/2008 12/11/2008

1/1/2008 VICTIM: Cleison Vasques PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: ALDEIA LIMÀO VERDE MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAÍ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Limão Verde DESCRIPTION: According to the wife of the victim, he had gone to the house of two couples to seek satisfaction over an aggression of the couples against his grandfather Arriving at the site, he was stabbed with knife. The accused were drunk when they were arrested. According to declarations by the mayor of Amambaí, Sergio Barbosa Diozébio, one of the grave problems in region is the alcoholism in the villages. According to the mayor, violence is also a consequence of the absence of Funai. However, the Funai reported that the Operation Sucuri, responsible for monitoring in the villages of the state, has only four people to serve about 40 villages. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: Midiamaxnews / MS, 03/01/2008

29/11/2008 VICTIM: Rafael Cabreira PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Village Bororó DESCRIPTION: The victim and the accused were at a party, when an argument started. The accused stabbed the victim with a knife to which he succumbed. The aggressor also hit another indigenous, cousin of the victim. The accused was arrested and indicted for murder and attempted murder. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: Dourados news, 30/11/2008

1/1/2008 VICTIM: Celestino Franco PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: AMAMBAÍ MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAÍ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Amambaí DESCRIPTION: The victim was found dead inside the village. The police have suspects. MEANS EMPLOYED: Piece of wood SOURCE: Midiamaxnews / MS, 01/01/2008, O Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, 2 e 3/01/2008

14/01/2008 VICTIM: Anelina Amarilha Marques PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Village Jaguapiru DESCRIPTION: The victim was found by relatives in the vicinity of her house where she lived with her husband, Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 58 Adenilson Amarilha Brito, 23 years, suspected of the crime. According to details from the family, the fact would have occurred after alcohol consumption by the couple. MEANS EMPLOYED: Unknown SOURCE: News Dourados / MS, 15/01/2008

27/01/2008 VICTIM: V.V.S. PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND AMAMBAÍ MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAÍ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Limão Verde DESCRIPTION: The body of the victim was found in Aldeia Limão Verde, with knife stabbings. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: Midiamaxnews / MS, 27/01/2008

27/11/2008 VICTIM: S.R. PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND AMAMBAÍ MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAÍ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Amambai DESCRIPTION: The victim and offender were at a wake. They fought and the accused, who was inebriated, mortally attacked the other. He was taken to the hospital but did not survive. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: campogrande.news, 28/11/2008

DECEMBER 2008 VICTIM: Male PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: AMAMBAÍ MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAÍ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Amambaí DESCRIPTION: The youth was found dead in the village located on the border with Paraguay. There is possibility that the crime was practiced due to involvement of the boy with drugs, because of traces of marijuana in his pocket. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: MS news - 26/12/2008

24/12/2008 VICTIM: Valdetino Rodrigues Rocha PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: ALDEIA CAMPESTRE MUNICIPALITY: ANTONIO JOAO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Campestri DESCRIPTION: He was killed by his wife who called the hospital where her husband was hospitalized, meanwhile confessing the crime. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: midiamaxnews, 24/12/2008

11/10/2008 VICTIM: Alfredo Martins PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: SETE CERROS MUNICIPALITY: PARANHOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Sete Cerros DESCRIPTION: The victim was lynched accused of attempted rape of two young women inside the village. MEANS EMPLOYED: Beating SOURCE: O Processo / MS, 11/11/2008

23/04/2008 VICTIM: Dairton Ramirez PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: TAQUAPERÍ MUNICIPALITY: CORONEL SAPUCAIA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Guarani Kaiowá Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 59 DESCRIPTION: Found dead in a ditch near the source of the Iguatemi river, within the village. According to the police, the victim’s hands were tied behind his back and he had a deep cut in the neck region. He was last seen in company of a group of Indians. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: Midiamaxnews, 23/04/08

31/01/2008 VICTIM: Adriano Gaute PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: AMAMBAÍ MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAÍ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Amambaí DESCRIPTION: The two men were at a dance in the Indigenous area when disagreement arose and the accused, armed with a knife, stabbed the victim. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: Midiamaxnews, 1 / 02/2008

19/02/2008 VICTIM: A.N. PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: CAARAPÓ MUNICIPALITY: CAARAPO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Tey Kuê DESCRIPTION: According to the civil police, two witnesses reported that the adolescent was killed by the brothers Aldo and Juvelino, who are cousins of the victim. Fugitives, the suspects were not located. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: Midiamaxnews, 19/02/2008, O Progresso / MS, 20/02/2008

02/03/2008 VICTIM: Ramão Machado da Silva PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: NAVIRAI PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Jaguapirú DESCRIPTION: The police had been called because the victim and some relatives were causing problems. The confrontation with the police resulted in the death of the victim and the injury of 3 other indigenous. MEANS EMPLOYED: Firearm SOURCE: Midiamaxnews, 03/03/2008, O Correio do Estado / MS, 02/03/2008, O Est.MT, 05/3/08

31/03/2008 VICTIM: Elicia Gomes PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: TAQUAPERÍ MUNICIPALITY: CORONEL SAPUCAIA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Village Taquapery DESCRIPTION: The body of the Indigenous woman was found with signs of violence on the ranch Jângal do Sul, at the exit road of the village Taquapery to the city. The case is under responsibility of Funai. MEANS EMPLOYED: Asphyxia SOURCE: Maracaju.news.com.br, 1 / 04/2008

04/04/2008 VICTIM: Dorvalino Gomes PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: ALDEIA LIMÃO VERDE MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAÍ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Limão Verde DESCRIPTION: The victim was murdered with a stab in the chest, and the perpetrator of the crime is unknown. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: Midiamaxnews, 06/04/2008

04/04/2008 VICTIM: Adilson Gonçalves PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: ALDEIA LIMÃO VERDE MUNICIPALITY: Amambaí Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 60 PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Limão Verde DESCRIPTION: Victim and accused ingested alcohol and fought. MEANS EMPLOYED: Piece of wood SOURCE: Midiamaxnews, 06/04/2008

06/04/2008 VICTIM: Robson Cabreira Chamorro PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Bororo DESCRIPTION: He was killed stabbed by a machete. The victim had just received payment from the alcohol plant where he worked. The police work with the possibility of armed robbery. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: campograndenews, 06/04/2008

08/04/2008 VICTIM: Aguida Martins PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: SASSORÓ MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAÍ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Sassoró DESCRIPTION: The body was found 422 kilometers from Campo Grande. The accused is the victim's husband and is fugitive. The murder was recorded as a case of domestic violence MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: campogrande.news, 08/04/2008

20/04/2008 VICTIM: Adolescent PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: AMAMBAÍ MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAÍ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: AMAMBAÍ DESCRIPTION: The hypothesis of the police is that the adolescent was killed by his mother's boyfriend. She drank in the company of the accused who got into an argument with the boy. He would have strangled him, causing his death. EMPLOYED MEANS: Asphyxia SOURCE: campogrande.news, 21/04/2008

01/06/2008 VICTIM: Valdemir Gomes PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: JATAYVARY MUNICIPALITY: PONTA PORA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Tin Kokuei DESCRIPTION: The victim was beaten to death in the village which is on the border with Paraguay. The perpetrator of the crime, the father-in-law, is fugitive. MEANS EMPLOYED: Hoe SOURCE: Campogrande.news, 05/06/2008

09/05/2008 VICTIM: Jorge Benites PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: AMAMBAÍ MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAÍ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE Amambaí DESCRIPTION: He was found dead in the village five kilometers from the city. The police are investigating. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: midiamaxnews, 09/05/2008

13/03/2008 VICTIM: Valdir Fernandes PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 61 PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Guarani Kaiowá DESCRIPTION: The victim was found sitting near the door of the barrack, strangled with a rope. Although there was suspicion suicide, the case is in the police report as murder. MEANS EMPLOYED: asphyxiation with a rope SOURCE: midiamaxnews, 13/03/2008

09/08/2008 VICTIM: Avelino de Oliveira Souza PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Dourados DESCRIPTION: The murder occurred in front of the wife. According to the woman's report to the Civil Police, she, her husband and her sister walked by MS-156 toward the village Jaguapiru, when two men approached and shot. The perpetrators, according to her, appeared to be indigenous, about 20 years and fired four shots at Avelino. They fled toward the village Jaguapiru. The victim died at the scene. MEANS EMPLOYED: firearm SOURCE: Campo Grande News, 10/08/2009

PARÁ - 1 case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

26/10/2008 VICTIM: Marli Boro Munduruku PEOPLE: MUNDURUKU INDIGENOUS LAND: MUNDURUKU MUNICIPALITY: JACAREACANGA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Jacareacanga DESCRIPTION: The victim drank in a bar with a group of three indigenous and a non-Indian. After raping the indigenous woman, they attacked her with kicks, punches and knife stabs, which caused her death. MEANS EMPLOYED: beating and knife SOURCE: Regional Cimi North II, The Liberal 03/11/2008

PERNAMBUCO - 2 Case(s) - 2 Victim(s)

23/08/2008 VICTIM: Mozeni Araújo de Sá PEOPLE: TRUKÁ MUNICIPALITY: CABROBO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Ilha de Assunção DESCRIPTION: The victim was accompanied by the son of 13 years, along with other Indigenous. The murderer approached the indigenous group while firing. He confessed to the crime alleging he acted due to an attack he suffered at a time when there was an Indigenous movement in the city to reoccupy a territory. The victim was a candidate for the vacant seat on the city board of Cabrobó, with great possibilities of being elected. Subsequent information, November 2008, include that five men are involved in crime, but only one was arrested in flagrante. The police seized a 38 caliber revolver, a pistol with ammunition and a cell phone. MEANS EMPLOYED: Firearms SOURCE: Cimi-Brasília, 24/08/2008, Folha de Pernambuco, 25/08/2008; JC Online, 26/11/08

04/12/2008 VICTIM: Jose Rogerio de Souza PEOPLE: PANKARARU INDIGENOUS LAND: PANKARARU MUNICIPALITY: PETRÔLANDIA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Logradouros DESCRIPTION: Pankararu teacher left for the annual meeting of the Copipe – Committee of Indigenous Teachers of Pernambuco. The bus that they traveled in was fired at on the road and a bullet struck the victim who died. MEANS EMPLOYED: Firearm SOURCE: Centro de Cultura Luiz Freire, 08/12/2008; Interior 360 05/12/2008

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 62 RORAIMA - 1 Case (s) - 1 Victim(s)

14/10/2008 VICTIM: Josival da Silva PEOPLE: MAKUXI INDIGENOUS LAND: RAPOSA / SERRA DO SOL MUNICIPALITY: Pacaraima PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Maloca Contão DESCRIPTION: Beaten to death. Beside the body, totally drunk, was another Indian, V.S.O., suspected of having committed the crime. According to National Police Force, a piece of wood was found beside the body of Josival. MEANS EMPLOYED: Piece of wood SOURCE: Home Page Folha de Boa Vista / RR, 15/10/2008

TOCANTINS - 2 Case(s) - 2 Victim(s)

04/11/2008 VICTIM: Daniel Hariomã Javaé PEOPLE: JAVAE INDIGENOUS LAND: PARQUE DO ARAGUAIA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Village Canuanã DESCRIPTION: According to information the two brothers argued over family matters and the accused attacked the victim with a knife, who did not surviving the injury. It was suspected that both had ingested alcohol. The aggressor used control medications and was not medicated on the day of the crime. MEANS EMPLOYED: Knives SOURCE: Journal of Tocantins, 05/11/2008; Cimi GO / TO

30/08/2008 VICTIM: Reinaldo Mauri dos Santos PEOPLE: KARAJÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: KARAJÁ DE ARUANÃ I PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Burudina DESCRIPTION: The victim, son of the cacique Karajá Raul, was stabbed in the neck with a knife. Falling, he hit his head on the curb and he died of the resulting head trauma two days later. According to some indigenous reports, Reinaldo was in a bar when he started a discussion with young non-indigenous from the city. The nephew of the victim, accused of the crime, came out in defense of these youngsters and instigated by them, pursued the uncle to the village, stabbing him. The youth fled. The Karajá live in a miniscule area within the city of Aruanã-GOIAS. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: Indigenous Community; Regional Cimi GO / TO

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 63 Attempted Murder Year 2008 here were 29 accounts of attempted murder in 2008, with 39 individual victims and T5 cases involving indigenous groups of which the numbers were not identified. These data confirm the growing tendency of recent years. In 2007, 39 cases were registered; in 2006 there were 25. Again, as in previous years, the Guarani Kaiowá communities in Mato Grosso do Sul present the highest number of attempted murders among indigenous peoples in Brazil. In 2008, of 18 occurrences in this region there were 21 individual victims, and 2 cases in which indigenous groups were attacked by gunshots. Among the Guarani Kaiowá, 7 cases were motivated by fights or by robbery. Non- indigenous were responsible for 5 attempted murders in this region. In 4 cases the perpetrator was not confirmed. In all the attempted murders by indigenous peoples, a form of knife was used. Highlighted, again in Mato Grosso do Sul, is the case of security forces of a ranch, shooting at indigenous people collecting firewood in an area outside of that property.

Photo:CIMI team Maranhão

A Guajajara man shot in an attempted murder. There are constant aggressions by residents of Arame against the indigenous peoples in Maranhão Attention is called to the comportment of representatives of public authorities. The regional administrator of FUNAI was in a meeting in Jaguapiru village school, accompanied by police officers of the Operação Sucuri. On that occasion, the police fired at Cacique Renato de Souza and other indigenous persons, when these approached the school to see what was going on. Another case emphasized was the attempted lynching of two Guarani prisoners by other detainees in the Estabelecimento Penal de Amambai. This prison is overcrowded, with 197 prisoners, when the capacity is for 67. Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 64 The situation of the Guajajara people, in the state of Maranhão continues to be very serious with 5 cases of attempted murder. In 2007 there were 3 occurrences. There were gunmen invading Guajajara lands and firing at villages and individuals. There were also verbal death threats and a death list left at the door of barrack. The attacks and invasions are motivated by territorial conflicts with loggers. In fact, an invasion by armed loggers is recorded in the villages Catitu and Buracão, in the indigenous land of Lagoa Comprida. There were, in 2008, 2 other attacks on indigenous villages that warrant emphasis. One occurred at night, with hired gunmen firing at the residents of the village of Pequi Velha, of the Pataxó people, in Bahia. Another occurred in Praia de Camboinas, a beach area in Niterói, when four armed men set fire to the house of the cacique, where women and children were meeting. One indigenous woman was seriously burned. Another attack had national repercussions because it was filmed by the victims themselves. Gunmen from the ranch Depósito, owned by Paulo César Quartiero, fired and threw homemade bombs against an indigenous group constructing a shelter within the indigenous land of Raposa Serra do Sol, in Roraima. Ten indigenous people were injured, one of them seriously.

ATTEMPTED MURDER Data of 2008 Total of cases: 29 Victims: 39 (individuals)

ALAGOAS - 1 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

07/10/2008 VICTIM: Cacique PEOPLE: XUKURU-KARIRI INDIGENOUS LAND: XUKURU-KARIRI PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Monte Alegre DESCRIPTION: The accused arrived in the village to try to kill the cacique. Another Indian, Jose Roberto da Silva, in an attempt to defend him had his arm cut off. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: Home Page Alagoas Em Tempo Real

BAHIA - 1 Case(s)

JULY/2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: PATAXÓ INDIGENOUS LAND: PATAXÓ MUNICIPALITY: RUY BARBOSA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Pequi Velha DESCRIPTION: The 23 families of the Pataxó community, organized through the Front of Resistance and Pataxó Struggle, retook a ranch within their traditional territory, but still experience threats by armed men who at night fire shots in the direction of the Indians. The group decided to temporarily remove the children and women preventing a confrontation with the gunmen. In addition to this, the gunmen are preventing the car that transports students from using the main road forcing them to go around 20 km. The Pataxó have spoken with Federal Police and reported the fact to Funai. MEANS EMPLOYED: Firearm SOURCE: Cimi / LE-staff Extremo Sul / BA, 23/07/2008

MARANHÃO - 5 Case(s) - 7 Victim(s)

16/03/2008 VICTIM: Divino Guajajara, Martinez Guajajara PEOPLE: GUAJAJARA INDIGENOUS LAND: ARARIBÓIA Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 65 MUNICIPALITY: ARAME PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Criola - Guajajara DESCRIPTION: A brawl between two groups, due to a billiards debt, which one of the indigenous men had refused to pay, led to a fight. The two brothers were beaten about the head. MEANS EMPLOYED: Piece of wood SOURCE: O Estado do Maranhão, 18/03/2008; Equipe Regional / MA

23/05/2008 VICTIMs: Itamar Guajajara Carlos, Deolice Rodrigues Guajajara PEOPLE: GUAJAJARA INDIGENOUS LAND: BACURIZINHO MUNICIPALITY: GRAJAU PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Village Bacurizinho DESCRIPTION: The victims were walking toward the village when two masked men traveling on the MA - 006 road towards Balsas / Grajaú pulled up beside them and ordered to stop, otherwise they would be dead. The couple stopped but the men still fired at the indigenous couple. Itamar suffered a punctured lung and was hospitalized in serious condition. His wife was shot in the right thigh. She was treated and released. This type of attack has become common in Maranhão. There is a suspicion that a group intent on extermination of indigenous people may be working in the region. According to Marize Aaron Lopes, indigenous alderman of the PTN and who helped the couple to the hospital, the Indians of Grajaú (3,400) are abandoned. The indigenous couple that was shot were walking to the village, which is 24 km, because the transport truck is broken down and not repaired for lack of parts. MEANS EMPLOYED: Firearm Source: Cimi Regional Maranhão, 23/05/2008

26/06/2008 VICTIM: Wirauchene Guajajara, Antonio Son Guajajara PEOPLE: GUAJAJARA INDIGENOUS LAND: ARIBOIÁ MUNICIPALITY: GRAJAU PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldelia Angico Torto DESCRIPTION: Shots were fired at the indigenous homes. The gunman left a note with threats, saying "Everybody has the instinct to survive, but only few some have the courage to kill. It is time for this band to die." Besides the threat, the note contained a list with names of six indigenous Guajajara to be executed. The attacks are related to the issue of land and illegal exploitation of timber in the region. MEANS EMPLOYED: Gun fire SOURCE: Equipe Cimi / MA, 30/06/2008

23/08/2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: GUAJAJARA INDIGENOUS LAND: LAGOA COMPRIDA MUNICIPALITY: ARAME PLACE OF OCCURRENCE Villages Catitu and Buracão – Araribóia DESCRIPTION: Immediately following the end of 1st Assembly of the People of the Guajajara Indigenous Land Lagoa Comprida, a group of loggers, heavily armed, invaded the indigenous land, shooting at the two villages. The invaders took the motor of an abandoned truck, the same that in October 2007 led to the invasion village of Lagoa Comprida that ended with the assassination of Tomé Guajajara. Fearing a new invasion the indigenous demanded that Funai remove the truck from the site but this was without success. MEANS EMPLOYED: Firearm SOURCE: Cimi / MA, 24/08/2008

05/05/2008 VICTIM: Adolescent PEOPLE: GUAJAJARA INDIGENOUS LAND: Araribóia MUNICIPALITY: ARAME PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Village Anajá DESCRIPTION: Armed men invaded the village. Arriving on a motorcycle they started to shoot. One of the shots struck a boy who was watching television in a house at the edge of the road, the sister was also hit. She died. The invasion of indigenous villages has become common in Maranhão. According to the indigenous statements, the perpetrators were the same who, at beginning of 2007, murdered Timóteo Guajajara. Since then, they have been threatening the indigenous community and creating a climate of terror in the region. Afraid of threats, many families moved deep into the indigenous land. They say they cannot live in peace, because they never know where and when the next attack will come from. They did not report the occurrence for fear of Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 66 reprisals and require the presence of FUNAI and the Federal Police in the area. In the region of Arame, in addition to timber exploitation that exacerbates the violence against the Guajajara, there is highway MA-006, the stretch connecting Arame to Grajaú, along which are about 30 villages. These experience more attacks. There is a history of exacerbated racism against the Indigenous families. MEANS EMPLOYED: Firearms SOURCE: Regional Cimi / MA, 06/05/2008; Journal Pequeno 07/05/2008

MINAS GERAIS - 1 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

27/09/2008 VICTIM: Valdeir Alves Mota PEOPLE: XAKRIABÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: XAKRIABA MUNICIPALITY: MONTES CLAROS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Barra do Sumaré DESCRIPTION: The victim and a companion were attacked. He was seriously injured and taken to the hospital in Montes Claros. His companion did not survive. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: Estado de Minas, 30/09/2008

MATO GROSSO DO SUL - 18 Case(s) - 19 Victim(s)

02/02/2008 VICTIM: Elainho Fernandes PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Bororó DESCRIPTION: According to the police the Indigenous man and his companion were inebriated and started an argument. The woman took a knife and struck the victim in the head. The Indian was rescued by agents of Operação Sucuri and sent to the Hospital. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: Agora Ms, 02/02/2008

25/05/2008 VICTIM: Ilma Aquino PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADO MUNICIPALITY: DOURADO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Village Jaguapirú DESCRIPTION: The victim riding a bicycle on an access road to the village when the accused neared and assaulted him. The indigenous resisted and was wounded with a machete blow. The assailant fled taking the bicycle. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: midiamaxnews, 26/05/2008

JUNE/2008 VICTIM: Vicente Samaniego PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: PORTO LINDO MUNICIPALITY: JAPORA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Porto Lindo DESCRIPTION: The victim was struck multiple times in the head. The attack occurred near the village of Porto Lindo, in Japorã. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: O Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, 06/06/2008

25/06/2008 VICTIM: R.L.R. PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Village Jaguapirú DESCRIPTION TION: The victim was found agonizing in the backyard of the residence where he lives within Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 67 the village. He had several stab wounds. The victim was taken to Dourado Hospital. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: www.ultimahoranews.com, 25/06/2008

31/05/2008 VICTIM: Female PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: BR-163 - Dourados DESCRIPTION: A woman was assaulted by her husband with a wooden stick following an argument. The couple's son asked for aid from the grandfather who sent the victim to the Dourados Hospital. The couple was under influence of alcohol. MEANS EMPLOYED: Piece of wood SOURCE: O Progresso / MS, 2/06/2008

JUNE/2008 VICTIM: Reinaldo Agenor de Souza Silva PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Bororô DESCRIPTION: Wounded by a machete blow from a friend, following an argument. The Funas brought him to the Mission Hospital in the village. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: www.campogrande.news.com.br, 26/06/2008

28/07/2008 VICTIM: Juraci de Paulo PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Village Bororó DESCRIPTION: The victim was walking on an access road where the assailant grabbed him and tried to strangle him, which made him faint. When he regained consciousness, he realized he was without the bag containing his wallet, personal documents and clothing. MEANS EMPLOYED: Asphyxia SOURCE: www.ulitmahoranews.com - 29/07/2008

17/07/2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: ÑANDE RU MARANGATU MUNICIPALITY: ANTONIO JOAO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Ñande Ru Marangatu DESCRIPTION: Members of the Indigenous community were collecting firewood around the rural property when they were surprised by security guards that arrived firing guns. The shots did not hit anyone. However, the Indians blocked the road that leads to the farm as a way to draw the attention of authorities with regard to situations of violence that have been occurring frequently. According to the indigenous health agent Pedro Sebastião, such actions by farm employees have become common. WEAPON: Firearm SOURCE: midiamaxnews / MS, 18/07/2008

11/10/2008 VICTIM: José Riquelme PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: AMAMBAÍ MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAÍ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Amambaí DESCRIPTION: Serious abdominal wounds were sustained in an argument. A team of Firemen rushed him to the Amambaí Regional Hospital. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: midiamaxnews, 12/10/2008

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 68 30/11/2008 VICTIM: Dalvan Vilhalva PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Bororó DESCRIPTION: The victim was stabbed twice and was hospitalized in serious condition in the Hospital of Amambai. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: MidiamaxNews, 30/11/2008

11/11/2008 VICTIM: Cleomar da Silva Souza PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Jaguapiru DESCRIPTION: After suffering an attempted assault, the victim was attacked in the thorax with a knife. He responded to the aggression by attacking the accused with a knife. The aggressor died on the spot. Police are investigating the case. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: www.grandefm.com, 12/11/2008

29/11/2008 VICTIM: Male PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Bororó DESCRIPTION: In addition to mortally wounding an Indian at a party, the accused assaulted the victim's cousin stabbing and seriously injuring him. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: Dorados News, 30/11/08

02/03/2008 VICTIM: Alexandre Ferreira, Ronildo Gonçalves, Adolescent PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ MUNICIPALITY: NAVIRAI PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Guarani Kaiowá DESCRIPTION: The police were called because the Indians were causing problems in the area. During the approach they supposedly resisted and were shot, three were injured and one died. MEANS EMPLOYED: Firearm SOURCE: Correio do Estado / MS, 02/03/2008; midiamaxnews, 03/03/2008

20/05/2008 VICTIM: Cidinho Lopes PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Village Bororó DESCRIPTION: The Indigenous woman was found seriously injured by her husband, near a cornfield. According to initial information, she had been involved with another indigenous man and the wife attacked her. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: O Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, 21/05/2008

26/03/2008 VICTIM: Mariano Rodrigues Silva PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: DOURADOS DESCRIPTION: The victim was found by military police on Northwest Avenue, near the train line. Rescued, he was taken the Hospital where he was medicated. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: midiamaxnews, 27/03/2008 Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 69

MARCH/2008 VICTIM: Rama Barburas Martins dos Santos, Side Gonçalves MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAÍ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ DESCRIPTION: The two Guarani men, incarcerated in the Penal Institute of Amambaí, had to be taken to the Amambaí Regional Hospital, after suffering a lynching attempt in the prison. The Penal Institute of Amambaí has currently 41 arrested indigenous in the men's side, waiting trial for murder or attempted murder. Overcrowding in the prison is the main cause of attacks. With capacity for 67 prisoners, today it houses 197 in the lockdown. MEANS EMPLOYED: Piece of wood SOURCE: O Progresso / MS, 9/03/2008; midiamaxnews / MS, 9/03/2008

24/06/2008 VICTIM: Indigenous Leaders PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Jaguapiru DESCRIPTION: According to the captain of the village, Renato de Souza, the regional administrator of FUNAI was meeting secretly in a school, assisted by private security. He and other leaders went to check what was happening and were shot by agents of Operação Sucuri. Renato said the Administrator was in the village get people including of children, to sign a letter, to send to the president of Funai, to remain in office. The Administrator claims that the was meeting to resolve the problem of delay in delivery of about 13 thousand basic food baskets. MEANS EMPLOYED: Firearm SOURCE: Home Page Journal O Progresso, MS, 25/06/2008

29/11/2008 VICTIM: Primo de Rafael Cabreira PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Bororó DESCRIPTION: The victims were at a party, when they started a discussion with the aggressor. The indigenous Rafael Cabreira was stabbed with a knife and did not survive. His cousin was also stabbed by the accused. The accused was arrested and indicted for the death and attempted homicide. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: Dorados News, 30/11/2008

MATO GROSSO - 1 Case(s)

2008 VICTIM: Men PEOPLE: NAMBIKWARA INDIGENOUS LAND: VALE DO GUAPORÉ MUNICIPALITY: COMODORO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Comodoro DESCRIPTION: The Indigenous group was traveling in a Toyota that was the target of gunfire. Also in the car was the chief the FUNAI post, who was the supposed target of the shooting. He had been threatened with death by the accused. This was one of the members of the scheme for illegal extraction of timber and was responding to the police investigation at liberty. WEAPON: Firearm SOURCE: Staff Cimi / MT, November/2008

RIO DE JANEIRO - 1 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

18/07/2008 VICTIM: Joaquim Kara Benita PEOPLE: GUARANI MUNICIPALITY: NITERÓI PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Praia de Camboinhas DESCRIPTION: The victim suffered second-degree burns on the back and left arm. Besides the victim, there

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 70 were women and children on site during the fire. The men were at a meeting elsewhere in the neighborhood. The location in which the fire occurred is a noble region and the target of interest by civil construction contractors. According to the Civil Police, the fire was criminal because it had several points of focus. According to witnesses, four armed men, who fled in a silver Omega with Minas Gerais license plates, caused the attack. MEANS EMPLOYED: Fire SOURCE: noticias.uol.com.br Agency and Brazil-18/07/08 - 19/07/08

os p Photo: Mauricio Cam

In an attempted murder, non-Indians set fire to a village in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro

RORAIMA - 1 Case(s) - 10 Victim(s)

05/05/2008 VICTIM: Alcides, Jeremiah, Lene, Glênio, James Erivaldo, Xavier, Cleber, Men (two) INDIGENOUS LAND: RAPOSA / SERRA DO SOL MUNICIPALITY: Pacaraima PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Raposa / Serra do Sol DESCRIPTION: A group of indigenous were building their barracks when a truck and five motorcycles, from the Fazenda Depósito, arrived. Several hooded men jumped of started shooting at the indigenous and throwing homemade bombs. About 10 of the indigenous were injured, one of them in serious condition. The attack was videotaped by one of the victims. The federal police conducted the victims to Boa vista for assistance. Many times the Conselho Indigenista de Roraima and indigenous communities have denounced that the rice growers that have invaded their lands have prevented the free transit of the indigenous. MEANS EMPLOYED: Firearm and homemade bombs SOURCE: Letter from CIR – Conselho Indígena de Roraima-05/05/2008, video of CIR

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 71 Homicide Year 2008 here were 8 homicides registered in 2008. In 6 cases someone was run over and killed, there was 1 collision between vehicles and 1 case of a fight resulting in Tdeath. In 2006, 18 cases were registered, in 2007 there were 8. Once again the majority of victims were Guarani (7), 4 in Mato Grosso do Sul, 1 in Santa Catarina, 1 in Paraná and 1 in Maranhão. In 2008, as in previous years, the many motorists (4) responsible for the collisions did not stop and provide help, but fled. It is difficult to establish a comparison with non-indigenous incidents where people are run over by vehicles, but faced with the picture over the last few years the impression arises that the motorists do not judge it necessary to provide care and aid to indigenous peoples. Many communities, especially Guarani, live at road sides, awaiting demarcation of their lands. Other communities have their lands and villages cut by roads. This leaves them vulnerable to traffic accidents because indigenous pedestrians and cyclists share the road with cars, busses and trucks, in the absence of sidewalks, bicycle lanes, crosswalks or other secure options for crossing roadways. As was indicated in previous reports, many traffic accidents and deaths could be avoided, however, the public entities have no policies to improve roadway security.

Photo: CIMI Iraí Photo: CIMI

Indigenous peoples awaiting demarcation of their lands camped at the side of roads. They are at constant risk of being run over. This is the primary type of non-intentional homicide recorded among indigenous peoples

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 72 Homicide Data – 2008 Total of cases: 8 Victims: 8 (individuals)

MARANHÃO - 1 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

20/11/2008 VICTIM: Adriano Morini PEOPLE: GUARANI INDIGENOUS LAND: PORQUINHOS - CANELA APÃNJEKRA MUNICIPALITY: GRAJAU PLACE OF OCORRENCE: Porquinhos DESCRIPTION: The victim accepted a lift from a truck driver back to the village. There was an accident in which the indigenous died. The driver did not provide relief. MEANS EMPLOYED: collision SOURCE: Regional Cimi MA

MATO GROSSO DO SUL - 4 Case(s) - 4 Victim(s)

13/4/2008 VICTIM: Vanilda da Silva Centurião PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ MUNICIPALITY: CAMPO GRANDE PLACE OF OCORRENCE: Guarani Kaiowá DESCRIPTION: The accident happened at Km 322 of BR-163 in Rio Brilhante. The victim tried to cross the highway when she was hit by a Fiat Strada pick up. The body of the victim was taken to the Instituto Medico Legal de Dourados. MEANS EMPLOYED: collision SOURCE: Douradosagora / MS, 14/04/2008

3/05/2008 VICTIM: Reif Reginaldo Morales PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: JAGUAPIRÉ MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCORRENCE: Village Jaguapiru DESCRIPTION: The victim drove a motorcycle on the MS-156, with no helmet, when he was hit by a vehicle. He was taken to the Trauma Hospital, then, because of the severity of the head injury transferred to the Hospital Evangélico where he died. MEANS EMPLOYED: traffic accident SOURCE: Douradosnews, 3/1/2008

27/07/2008 VICTIM: A.B. PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAÍ PLACE OF OCORRENCE: Aldeia Amambaí DESCRIPTION: According to the victim's mother, he was walking a vicinal road to the village, in company of his wife when he was hit by a truck. Death was instantaneous. The driver fled without providing relief. MEANS EMPLOYED: collision SOURCE: www.pantanalnews.com.br - 28/07/2008

07/12/2008 VICTIM: Durvalino de Souza PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCORRENCE: Dourados DESCRIPTION: The Indian was on his bicycle on the highway that connects Dourados to Itahum when he was

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 73 hit. The driver of the vehicle fled the scene without providing relief. MEANS EMPLOYED: collision SOURCE: Dourados News, 07/12/2008

PARANÁ - 1 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

30/08/2008 VICTIM: Vanderlei Anastácio PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: MANGUEIRINHA MUNICIPALITY: MANGUEIRINHA PLACE OF OCORRENCE: Mangueirinha DESCRIPTION: Victim and accused were brothers. They fought after a game of soccer and one of them fatally beat the victim in the abdomen. MEANS EMPLOYED: beating SOURCE: Aquisudoeste.com, 03/09/2008

RIO GRANDE DO SUL - 1 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

24/05/2009 VICTIM: Clarisse Soares PEOPLE: KAINGANG MUNICIPALITY: CANOAS PLACE OF OCORRENCE: Vale do Taquari DESCRIPTION: The Indigenous woman was killed when hit by a vehicle in Estrela in the Taquari valley. She was hit by an unidentified vehicle and the driver fled without providing relief. She lived with the group in the settlement on the side of the highway, next to a highway cloverleaf access to Bom Retiro do Sul MEANS EMPLOYED: collision SOURCE: Zero Hora (RS), 25/05/2008

SANTA CATARINA - 1 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

5/07/2008 VICTIM: Alberto Ortega PEOPLE: GUARANI MUNICIPALITY: GARUVA PLACE OF OCORRENCE: Yakã Porã - Guarani DESCRIPTION: When crossing highway BR-101, Alberto was hit by a truck. The driver fled without providing relief to the victim who died at the scene. MEANS EMPLOYED: collision SOURCE: Claudiomir Tibes, Guarani cacique

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 74 Death threats Year 2008 ither you pay me for the cow, or I kill your tuxaua!” This is how one rancher “E threatened death to the Kulina, in Amazonas. It is one example of 12 cases of death threats against indigenous people in 2008. All, except one, were directly related to land conflicts. The number represents an increase compared with 2006 and 2007 when 8 cases were registered for each year. The cases occurred in the states of Amazonas, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondônia, Roraima and Tocantins. The threat against the Kulina by the rancher represents an attitude held by many people when they see themselves face to face with indigenous peoples. Prevalent thinking is that it is no problem, even legitimate, to intimidate the indigenous in order to achieve an objective. One can even take them hostage and abduct them when they are considered to be an obstacle. Even when it is the very non-indigenous themselves that are illegally invading indigenous lands or exploiting them financially. In the Kulina case, the aggressor continually invaded indigenous land with his herds of cattle, despite having been denounced various times by the indigenous people. In Rondônia, a logger who stole trees from the indigenous land Rio Guaporé threatened N. Oro Eo with death.

Photo: Walter Sass/CIMI Archive

In many cases, invaders threaten the indigenous peoples in addition to exploiting their lands, as in the case of the Kulina, in the state of Amazonas In Rio Grande do Sul, the farmers neighboring a Kaingang community threatened them with death in reaction to the publication by the Funai of the anthropological report for demarcation of the indigenous land Passo Grande da Forquilla. The Kaingang of Lageado do Bugre received death threats after it became known that they had requested the creation of a Working Group for identification of the indigenous land.

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 75 Employees of the rice plantation owned by Paulo César Quartiero in the indigenous land Raposa Serra do Sol, in Roraima, forced Clenilde Conceição André and Cassiano Filho into their car and, with a revolver in hand, threatened to kill the indigenous people. Highlighted is an abduction that lasted one entire night in Pará. Farmers who had already made verbal threats to a Tembé community of the indigenous land of Alto Rio Guamá, invaded the village of Itahu. They kidnapped a group of men and women, taking them to another town. There, the victims were confined for hours in a dark house and were released only the following day. The abductor was seeking to pressure the cacique to cede a part of the indigenous land. There are records of gunmen stopping indigenous people on the road, pointing firearms at the victims, as occurred with the couple Waioko Wasusu and Barabara Kathitaulu in Vale do Guarporé in Mato Grosso. Further deserving of attention is the case of cacique Almir Surui, in Rondônia, who continued to receive death threats as in 2008 as happened in 2007. Almir is known for his engagement with environmental protection and rights for his people. He found it necessary to change the place where he lived. In all cases, it is noted how non-indigenous antagonists used threats, infringing the law and limiting the liberty of the indigenous peoples, in order to seize that which, by law, belongs to the indigenous peoples. Those responsible are hardly ever punished.

DEATH THREATS Data of 2008 Total of cases: 12 Victims: 18 (individuals)

AMAZONAS - 1 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

2008 VICTIM: Tuxaua PEOPLE: KULINA INDIGENOUS LAND: KULINA DO RIO ENVIRA MUNICIPALITY: ENVIRA PLACE OF OCCCURENCE: Kulina do Cacau DESCRIPTION: Invaders have been illegally exploiting this indigenous land for a number of years. They take hardwood, invade the area with herds of cattle, scare the game from the territory. For two years leaders have sent letters of complaint to state authorities, the Funai national offices and the Public Ministry. Desperate with the situation, some of the Kulina killed a cow that had invaded their land. The owner, who also is a logger, threatened the cacique of the community with death saying: "Either you pay me for the ox, or I kill your Tuxaua”. MEANS EMPLOYED: death threat SOURCE: 6a.CCR the MPF, 03/12/2008

MARANHÃO - 1 Case(s) - 6 Victim(s)

26/06/2008 VICTIM: Six indigenous individuals PEOPLE: GUAJAJARA INDIGENOUS LAND: ARARIBÓIA MUNICIPALITY: GRAJAU PLACE OF OCCCURENCE: Aldeia Angico Torto DESCRIPTION: In addition to firing shots into indigenous homes, the perpetrators left a note with threats, "The instinct to survive everyone has, but only few have the courage to kill. It is time for this gang to die!" In addition to the threat, the note listed the names of six indigenous Guajajara. The aggressions are related to the issue of land and illegal exploitation of timber in the region. SOURCE: Staff Cimi / MA, 30/06/2008

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Photo: CIMI team Maranhão CIMI team Photo:

Aggressors fired into Guajajara village (MA) and left a death threat list with specific names

MATO GROSSO DO SUL - 3 Case(s) - 3 Victim(s)

25/08/2008 VICTIM: Waioko Wasusu, Barbara Kathitaulu PEOPLE: NAMBIKWARA INDIGENOUS LAND: VALE DO GUAPORÉ MUNICIPALITY: COMODORO PLACE OF OCCCURENCE: Aldeia Anunsu DESCRIPTION: The couple was approached by four armed men on the road created by the farmers in the vicinity of the village. The attackers put a gun to his head and imposed a series of restrictions on ingress and egress of the indigenous people on the ranches. The procedure for demarcation of indigenous land Vale do Guaporé, left areas for fishing, hunting, collection of prime materials and fruits outside of the land, and to reach these sites it is necessary to pass over the territory of the ranches. MEANS EMPLOYED: Firearm SOURCE: Cimi / Regional MT, 3/09/2008

DECEMBER/2008 VICTIM: Lolauenacua PEOPLE: ENAWENÊ-NAWÊ INDIGENOUS LAND: ENAWENÊ-NAWÊ MUNICIPALITY: JUÍNA PLACE OF OCCCURENCE: Juína DESCRIPTION: According to the victim, she and three other indigenous adults and two children, were fishing when they were addressed by a guard of a contracted company providing security service to the small hydroelectric plant. The man threatened and assaulted them. "He hit me, kicked and placed a gun at my head and ordered me to leave," as the indigenous woman reported. In October, the Enawenê-Nawê reacted in opposition to the proposal by the entrepreneurs of the Consortium Juruena Participações Ltda. Despite the large number of projects to be implemented in the region, none of these include prior consultations with indigenous communities. Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 77 MEANS EMPLOYED: Firearm SOURCE: telmamonteiro.blogspot.com - 17:12:08

SEPT/OCT/2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: CHIQUITANO INDIGENOUS LAND: PORTAL DO ENCANTO MUNICIPALITY: PORTO ESPERIDIÃO PLACE OF OCCCURENCE: Village Fazendinha DESCRIPTION: Farmers throw dead cows in the river, which pollutes the water that the communities utilize. The Indians reported this damage to indigenous resources and, as a consequence, are being threatened with death. MEANS EMPLOYED: Death Threat SOURCE: Regional Cimi MT

PARÁ - 1 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

FEBRUARY/2008 VICTIM: Beto Tembe. Men, women and children of the village PEOPLE: TEMBÉ INDIGENOUS LAND: ALTO RIO GUAMÁ MUNICIPALITY: GARRAFAO DO NORTE PLACE OF OCCCURENCE: Aldeia Itahu DESCRIPTION: Those accused invaded the indigenous area scaring men, women and children of the village who were then taken by force to a village near the reserve, where they were confined in a dark house for hours. They were released the next day at the behest of one of the abductors. The cacique Joca Tembé said that while his son, Beto was held hostage, Manuel Evilásio was pressuring him to contact the authorities and negotiate the allocation of part of the indigenous lands to the invaders. According to the administrator of the Funai, Juscelino Bessa, the conflict was due to the reopening of a road within the indigenous lands by the Indians so that they did not need to pass anymore through the settlements that remain on the boundaries of the land. The transit by the settlements allows monitoring of the area by invaders. MEANS EMPLOYED: Kidnapping SOURCE: Ministério Público Federal / PA, 12/03/08; Agência Brasil, 21/02/08; Cimi North II

RONDÔNIA - 2 Case(s) - 2 Victim(s)

FEBRUARY/2008 VICTIM: Almir Surui PEOPLE: SURUÍ PLACE OF OCCCURENCE: Suruí DESCRIPTION: The indigenous participated in the Forum "Climate and Changes in Amazonia, "in Berlin. When he returned to Brazil he received death threats and had his personal bank accounts blocked. These threats are believed due to his engagement in the environmental issue and in promoting the protection of his people. As a safety measure he moved away from the locality where he lived. MEANS EMPLOYED: Death Threats SOURCE: Kerstin Veigt (Indigenous Peoples Kesk)

JUNE/2008 VICTIM: N. Oro Eo PEOPLE: ORO EO (ORO WARI) INDIGENOUS LAND: SAGARANA MUNICIPALITY: GUAJARÁ-MIRIM PLACE OF OCCCURENCE: Nova Mamoré DESCRIPTION: The victim reported to a Funai official the theft timber that was occurring every night on Line 32 of the Karipuna land. The Federal Police paid a visit to the site but did not find the tractor that was hidden near the boundary of the area. A few days later the timber extractor threatened the indigenous man with death. This frightened him and he moved with his family. Fearing for his life, he did not report the occurrence of the threat. MEANS EMPLOYED: Verbal death threat SOURCE: The victim, Cimi Team Guajará-Mirim/RO

RORAIMA - 1 Case(s) - 2 Victim(s)

4/07/2008 VICTIM: Clenildo André Conceição, Cassiano Filho Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 78 PEOPLE: MAKUXI INDIGENOUS LAND: RAPOSA / SERRA DO SOL MUNICIPALITY: PACARAIMA PLACE OF OCCCURENCE: Raposa Serra do Sol DESCRIPTION: The youngsters were surprised by employees of the Fazenda Depósito, of rice farmer Paulo César Quartiero, in the vicinity of the Dez Irmãos village. The assailants were intoxicated, armed and forced the young people to enter the car they were driving. One of the aggressors with a revolver in hand, asked whether the boys wanted to die, if they were in favor of Paulo César or whether they were linked to Indigenous Council of Indigenous Roraima RR - CIR. MEANS EMPLOYED: Fire arm SOURCE: World Bulletin - Report No 824-2008

RIO GRANDE DO SUL - 2 Case(s) - 2 Victim(s)

AUGUST/2008 VICTIM: Irene Franco PEOPLE: KAINGANG INDIGENOUS LAND: PASSO GRANDE DA FORQUILHA MUNICIPALITY: SANANDUVA PLACE OF OCCCURENCE: Kaingang DESCRIPTION: Distorted information transmitted to farmers led them to make threats against the victim, after publication of the anthropological report by the Technical Group for the demarcation of the indigenous land. MEANS EMPLOYED: Verbal Aggression SOURCE: Leaders of the Kaingang community

MAY/2008 VICTIM: Aldo Pinto and community PEOPLE: KAINGANG PLACE OF OCCCURENCE: the Lageado Bugre DESCRIPTION: The Prosecutor of the Republic of Passo Fundo delivered documents of the indigenous community to political leadership of the municipality. In these documents the indigenous demand the creation of the Working Group for identification and demarcation of land. Angry, the neighbors of the indigenous threatened verbally while pointing fire arms at them, the chief and the community. MEANS EMPLOYED: Fire arms SOURCE: Leadership of the indigenous community

TOCANTINS - 1 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

21/07/2008 VICTIM: Orlando Ribeiro Salvador PEOPLE: APINAYÉ INDIGENOUS LAND: APINAYÉ MUNICIPALITY: TOCANTINOPÓLIS PLACE OF OCCCURENCE: Aldelia São Jose DESCRIPTION: According to the Cacique, a businessman – ex-employee of the Funai – entered the village in a van with two unknown and armed people, and made death threats. The motive for the threats is because the cacique has complained that the businessman holds the social security and Bolsa Familia benefit cards, alleging non-existent debts, without proof of invoice or promissory note. The Cacique filed a report in the police station of Tocantinópolis. A request was sent to president of Funai for steps to be taken. The Ministério Público and the Procon de Tocantinópolis were informed. MEANS EMPLOYED: Firearm SOURCE: Letter from Anthony Veríssimo - leadership of Aldeia Areia Branca, TO - July/2008

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 79 Miscellaneous Threats Year 2008 here were 6 registered cases of miscellaneous threats in 2008. All were related to land Tconflicts. Verbal threats made to indigenous communities are often times reinforced by the presence of gunmen, who regularly walk through the villages or in the surrounding area. They approach the indigenous peoples walking on the roads or stop their cars as was the case of Nailton Muniz, Pataxó Hã-Hã-Hãe, in Bahia. In general, there is a noticeable reduction in threats and violence when a land is demarcated. However, not even the final registry and formalization of the indigenous lands eliminates the threats. As is demonstrated by the case of the Xukuru-Karai of Mata da Cafurna, who continue to receive threats from ranchers who refuse to leave the area, even after the land has been federally confirmed. One increasingly common type of threat was effected against the Xukuru people in Pernambuco: the criminalization of indigenous leaders. In 2003, 35 leaders of this people were accused of involvement in a revolt in which approximately 2,000 Xukuru participated. The multitude revolted in an uncontrollable way against a small group of their own people whose members participated in an assassination attempt against the Cacique Marcos Xukuru. The judicial processes present multiple failings and have been questioned by various human rights groups. All the same, in January of 2009, 26 of those accused were condemned to up to 10 years in prison and fines reaching R$50,000. Three indigenous people were absolved and the others await judgment, among them, Cacique Marcos. In this way, various actors in this state construe a framework of criminalization around the Xukuru and their leaders, which appears to be an attempt to fracture the organizational structure of this people, to weaken their struggle to secure their rights. MISCELLANEOUS THREATS Data of 2008 Total of cases: 6 Victims: 38 (individuals)

ALAGOAS (AL) - 1 Case(s)

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: Xukuru-Kariri INDIGENOUS LAND: MATA DA CAFURNA MUNICIPALITY: PALMEIRA DOS ÍDIOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Villages Monte Alegre, Mata da Cafurna, Cafurna de baixo DESCRIPTION: The Xukuru-Kariri indigenous people reported to the Federal Police being threatened by owners of the plantation of Monte Alegre, in territory which had been demarcated by the Union as an indigenous area. According to Cacique Chiquinho, the ex-councilor Val Basílio, already indicted in the Federal Police Operation Carranca, made threats stating that if more indigenous families came onto the plantation land that he personally would organize their forced removal. According to statement of public defender Otoniel Pinheiro, the President of the Federal of Police Union would prepare a document reporting all threats to deliver to the superintendent in office who promised to adopt measures regarding the matter. MEANS EMPLOYED: Verbal and other threats Source: Gazeta de Alagoas, 18 & 20/12/2008

BAHIA - 2 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

01/04/2008 VICTIM: Nailton Muniz PEOPLE: PATAXÓ HÃ-HÃ-HÃE INDIGENOUS LAND: CARAMURU CATARINA PARAGUAÇU MUNICIPALITY: ITAJU DO COLÔNIA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Itaju do Colônia DESCRIPTION: The Indigenous man was leaving, at dawn, for a meeting when he was surprised by gunmen who tried to prevent the passage of the vehicle. They carried large caliber weapons, 38 caliber rifles and 12 gauge shotguns. MEANS EMPLOYED: Fire arms SOURCE: Cacique Nailton Muniz Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 80

22/02/2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: PATAXÓ HÃ-HÃ-HÃE INDIGENOUS LAND: CARAMURU CATARINA PARAGUAÇU MUNICIPALITY: ILHÉUS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Ilhéus DESCRIPTION: 36 hooded men entered the area, leading a herd of 500 head of cattle and threatened to remove the indigenous people by force. The area was retaken in 2007 and is part of the indigenous land. The process to complete the settlement decision has been pending in the STF for 25 years. MEANS EMPLOYED: Invasion SOURCE: Report of Cimi, 6/03/2008

MATO GROSSO - 1 Case(s)

2008 VICTIM: Communities of MT PEOPLE: PARESI PLACE OF OCCURENCE: Mato Grosso DESCRIPTION: The indigenous people who participate in meetings of the Working Group and hearings regarding the socioeconomic ecological zoning of Mato Grosso are being intimidated by stakeholders in agribusiness, with threats that if they do not agree to their proposals they will suffer retaliations. Furthermore, these persons co-opt indigenous persons to enter into partnerships with plantation owners. There are complaints that indigenous personal information is being monitored. MEANS EMPLOYED: Verbal Aggression SOURCE: Frances Navantino (Chiquinha Paresi), 08/11/2008

PERNAMBUCO – 1 Case(s) – 37 Victim(s)

2008 /CIMI Archive VICTIM: 37 indigenous leaders y PEOPLE: XUKURU icanc p INDIGENOUS LAND: XUKURU MUNICIPALITY: PESQUEIRA y DESCRIPTION: The Xukuru people of Ororubá are experiencing persecution and

criminalization of various leaders as a Photo: Marc consequence the struggle for land. Prison terms for 37 indigenous leaders, of which 24 can be jailed at any time, and subject to fines of over R$ 50,000.00. MEANS EMPLOYED: judicial Marcos “Marquinho” Xukuru, chief of the Xukuru people in criminalization Brasília, accused of instigating to riots while testimonies SOURCE: Cimi Northeast team confirm he was asleep at the time of the events, sedated after escaping from a murder attempt which killed two of his guards. SANTA CATARINA - 1 Case(s) Persecution and criminalization of indigenous leaders is frequent especially of those who defend their lands 2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: GUARANI INDIGENOUS LAND: MASSIAMBU MUNICIPALITY: PALHOÇA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Massiambu DESCRIPTION: Though promised in 2007, the Funai has yet to install the Technical Group to identify lands without provisions. As a result, the community lives in insecurity, cannot work their gardens because the Indians live on only 4.6 ha, surrounded by private properties. They are also threatened when they pass through the properties to collect firewood and material for artisan work. The threats also affect the children, preventing them from going to the river to fish or bathe. In addition, the community cannot access public resources and projects for assistance because the public agencies insist that the land is not being regularized and thus it is not possible to develop projects. MEANS EMPLOYED: Verbal Threats SOURCE: South Cimi, Florianópolis Team

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 81 Unjustified physical injuries Year 2008 here were 6 records of intentional bodily injury in the year 2008, with 13 victims. TThe contexts are varied. There is the case of Macionílio Guerreiro who was shot by Federal Police during the eviction of a Tupinambá community in Serra do Padeiro, in Bahia. In Alagoas, José Roberto da Silva, of the Xukuru-Kariri people, had an arm severed when he tried to protect the cacique of the village in an attack. There is also record of a case of domestic violence, of a beating resulting from a fight in a bar and of a beating of an indigenous person while sleeping in a hammock on a ranch. In these three last cases the victim was gravely injured. The increase in domestic violence, primarily motivated by exaggerated consumption of alcoholic beverages, led the Karajá women of the Krehawã and other villages, in the indigenous reserve São Domingos, in Mato Grosso, to organize talks about Maria de Penha law, which seeks to inhibit domestic violence. There remains the case of Marenilde Guajajara, of the Guajajara people, who was assaulted by two non-indigenous women without apparent motive. In Maranhão, the Guajajara have been suffering, for a long time, aggressions by non-indigenous residents in the region, motivated by territorial conflicts.

UNJUSTIFIED PHYSICAL INJURIES Data of 2008 Total of cases: 6 Victims: 13 (individuals)

ALAGOAS - 1 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

07/10/2008 VICTIM: José Roberto da Silva PEOPLE: XUKURU-KARIRI PLACE OF OCCURENCE: Village Monte Alegre - Xukuru Kariri DESCRIPTION: The victim had his arm cut off while trying to save the cacique of the village. According to information, the accused came to kill the cacique and attacked the victim who sought to defend him. MEANS EMPLOYED: knife SOURCE: Home Page Alagoas Real Time, 07/10/2008

MARANHÃO - 1 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

2008 VICTIM: Marenilde Guajajara PEOPLE: GUAJAJARA INDIGENOUS LAND: ARARIBÓIA MUNICIPALITY: AMARANTE DO MARANHÃO PLACE OF OCCURENCE: LAGOA QUIETA DESCRIPTION: Two women attacked the victim without any apparent reason. MEANS EMPLOYED: beating SOURCE: Staff Cimi-Grajau/MA

MATO GROSSO DO SUL - 1 Case (s) - 8 Victim(s)

17/06/2008 VICTIM: Eight men PEOPLE: TERENA INDIGENOUS LAND: PILAD REBUÁ MUNICIPALITY: MIRANDA PLACE OF OCCURENCE: Villages and Moreira Passarinho - Terena Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 82 DESCRIPTION: Confrontation between police and indigenous during an eviction. The Indians claim the ownership of 55 hectares of the Boa Sorte ranch (fazenda). The police used tear gas bombs and rubber bullets. Eight indigenous people were injured. MEANS EMPLOYED: Rubber Bullets SOURCE: O Estado de S. Paulo, 19/06/2008

MATO GROSSO - 1 Case (s) - 1 Victim(s)

07/09/2008 VICTIM: Diereru Karajá PEOPLE: KARAJÁ MUNICIPALITY: LUCIARA PLACE OF OCCURENCE: Aldeia Krehawa DESCRIPTION: The Indigenous woman has been the victim of successive violence practiced by her husband. In the last instance, drunk and jealous, he beat her leaving her seriously injured. MEANS EMPLOYED: Beating SOURCE: Haruhi Karajá

TOCANTINS - 2 Case(s) - 2 Victim(s)

13/11/2008 VICTIM: Augusto Kurarrá Karajá PEOPLE: KARAJÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: XAMBIOÁ MUNICIPALITY: SANTA FE DO ARAGUIA PLACE OF OCCURENCE: Araguaína DESCRIPTION: The victim, after having ingested alcohol lay on the hammock in a country house known as Casa de Índio. The accused, a non-indigenous married to an indigenous woman, arrived offending the indigenous and without opportunity for defense assaulted the victim with punches that caused his collapse. He was rescued and hospitalized in a hospital in the city. MEANS EMPLOYED: Physical and verbal aggression SOURCE: The victim themselves

AUGUST/2008 VICTIM: Expedito Xerente PEOPLE: XERENTE INDIGENOUS LAND: XERENTE MUNICIPALITY: TOCANTINIA PLACE OF OCCURENCE: Aldeia Paraíso DESCRIPTION: The victim, accompanied by a group of indigenous and non-Indians, was drinking in a bar. There was a fight and the indigenous man was beaten and abandoned without medical attention for three hours. The Pole Base was informed and provided his removal to the hospital, in serious condition. MEANS EMPLOYED: Beating SOURCE: Family of the victim; Cimi Regional GO / TO

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Abuse of Power Year 2008 ompared to the previous years, the year 2008 presented in increase in the number of C reported cases of abuse of power. In 2006 there were 12 cases, in 2007 there were 2, and in 2008, 19. It is a phenomenon that occurs throughout the country. There are records of different state organs, whose representatives abuse their power, like the Federal, Military and Highway Police, the IBAMA, FUNASA and the Army. The denunciations about the police are more frequent. Generally, in the reports, the abuse of power by the police is associated with violent actions. We call attention to cases in Bahia, Pernambuco, Roraima and in Rio Grande do Sul. In Bahia, the Tupinambá were victims of four violent police actions. The first, an operation to find Cacique Babau, criminalized for leading the struggle for land in the region of the village Serra do Padeiro. The police stopped a FUNASA car that was transporting a pregnant woman and women with recently born babies. They arrested the two men who were in the vehicle and took them to jail. Afterwards, one of them, the brother of Tupinambá chief Babau needed to be taken to the hospital due to the aggressions suffered at the police station. The women that had been transported in the car had to walk 20 kilometers to return to the village. The other violent police action was the eviction of a community that sought to complete a reintegration of possession. In the operation the police used bombs with moral effect, destroyed homes, furniture, the school and gardens. Cars used for school transport were also destroyed. In Pernambuco, two policemen arrested a Truká youngster using physical and verbal aggression. Another Truká youngster was detained by police and taken, under verbal aggression, to jail. He alleges not having committed the crimes reported by police. Photos: reproduction of video images of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul

The police on various occasions abuse of their power, like in this case, an eviction of an indigenous community in Rio Grande do Sul

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 84

In Tocantins, police also verbally maltreated and slapped an indigenous person in a blitz, and apprehended his motorcycle. In Roraima, one case surprises because of the apparent inversion of values. A group of 7 indigenous were inspecting the Caracaranã lake, within the indigenous area Raposa Serra do Sol, to denounce the entry of tourists. They were detained and revisited by officers of the Federal Police, who arrested the coordinator of the Indigenous Counsel of Roraima (CIR) in the region, the Tuxaua Clodomir Malheiros, for supposedly carrying an illegal arm. The Military Police, in Rio Grande do Sul, acted in an exaggerated and unnecessary violent manner in the eviction and dispossession of four Guarani Mbya families, most of them women and children, camped at the side of the road. The police arrived heavily armed, in three SUVs, terrifying the children and women.

ABUSE OF POWER Data of 2008 Total of cases: 19 Victims: 77 (individuals)

AMAZONAS - 3 Case(s) - 4 Victim(s)

JUN/2008 VICTIM: Community Tukano, Tuyuka Community, Tariano Community PEOPLE: TUKANO INDIGENOUS LAND: SEVERAL MUNICIPALITY: MANAUS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE Manaus DESCRIPTION: A group of indigenous artists of various ethnicities, participants in the Indigenous Fair Pu-Kaá, protest the four month delay in the payment of funds by the Municipal Secretary of Culture. The claim of the Secretariat is lack of funds and problems in the documentation of the group. The president of the OAB Amazonas, Sergio Salazar, says the way the Department of Culture has been treating the artists is a form of disrespect, besides the noncompliance of the contractual obligations. MEANS EMPLOYED: Delay of payment SOURCE: A Critique / AM, 6/06/2008

6/10/2008 VICTIM: A.O.S., E.S.O., M.S.Q. PEOPLE: APURINÃ INDIGENOUS LAND: LAMI MUNICIPALITY: BOCA DO ACRE PLACE OF OCCURRENCE Km 45 – Apurinã DESCRIPTION: The Indians were arrested accused of having thrown stones at a police car. They deny the accusation. The Funai was informed and freed them. Two were processed. MEANS EMPLOYED: Illegal imprisonment SOURCE: Head of the Funai Post of Boca do Acre / AM

JANUARY/2008 VICTIM: IRACEMA YAWANAWÁ PEOPLE: YAWANAWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DESALDEADOS MUNICIPALITY: MANAUS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE Manaus DESCRIPTION: The woman had been working for over a year as a domestic worker in a family house. The employment card had not been signed and she earns R$ 50.00 per month (some 20 euros), food and old clothes for her children. She feels exploited and alleges being subject to a situation of slavery. SOURCE: A Gazette / AC, 11/01/2008

BAHIA - 4 Case(s) - 13 Victim(s)

20/10/2008 VICTIM: Jurandir, Nildo José Barbosa PEOPLE: TUPINAMBÁ DE OLIVENÇIA INDIGENOUS LAND: TUPINAMBÁ DE OLIVENÇIA Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 85 MUNICIPALITY: BUERAREMA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Serra do Padeiro DESCRIPTION: In search of the cacique Babau, federal police arrested Jurandir, brother of the cacique, and José Nildo Barbosa who were driving a Funasa car to bring some women from the city to the indigenous village. Among them were two women with newborn children and one who was pregnant. The women were taken back to Buararema and released at the city hall. They had to walk the 20 kilometers back to the village. Jurandir was taken to the Federal Police headquarters in Ilhéus and, according to indigenous information, he was assaulted and later taken to the hospital to be treated for injuries. MEANS EMPLOYED: Illegal imprisonment SOURCE: Staff Itabuna Cimi- “Newsletter / Boletim “Mundo” No. 839

23/10/2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: TUPINAMBÁ DE OLIVENÇIA INDIGENOUS LAND: TUPINAMBÁ DE OLIVENÇIA MUNICIPALITY: BUERAREMA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Serra do Padeiro DESCRIPTION: The police carried out an eviction order with exaggerated violence. The officers threw bombs with moral effects, they invaded homes, broke furniture, destroyed a primary school, gardens and agricultural tools of the community and burned cacao groves. Cars for school transport were also destroyed. MEANS EMPLOYED: unnecessary violence and agressions SOURCE: Community Tupinambá, teachers and students,24/10/2008

20/10/2008 VICTIM: Marcionilio Alves Guerreiro, Jurandir Ferreira, Rosilvado Ferreira PEOPLE: TUPINAMBÁ DE OLIVENÇIA INDIGENOUS LAND: TUPINAMBÁ DE OLIVENÇIA MUNICIPALITY: BUERAREMA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Serra do Padeiro DESCRIPTION: The Indigenous people were wounded by rubber bullets fired by federal police. The officers entered the indigenous area without identification, according to them, to observe the place to mount a strategy of removal of the indigenous from the retaken areas. MEANS EMPLOYED: Firearms SOURCE: Cimi Staff Itabuna

20/10/2008 VICTIM: Edvaldo Santos, Maria da Glória, Fulgêncio Felisberto, Anezil Dias de Oliveira, Luciano, Ivonice Silva Barbosa, José Francisco, Ueilton Silva Santos PEOPLE: TUPINAMBÁ DE OLIVENCIA INDIGENOUS LAND: TUPINAMBÁ DE OLIVENCIA MUNICIPALITY: BUERAREMA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Serra do Padeiro DESCRIPTION: The Indians were wounded by rubber bullets fired by federal police, when they invaded the community of Sierra Padeiro with the justification to carry out a court order to arrest Cacique Rosivaldo Ferreira (Babau). MEANS EMPLOYED: Firearms SOURCE: Equipe Itabuna Cimi

CEARÁ - 1 Case(s) - 2 Victim(s)

06/08/2008 VICTIM: Felipe Rodrigues Gomes, José Wellington Alves Rodrigues PEOPLE: KARIRI INDIGENOUS LAND: KARIRI-XOKÓ MUNICIPALITY: CRATEÚS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Crateús DESCRIPTION: The two Indigenous men were anonymously accused of robbing the medical case of a doctor of a clinic near his home. They were arrested without any evidence, by the military police, that on the occasion did not present authorization. Their entire house was searched and nothing found. The officers threatened the boys innuendo of torture. Arriving at the precinct they humiliated and insulted the two victims with discriminatory speech. The Indigenous youths denied the accusation throughout. There was a demonstration by relatives and friends. There is no news that the aggressors have been arrested. The family requested that three attorneys would go to the police station and military police admitted that the accused were innocent. MEANS EMPLOYED: Illegal imprisonment SOURCE: Staff Cimi / NE - Poranga; Cristina KARIRI Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 86

GOIAS - 1 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

June/2008 VICTIM: Dorvalino Borges PEOPLE: TAPUIA INDIGENOUS LAND: CARRETÃO I MUNICIPALITY: NOVA AMERICA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Village Carretão DESCRIPTION: After several complaints about poor service and terrible condition of the vehicle transporting patients, leaders seized a Funasa car that had broken down 10 days earlier and informed the Federal Public Ministry. The local coordinator of the FUNASA intimidated Cacique Dorvalino and the community, saying that from that date on the doors of Funasa were closed for the Tapuia people. MEANS EMPLOYED: Verbal Aggression SOURCE: Cacique

MATO GROSSO - 1 Case(s) - 40 Victim(s)

06/03/2008 VICTIM: Men - 40 PEOPLE: ENAWENÊ-NAWÊ INDIGENOUS LAND: ENAWENÊ-NAWÊ MUNICIPALITY: JUIN PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Juin DESCRIPTION: The Enaweê-Nawê were engaged in a fishing ritual, in their traditional territory, fulfilling an obligation to the spirits (Yakariti). They were surprised by a group of armed local land owners (fazendeiros), accompanied by military police, that arrived guns in hand. There was uproar and the children that accompanied the parents ran to the forest or dove into the river. The group of adults was insulted and told that the producers and the police would soon return to the site and if still there, would use force to expel them. The Indigenous explained that they build their dam every year, hold their ceremonial fishing, and the end of the period always deobstruct the river. They questioned the fact of the aggressors being armed, as they were only fishing, did not want problems and were not criminals. Even four hours after the Enawenê-Nawê had left the area, several gunshots were heard. The creation of Funai Working Group for a review of the Enawenê-Nawê area resulted in a belligerent climate among the owners in the region. MEANS EMPLOYED: Firearms SOURCE: Writing 24horasNews, 11/03/2008; Clipping of the 6a.CCR MPF, 20/03/2008

PARÁ - 1 Case(s)

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: KURUAYA INDIGENOUS LAND: KURUAYA MUNICIPALITY: ALTAMIRA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Altamira DESCRIPTION: Indigenous people of the region known as Tamanduá were fishing for ornamental fishes in the Xingu River, where their activity is considered legal. Nevertheless, their equipment was apprehended, including diving equipment and the fish that had been caught was released by the Ibama inspectors. All this represents a loss of R$ 5.400,-. The Tamanduá sell their fish to a company that is registered with the Ibama, and with that income the fishermen legally sustain their families. One piece of equipment seized was an oxygen compressor, which according to the indigenous, was "bought with much sacrifice." The victims reported that the use of such equipment is not illegal and allows more time for the divers to select the species more carefully, avoiding indiscriminate fishing and exploration of the fauna. Ibama Officials in the area claimed that the federal government recently created an Extractive Reserve, with certain limitations. It turns out that nobody knows where it starts or ends and in addition to this, the indigenous and traditional people of the region were never asked their opinion on the creation of this reservation, so there has not been any type of identification in this respect. MEANS EMPLOYED: seizure of fishing equipment SOURCE: O Liberal / PA, 17/08/2008

PERNAMBUCO - 2 Case(s) - 2 Victim(s)

27/01/2008 VICTIM: Adolescent Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 87 PEOPLE: TRUKÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: TRUKÁ MUNICIPALITY: CABROBO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Jatobazeiro-Island N.Sra.Assunção DESCRIPTION: The father of the victim says his son was arrested by three police officers in a regular, non- police car of unknown ownership. The police invaded the village and approached the young man. Asked who his father was, he responded and was beaten. They arrested the boy alleging that he was an unqualified minor driving a motorcycle without obligatory documentation. The motorcycle belongs to the father of the victim who explained that there is an agreement of the Secretaria de Defesa Social of Pernambuco, Federal Police, Prosecutor and the Local Judiciary that the indigenous people would not be subject to Transit Code penalties when within indigenous lands. They arrested the adolescent, and forced him to write a statement saying he was intoxicated. MEANS EMPLOYED: Illegal arrest and intimidation SOURCE: Letter from the indigenous Ailson dos Santos – Yssô Truká, 06/02/2008

27/01/2008 VICTIM: Adilson dos Santos - Yssô Truká PEOPLE: TRUKÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: TRUKÁ MUNICIPALITY: CABROBO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Jatobazeiro Village, Ilha N.Sra.Assunção DESCRIPTION: The Battalion commander of the Military Police sent three police cars to surround the car of the victim. The indigenous man was accused by the MP of a crime that he denies having committed. After verbal aggression they arrested him and took the victim to jail for one night alleging he was intoxicated, which the indigenous man denied, as he was taking anti-allergy medication. They insisted alleging that indigenous are not allowed to drink and that when they find Indigenous drinking they should be arrested. A motorcycle and the car were seized. MEANS EMPLOYED: Verbal Aggression, illegal arrest and emprisonment SOURCE: Letter from the victim, Ailson dos Santos - Yssô Truká, 06/02/2008

RONDÔNIA - 2 Case(s) - 3 Victim(s)

SEPTEMBER/2008 VICTIM Pedro Aruá PEOPLE: ARUÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: RIO GUAPORÉ MUNICIPALITY: GUAJARÁ-MIRIM PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Guajará-Mirim DESCRIPTION: The Indigenous man, who has a visual impairment, had fallen and was unable to walk. He was sent to the Casa do Indio (Casai), where he remained for several months. He constantly received visits from grandchildren. At the last visit they found the grandfather was not there and had been transferred to the house for the elderly, without the permission of the family. MEANS EMPLOYED: Unauthorized transfer of an indigenous person SOURCE: Valderino Aruá (grandson of the victim)

27/03/2008 VICTIM: Redemblingue Laia da Silva, Apolinario Laia da Silva PEOPLE KUJUBIM INDIGENOUS LAND: RIO CAUTÁRIO MUNICIPALITY: COSTA MARQUES PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Costa Marques DESCRIPTION: The brothers were surprised by soldiers who arrived in a Toyota, holding them at gun point and accusing them of being intruders and drug traffickers. The soldiers invaded the house, turned mattresses around and prevented the residents from entering their home. Ibama was called, which seized the indigenous’ rifles and accused them of selling forest pork, for which they were fined R $1500,-. One of the accused had to pay R$ 415,- bail besides being summoned to appear in the state court. MEANS EMPLOYED: Firearms SOURCE: Victims; Pe.João Picart and Cimi Staff - Guajará Mirim / RO

RORAIMA - 1 Case(s) - 7 Victim(s)

JANUARY/2008 VICTIM Clodomir Malheiros and 6 more indigenous INDIGENOUS LAND: RAPOSA / SERRA DO SOL

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 88 MUNICIPALITY: BOA VISTA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Raposa / Serra do Sol DESCRIPTION: An indigenous group of seven people were inspecting the outskirts of Lake Caracaranã, where there are weekly tourist excursions. This is located within the indigenous land Raposa Serra do Sol. Indigenous communities neither accept nor take part in these activities, which usually result in disorderly conduct, vehicles, drinking of alcohol and leaving trash in the area. After complaints against the Indians, carried on television by federal deputy Marcio Junqueira, several teams of Military Police, the Highway and Federal Police went to the site. The Indigenous group, having completed their inspection work, decided to return to inform the police about what was happening. The PF searched the Indians, held all of them and arrested the Regional Coordinator of the Raposa region, tuxaua (chief) Clodomir Malheiros accusing him of being armed. However, he had only one bullet in his pocket, without weapons. He was taken to Boa Vista and was interrogated until dawn. In the end the PF arrested the Tuxaua for possession of ammunition and sent him to the Agricultural Penitentiary Monte Cristo, in Boa Vista. This fact shows, in addition to the abuse power, the total lack of guarantee of land rights won by the peoples of Raposa Serra do Sol. EMPLOYED MEANS: Illegal Imprisonment SOURCE: Ventura Luis Fernandez / Cimi

RIO GRANDE DO SUL - 1 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

1/07/2008 VICTIM Santiago Franco PEOPLE: GUARANI MBYA INDIGENOUS LAND: PONTAL MUNICIPALITY: ELDORADO DO SUL PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Guarani (Eldorado do Sul) DESCRIPTION: Four families were camped beside the road, near the Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Fepagro), when military police, heavily armed, arriving in riot vehicles to remove them from the site. The majority of the persons were women and children, who were very scared. Cacique Santiago Franco was handcuffed. The eviction action was in compliance with the court order for reintegration of possession issued by the judge Luciane Di Domenico at the request of Fepagro. MEANS EMPLOYED: Police Repression SOURCE: Cimi Newsletter No. 823 - July/2008; Deposition of indigenous Santiago Franco, 2/7/08

SÃO PAULO - 1 Case(s) - 3 Victim(s)

25/08/2008 VICTIM Sidnei Pereira das Neves, Júlio Marcos da Silva, José Alípio Guimarães PEOPLE: XAKRIABÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: XAKRIABA MUNICIPALITY: PONTAL PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Pontal DESCRIPTION: The cane cutters demand readjustment in minimum wage and an increase in the amount paid by metric ton of cane to $ 0.20, which varies from R$ 0.08 to R$ 0.13. They also ask that the plants create committees to gauge the measuring of sugar cane cut, because documentation shows that fraud or errors in measuring to the detriment of the workers are common. They protested in front the offices of the workers union and in an ensuing confrontation between Military police and the workers, three indigenous of the Xakriabá people were arrested, and only released at the end of afternoon. MEANS EMPLOYED: Arrest SOURCE: Folha de S. Paulo, 26/08/2008; 6a.CCR of MPF,20/10/2008, Ag.Popular, nov/08

TOCANTINS - 1 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

12/06/2008 VICTIM: Ranulfo Xerente PEOPLE: XERENTE INDIGENOUS LAND: XERENTE MUNICIPALITY: TOCANTINIA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Tocantínia DESCRIPTION: The indigenous man was stopped in a police blitz which seized his motorcycle. He was attacked both verbally and with slapping. Taken to the police station without knowing the reason, he was soon released but the bike was detained for two days even though documentation was complete and correct. MEANS EMPLOYED: Physical and verbal aggression SOURCE: The victim

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 89

Racism and ethno-cultural discrimination Year 2008 ndigenous peoples face forms of prejudice, discrimination, and racism on a daily basis. IBecause it is so commonplace the majority of incidents are not reported, making the 2008 period difficult to evaluate as the registry of 16 cases is extremely limited. An example of this day-today reality is the report by a Cimi missionary in Tocantins. She saw two indigenous women in a hospital in Tocantins – one of them holding a child running a high fever – waiting while later arrivals received consultation before them. Another missionary from the same region witnessed a similar situation in a supermarket where employees ignored a Karajá woman, instead helping other customers. Aspects of daily life such as these go unreported. The 16 cases in this report represent more severe aggressions registered or reported. One bank agency, of the Caixa Econômica Federal (CEF), in Campo Grande, denied maternity aid to Marilu Basiliu, of the Terena people, telling her to “return with a white people’s ID”. This contravened the Term of Adjustment of Conduct signed by the CEF and the Federal Public Ministry regarding the documents expedited by FUNAI to the indigenous. In Rio de Janeiro a metro security guard impeded entry of three Pataxó, saying, “Indian do not enter here”. Even within the upper level school environment discriminatory behavior is expressed as a case in Tocantins illustrates. Various students, using loud speakers, offended the indigenous stating that they would not accept any in indigenous students at the university any longer. In Campo Grande two students distributed pamphlets with phrasing such as, “Indians have to live in the forest because they transmit diseases”. They were also verbally aggressive with an indigenous Terena woman. She tried twice to report the incident, but agents of the Unidade Mista de Segurança Pública refused to register alleging that, “it was nothing”. In 2008, considerable attention should be given to the media. Throughout the country media have been conveying text with prejudicial content. For example, O Progresso, a newspaper in Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, published an article by lawyer Issac Duarte de Barros Junior, in which he called indians “vagrant agitators”, among other offenses, comparing them to assailants and thieves. Journal de Brasilia published and article by Cláudio Humberto, containing the following terms: “With their clubs and old scam, blackmailing and extorting government employees”. Prejudice, racism and hatred toward the indigenous peoples appeared in most explicit form in reader’s letters-to-the-editor, published by newspapers. One reader expressing opinion on the Raposa Serra do Sol court case stated that the indigenous peoples speak “a language that not even

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 90 illiterates use”; another wrote that the indigenous “don´t plant anything, not even a leave of grass”. The anonymity of the internet facilitates brutal expression of anti-indigenous sentiment. An example of this were the many reactions to the balanced and factual reporting by journalist Altino Machado in Terra Magazine, regarding uncontacted indigenous peoples living in the state of Acre who are threatened by the advance of loggers. Readers left messages like: “They are a wretched example of no growth and anti-progress. (…) Leave them in the forest eating their little vermin and insects because they will never adapt to our world. (…) Born a tramp die a tramp! (…) The season of hunting indians has opened.” Even within the very houses of Parliament in the capital Brasilia prejudice and racism was demonstrated. Federal representative Jair Bolsonaro (PP), of Roraima, told Jacinaldo Barbosa of the Sataré Mawé that he “needs to go outside and eat some grass to maintain his origins”.

RACISM AND ETHNO-CULTURAL DISCRIMINATION Data of 2008 Total of cases: 19 Victims: 77 (individuals)

ACRE - 1 Case(s)

23 AND 24 MAY VICTIM: Isolated Indigenous Group MUNICIPALITY: RIO BRANCO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Border of Acre with Peru DESCRIPTION: After the release of the first images of Indians living in isolation on the frontier of Acre with Peru, readers of the Terra Magazine site made discriminatory remarks against these indigenous. Posted on the site were messages with the following titles and content: ”The indian’s place is in the forest: It may seem that I am exaggerating, but history shows that the Indian is only good for films of the past and the role of villains and as an example of vagabonds. They are a wretched example of non-growth and anti-progress. It leads nowhere to treat the Indians to cake. Leave them to eat their little vermin and insects because they will never adjust to our world. Give them small lots of land to prevent them from planting marijuana and other drugs that they know all too well. One who is born a tramp dies a tramp!" Another reader wrote: "Open the season of the hunt on the indigenous: If the government does not want to integrate these specimens into society then stop protecting them and put them on the list of animals. In this way they can be hunted as they have no other utility." Another reader posted the following message: "Bums: I hate Indians To me they are bunch of bum cocaine growers it is an absurdity leaving our borders in the hands of the useless. The army should occupy these territories because there are foreign researchers stealing our biodiversity and patenting our wealth the weight of gold." MEANS EMPLOYED: biased statements on the Internet SOURCE: Terra Magazine, 23/05/2008

ALAGOAS - 1 Case(s)

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: KATOKIM INDIGENOUS LAND: KATOKIM MUNICIPALITY: PARICONHA DESCRIPTION: The Katokim People are located in the upper Sertão of Alagoas, municipality of Pariconha, with a population of about 1288 people. In 2002 they assumed the struggle for recovery of the traditional territory and rights to specific and differentiated public policies. They are a people profoundly discriminated against by the local population, most and for all because their primary leader (cacique) is a woman, Maria das Graças (Nina). Tired of demanding demarcation by the government agencies, assistance in education, health and agricultural projects, decided to reoccupy part of the territory claimed on 16 February 2002, with about 60.000 square meters. The persecution and discrimination increased significantly. An example the facts that occurred in recent days: the traditional grass houses were the target of stoning by city residents and the Katokim received threats and name calling by a former occupant of the land. MEANS EMPLOYED: Threats and name calling SOURCE: Northeast Regional Cimi

BAHIA - 1 Case(s) Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 91

25/08/2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: PATAXÓ INDIGENOUS LAND: BARRA VELHA MUNICIPALITY: PORTO SEGURO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Barra Velha DESCRIPTION: Criticizing the federal government's indigenous policy on study for expansion of the indigenous reserve of Barra Velha, and defending businesses in the area of civil construction, the journalist refers to Indians as "con artists, habituated to promoting invasion, extortion." MEANS EMPLOYED: Press SOURCE: Jornal de Brasília, 25/08/2008

FEDERAL DISTRICT - 1 Case(s)

23/09/2008 VICTIM: Indigenous peoples in Brazil PEOPLE: All of the people INDIGENOUS LAND: All MUNICIPALITY: Brasilia PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Jornal de Brasilia DESCRIPTION: Commenting on the creation of the Secretaria de Atenção Primária, referring to indigenous health care, the journalist expressed thus: "The creation of the Secretaria de Atenção Primária in practice ends with the FUNASA and leads the Indians to the Ministry of Health, near the Congress and the Planalto. With their clubs and old scam, blackmailing and extorting government employees." MEANS EMPLOYED: Biased statements in the press SOURCE: Jornal de Brasília / DF, 23/09/2008

MATO GROSSO DO SUL - 5 Case(s) - 2 Victim(s)

27/12/2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Laranjeira Nhanderu DESCRIPTION: In the article "Indians and retrogression," published in the newspaper O Progresso, the journalist disqualifies the indigenous community, calling the Indigenous "agitators, loafers," and other offenses, and comparing them to thieves and robbers, for their claim to lands that are traditionally indigenous. MEANS EMPLOYED: Biased statements in the press SOURCE: Cimi / MS, O Progresso of 27/12/2008, Dourados / MS

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: TERENA INDIGENOUS LAND: TAUNAY / IPEGUE MUNICIPALITY: MIRANDA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Miranda DESCRIPTION: The indigenous community is angry over the broadcast of a program for electoral propaganda. A coalition headed by the PMDB has created in their radio program a character named "Shadow" which makes pejorative comments about the Aquidauana indigenous community. By means of the character, the radio broadcaster suggested that the Indians could sell their votes for food because they are going hungry in the villages. MEANS EMPLOYED: Radio Program SOURCE: pantanalnews, 08/09/2008

11/11/2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ MUNICIPALITY: CAMPO GRANDE PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Campo Grande DESCRIPTION: The accused distributed leaflets, the text of which disqualifies indigenous peoples saying that the indigenous lands, if demarcated, represent a risk to the sovereignty of Brazil. MEANS EMPLOYED: discriminatory statements SOURCE: Folha da Recovê

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 92 10/11/2008 VICTIM: Joyner Santana Alcantara PEOPLE: TERENA MUNICIPALITY: CAMPO GRANDE DESCRIPTION: Two people were pamphleting students for a mobilization against the Indian Statute speaking pejorative phrases like "Indians have to live in the forest, because they transmit diseases. " Knowing that there was an indigenous woman in the group, the aggressors began yelling at her, humiliating her in front of everyone. The woman tried twice to denounce this case at the Mixed Unit for Public Safety and the officers refused to attend saying what happened "was nothing." The victim sought the Funai in Campo Grande and the Center for Defense of Human Rights. The case had to be reported to Federal prosecutors, seeking clarification on the attitude of the police and punishing those responsible for the aggression. MEANS EMPLOYED: verbal aggression and discrimination SOURCE: Miriam Terena

02/01/2008 VICTIM: Marilu Basiliu MUNICIPALITY: CAMPO GRANDE PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Urban Village in Campo Grande DESCRIPTION: The Indigenous woman went to the Caixa Economica Federal to receive maternity aid, and did not succeed. According to her, the official said “come back when you have an ID as the white people have." Besides being discriminatory, the attitude violates a term of Adjustment of Conduct-TAC that Caixa signed with the Federal Public Ministry to acceptance of the indigenous document issued by the Funai. MEANS EMPLOYED: prejudice SOURCE: O Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, 03/01/2008

RIO DE JANEIRO - 1 Case(s) - 3 Victim(s)

JANUARY/2008 VICTIM: Three men PEOPLE: PATAXÓ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: RIO DE JANEIRO DESCRIPTION: Three Indians, including the nephew of the indigenous man Galdino Pataxó (who was burnt to death by four middle class youngsters in 1997, in Brasília) were barred on the subway Cantagalo, Rio de Janeiro. The security guard of the subway claimed that there "Indians do not enter." The Indians were in the city to participate in lectures. The director of the subway attempted to circumvent the situation offering a car with air conditioning to take them. The Indians refused the offer. MEANS EMPLOYED: Verbal Aggression SOURCE: O Globo / RJ, 7/01/2008

RONDÔNIA - 1 Case(s)

26/08/2008 VICTIM: Students and teacher PEOPLE: TUPARÍ INDIGENOUS LAND: RIO BRANCO MUNICIPALITY: Alta Floresta d'Oeste PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Alta Floresta d'Oeste DESCRIPTION: The educational advisor with the objective of evaluating the performance of indigenous teachers in the classroom, and not knowing the Tupari language, prohibited the teacher from using the indigenous language in their lessons. MEANS EMPLOYED: Cultural Discrimination SOURCE: RO-Cimi Regional Team of Rio Branco and Kwazá

RORAIMA - 3 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

15/05/2008 VICTIM: Jecinaldo Barbosa PEOPLE: SATERÉ-MAWÉ INDIGENOUS LAND: RAPOSA / SERRA DO SOL PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Chamber of Deputies (Brasília-DF) DESCRIPTION: In a debate in the Federal House, Brasília, on the demarcation of the land Raposa / Serra do Sol, Deputy Jair Bolsonaro of the Partido Popular, referring to his opponent, the indigenous leader Jacinaldo Barbosa, said that "he should go outside and eat grass out there to maintain their origins." MEANS EMPLOYED: Speech in the Federal Chamber Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 93 SOURCE: Folhaonline, 15/05/2008

08/12/2008 VICTIM: Indigenous Peoples of Roraima INDIGENOUS LAND: RAPOSA / SERRA DO SOL MUNICIPALITY: Boa Vista PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Boa Vista DESCRIPTION: On the judgment of the legality of demarcation procedure for the indigenous land Raposa Serra do Sol, the governor of Roraima, José Anchieta Junior, made prejudiced statements against the peoples from that area. He told the newspaper O Globo among other things: "It is easy to control the Iindians. If he has fever, give you an AAS or a Cibalena [kind of asprin], problem solved"; “They want to remove the Brazilians from the border area and leave only the Indians." [Implying that indigenous people are not Brazilian citizens]. MEANS EMPLOYED: Biased Statements SOURCE: O Globo, 09/12/2008

APRIL 2008 VICTIM: Indigenous Peoples of Roraima INDIGENOUS LAND: RAPOSA / SERRA DO SOL DESCRIPTION: In the context of the debate around the Supreme Court case on legality of the demarcation procedure for the Indigenous Land Raposa Serra do Sol, readers of the newspaper O Estado de São Paulo made prejudiced statements against people from that land. Statements loaded with misinformation and prejudice "... and transfer an immensity of hectares to the indigenous exclusively, who do not plant even a blade of grass, is a major inversion of values", "the anthropologist maintain the utopia in which the Indians prefer to continue walking around nude, hunting wild animals and speaking language that not even illiterates use." MEANS EMPLOYED: Biased Statements SOURCE: O Estado de S. Paulo

RIO GRANDE DO SUL - 1 Case(s)

2008 VICTIM: Indigenous Community PEOPLE: Kaingang INDIGENOUS LAND: MORRO DO OSSO MUNICIPALITY: PORTO ALEGRE DESCRIPTION: The Kaingang occupied the Natural Park of Morro do Osso in 2004. When the Indians undertook the occupation, much of the area was destined for construction of luxury condominiums. Studies by researchers at UFRS proved that the Indians historically inhabited this region. Proofs of this are the ancient archaeological sites and indigenous cemeteries. In 2006, the Regional Federal Court (TRF) assured the Indigenous the right to remain in the area and order that the Funai proceed with the anthropological studies. Since then the Funai is promising the creation of the Technical Group, extending the deadline until September 2008. Until now, this term was not fulfilled. Consequently, the community has been suffering prejudice and discrimination from the middle and upperclass people living around Morro do Osso. MEANS EMPLOYED: Cultural discrimination SOURCE: South Cimi - Staff Porto Alegre

TOCANTINS - 1 Case(s)

16/11/2008 VICTIM: students of university entrance course MUNICIPALITY: PALMAS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Campus of the Lutheran University of Brazil DESCRIPTION: During the entrance examinations for the UFT, which were held on the campus of ULBRA, academics from the Medical department were on hand to receive the examinees, and with them also an indigenous medical academic. At one point, members of the Athletic Association from the Course in Medicine, who announced their course by means of loudspeakers, passed to address those taking the entrance exam, referring to the indigenous people and affirmative policies of the university (quota system) with offensive and prejudiced speech in a type of "war cry." They exclaimed that the Indians should be removed from their pathways and that they no longer tolerated at the UFT those who belonged to these people. MEANS EMPLOYED: Verbal Aggression SOURCE: Academic - Course in Medicine, Wilses Tapajós; Cimi Regional GO / TO

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 94 Sexual Violence 2008 s in many areas of human rights reporting, the limited numbers have little relation to the A reality and are representative of the lack of denunciation and reporting. These six cases of sexual violence involve nine victims. Three attempted rapes, a case of sexual abuse of three children (two girls 13 and 7, and boy of 6 years), and 2 cases of rape involving children. It is known that in many indigenous areas there is sexual contact between indigenous minors and tourists, residents of the region and people passing through, like truck drivers. It is poverty and lack of access to work and wages of these families that leads minors to seek money through prostitution. SEXUAL VIOLENCE Data of 2008 Total of cases: 6 Victims: 9 (individuals)

AMAZONAS - 1 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

29/03/2008 VICTIM: Adolescent PEOPLE: MUNDURUKU INDIGENOUS LAND: MUNDURUKU PLACE OF OCCCURRENCE: Munduruku da Nova Olinda DESCRIPTION: The adolescent had accepted a ride on the motorcycle of the aggressor, who explained that he was a member of the city council, which is why she trusted him. When on the road she perceived his intention of violating her, so she jumped off the motorcycle as a result of which she twisted her foot. The friend who tried to help her was assaulted by the accused. MEANS EMPLOYED: Attempted rape SOURCE: A Critique / AM, 07/04/2008

BAHIA - 1 Case (s) - 3 Victim(s)

01/12/2008 VICTIM: Three children PEOPLE: PATAXÓ INDIGENOUS LAND: COROA VERMELHA MUNICIPALITY: SANTA CRUZ CABRAL PLACE OF OCCCURRENCE: COROA VERMELHA DESCRIPTION: The children, two girls, one of 13 and one 7 years, and a boy of 6 years were found walking on the highway BR-367 between Porto Seguro and Eunápolis. Taken to Police Station they stated that a man offered a ride when they were at a bus stop and then took them to a deserted road. According to the testimony of the victims they were victims of sexual abuse. MEANS EMPLOYED: Rape SOURCE: A Tarde / BA

MATO GROSSO DO SUL – 4 Case(s) - 5 Victim(s)

25/09/2008 VICTIM: Child PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: GUASUTY MUNICIPALITY: ARAL MOREIRA PLACE OF OCCCURRENCE: Village Guasuty DESCRIPTION: According to Civil Police, the girl was working in the company of her parents in a corn harvest, on a ranch (fazenda) near the village. When she left her parents and headed toward their house she was pursued by the accused who also worked in the same place. MEANS EMPLOYED: Rape SOURCE: Campo Grande News, 25/09/2008

25/10/2008 VICTIM: Child

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 95 PEOPLE: GUARANI Kaiowá INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCCURRENCE: DOURADOS DESCRIPTION: The accused approached the victim when she was going home. He offered a ride, but somewhere down the road, stopped, descended, forced the girl to a thicket and sexually abused her. His wife discovered the act in flagrant, but the accused fled. A health official said that families are disoriented in such cases. Often the victims are without medical assistance and do not receive kits against sexually transmitted diseases because many do not know how to register complaints with the police. MEANS EMPLOYED: Rape SOURCE: Douradosagora, O Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, 20/10/2008

22/11/2008 VICTIM: Child PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: AMAMBAÍ MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAÍ PLACE OF OCCCURRENCE: Amambai on Heck/CIMI Archive DESCRIPTION: According to g police, the offender is a neighbor of the victim and the crime took place at a time when the girl was Photo: E alone at home. To ensure preventing the case be made public he threatened the victim with death if she told anyone what happened. The health agent informs that families are disoriented and few seek the police for assistance or to report. Generally the victims do not get medical care and do not receive kits against sexually transmissible because many do not even know how to register reports with the police. The offender was located and arrested. He has been taken to the Amambaí jail where he remains at the disposition of the Many victims of sexual violence do not report aggressions, thus the Court. small numbers are not representative MEANS EMPLOYED: Rape SOURCE: midiamaxnews, 27/11/2008, O Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, 20/10/2008

11/10/2008 VICTIM: Two women PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: SETE CERROS MUNICIPALITY: PARANHOS PLACE OF OCCCURRENCE: Village Sete Cerros DESCRIPTION: An indigenous man tried to rape two women inside the village. He was a lynched by indigenous members of the community. MEANS EMPLOYED: Attempted rape SOURCE: O Progresso / MS, 11/11/2008

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 96 Illegal seizure and retention of bank cards Year 2008 s in previous years, in 2008, there was recurrent practice of seizure of indigenous A bank cards, cards of the Bolsa Familia (Family Support) and Previdência Social (Social Security) on the part of merchants. This custom, often times, becomes a means of keeping indigenous clients under the control of the shop of the merchant in question. Cimi staff in all regions of the country identified cases of merchants that seize cards, often keeping dozens of cards in hands. There are cases in which merchants demand the cards and passwords as a condition for accepting the indigenous people as clients. One practice is to sell shop products at inflated prices and when calculating payment, emptying the bank accounts of the clients, placing them in debt. As a consequence, the merchants do not return the cards, alleging that they need the money for the next payment, thus creating a forced relationship. There are clear cases of taking advantage of persons with little experience with modes of electronic payment, and with insufficient math knowledge to verify tallies on receipts for their purchases. In fact, in the majority of cases, there is neither a receipt nor promissory note. There are even cases that go beyond over-billing. In these situations, the merchants simply take the money from the indigenous client and empty their account, in an act that characterizes plain theft. This was the case for Rita Cão Oro Waje, who received maternity aid and, weeks later discovered that nothing of the benefit remained in her bank account. Despite this being common practice, only three factual cases were registered because many victims refrain from reporting the crime for fear of consequences on the part of the merchants. One example of what can occur is under the category of “death threats” in this report: the Cacique Orlando Ribeiro Salvador, of the Apinajé people, denounced the retention of bankcards by a merchant in Tocantins and received a death threat in retaliation.

ILLEGAL SEIZURE AND RETENTION OF BANK CARDS Data of 2008 Total of Cases: 3 Victims 3 (individuals)

MARANHÃO - 1 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

NOVEMBER VICTIM: Maria Gavião PEOPLE: GAVIÃO INDIGENOUS LAND: GOVERNADOR MUNICIPALITY: AMARANTE DO MARANHÃO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Rubeácea Village DESCRIPTION: The merchant made an unauthorized withdrawal on an INSS (Social Security) benefit card, causing indebtedness of the victim, who reported the case. MEANS EMPLOYED: Retention of bank card and password SOURCE: Staff Cimi-Grajaú/MA

RONDÔNIA - 1 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

JUNE/2008 VICTIM: Rita Cao Oro Waje PEOPLE: ORO CAO WAJE (ORO WARI) INDIGENOUS LAND: SAGARANA MUNICIPALITY: GUAJARA-MIRIM Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 97 PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Guajará-Mirim DESCRIPTION: A Funai employee handed the documents of the victim to another person. This person, with the help of a third, falsified the signature and accessed the Maternity benefit in the bank. The victim was in her home village without knowledge of any of this. When she tried to make a withdrawal from the maternity benefit, she discovered that there was nothing left in her name. MEANS EMPLOYED: Misappropriation of card and stealing of money SOURCE: Rita Cao Waje Oro; Indian Community; Team Cimi - Guajará Mirim

TOCANTINS - 1 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

JULY/2008 VICTIM: Orlando Ribeiro Salvador and community PEOPLE: APINAYÉ INDIGENOUS LAND: APINAYÉ MUNICIPALITY: TOCANTINOPOLIS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Village Sãn José DESCRIPTION: The merchant retains cards of retired persons and beneficiaries of the Bolsa Familia (family support) program, alleging nonexistent debts. In the act of purchases no receipt is issued (point of purchase) or promissory note (date of repayment). The Cacique entered a formal protest at the Tocantinópolis Police Station. A request for measures to be taken was sent to the president of Funai, Márcio Meira, the Ministério Público Federal. Also the Procon (agency for reporting on economic misdemeanors) of Tocantinópolis has been informed. MEANS EMPLOYED: Retention of bankcard and password SOURCE: Letter from Apinayé indigenous leadership

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 98

Chapter III

Violence provoked by omission of public powers

Suicide and attempted suicide ……………………….. 101

Lack of health care ……………………………………… 110

Death due to lack of health care ……………………… 131

Child mortality …………………………………………… 136

Malnutrition ………………………………………………. 142

Dissemination of alcoholic beverage and drugs ….. 145

Failings in the area of indigenous education ………. 149

General lack of assistance …………………………….. 155

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 99 In 2008, in Mato Grosso do Sul, 30 individuals of the Guarani Kaiowá people committed suicide by hanging themselves – Photo Egon Heck/ CIMI Archive

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 100 Suicide and attempted suicide Year 2008 If in 2007 the alarming number of 28 indigenous suicides was registered, the picture in 2008 deteriorates even more so with 34 cases. All of these among the Guarani Kaiowá people of Mato Grosso do Sul. This signifies an increase of 6 suicides among the Guarani Kaiowá, or 21%, compared with 2007. In fact, since 2003 suicide among the Guarani Kaiowá has increased continuously in a tendency parallel to the increasing number of murders and attempted murders in Mato Grosso do Sul, as indicated in previous chapters. Suicides registered among the Guarani Kaiowá Of the 34 suicides, only 2 involved women. In 4 cases gender was not disclosed and the remaining 28 involved men. Of the suicides 1 person ingested poison, 2 persons – a father and son – used a firearm, 1 person died by self-strangulation, and the others (30) by hanging, utilizing rope, shirts, belts, curtains, and even an electric cord. In 6 cases alcohol had been consumed in the hours before the suicide. It can be observed that the number of minors, under the age of 18, dropped from 13 to 9 in the past year. In contrast, the number of adult suicides increased from 6 to 25. Even so, the majority of cases (19) involved youngsters, even among the adults, as 19 of the victims were between the ages of 18 and 27. In other words, in total 27 of the 34 victims were under the age of 27. Suicide normally occurs when a psychiatric or psychological problem is aggravated by some form of intense stress1. Keeping in mind the reality experienced by the Guarani Kaiowá, the factor of intense stress is omnipresent. As is presented in this report, they live in conditions of extreme confinement, facing unemployment or exploitive employment, poverty, hunger, lack of assistance, rejection by the surrounding society, alcohol abuse, violence, falling apart of social structures, and to complete the picture, a lack of better perspectives. Therefore, in the lives of the Guarani Kaiowá, just any problem of a mental order is necessary to create circumstanced for a suicide. In this sense, five suicide cases were registered of depressed or very sad persons, due to the death of a partner, end of a love relationship or an eviction notice for the society: in two cases, Funasa reports that the indigenous presented a picture of mental problems associated with the land question and social distortions, provoked by poverty and proximity to the cities. There is a suicide case in which a family misunderstanding and lack of money to buy school materials are indicated as possible causes. However, in the majority of cases, the families of the victims said they did not know the true motives that led the person to suicide. Many Guarani do not like to talk about suicide because, for them, suicide is an illness, caused by witchcraft, by spells cast by supernatural entities working for malicious witchdoctors. Fearing to get under the influence of these powers many avoid talking about the issue. This could be an explanation for the fact that there is only one report of attempted suicide among the Guarani Kaiowá. Attempts might not be reported. In 2007 Funasa announced contracting four psychologists to care for indigenous mental health and the intent to contract thirteen other psychologists for the health posts in Mato Grosso do Sul. That could ameliorate the problem, in that many suicides could be prevented when mental disturbances are treated.

1 As pointed out by João Alberto carvalho, president of the Brazilian Psychiatric Association (ABP) in the article Suicide: a public health problem, in: Journal do Brsil, 21/02/2009 Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 101 Besides the attempt mentioned above, there are another two records of suicide attempts by Karajá youngsters in Tocantins. As in previous years there were suicide reports among the Tikuna, in Amazonas but in 2008 no specific, individual cases were registered. In the press, the Tikuna leader of the village Umariaçu 2 stated that in 2008 there were at least two suicides among his people and evaluates the situation as increasingly serious. He attributed the suicides to the involvement of the young generation with consumption and trafficking of drugs. This is also the evaluation of the Funai regional administrator, Davi Félix Cecílio. The drug used would be a mixture of cocaine, cachaça and coca-cola, which makes the person rebellious, violent, aggressive and disturbed. “They sniff, drink, eat and then commit suicide”, the administrator confirms. The Tikuna demanded the presence of the police on their land to prevent entry of drugs. The lack of suicide records for the Tikuna is due to various factors. First, the Tikuna do not see suicide as a form of violence and thus do not report case occurrences. Second, the families prefer not to discuss the subject. Third, the police in the region do not record ethnicity in the report bulletin – when a case of suicide is reported, there is no specification as to the person being indigenous or non-indigenous. SUICIDE Data – 2008 Total of cases: 34 Victims: 34 (individuals)

MATO GROSSO DO SUL – 34 Case(s) - 34 Victim(s)

24/01/2008 VICTIM: E.P.M. AGE: 24 years PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWA INDIGENOUS LAND: AMAMBAI MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAI PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Tacuru DESCRIPTION: Found hanged on a nylon rope. MEANS EMPLOYED: Hanging SOURCE: www.campograndenews.com.br

13/07/2008 VICTIM: J.E. AGE: 34 years PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWA INDIGENOUS LAND: AMAMBAI MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAI PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Amambai DESCRIPTION: The indigenous woman had ingested alcohol during the day and was found dead at night. She used a rope to hang herself. MEANS EMPLOYED: Hanging SOURCE: site A gazeta News, 14/07/2008

26/01/2008 VICTIM: I.A. AGE: 28 years PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWA INDIGENOUS LAND: AMAMBAI MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAI PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Limão Verde DESCRIPTION: Found without life, hung by a belt tied to a tree. MEANS EMPLOYED: Hanging SOURCE: www.campograndenews.com.br

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 102 20/02/2008 VICTIM: J.V. AGE: 20 years PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWA INDIGENOUS LAND: AMAMBAI MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAI PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Amambaí DESCRIPTION: Found dead with a rope tied to a branch of a tree. MEANS EMPLOYED: Hanging SOURCE: www.campograndenews.com.br

30/07/2008 VICTIM: Adolescent AGE:13 years PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWA INDIGENOUS LAND: AMAMBAI MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAI PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Amambai DESCRIPTION: Hung himself with a shirt. The sister of the victim told police that he had been depressed in recent days. He had stopped studying. MEANS EMPLOYED: Hanging SOURCE: maracaju.news.com.br

13/12/2008 VICTIM: Man AGE: 21 years PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWA INDIGENOUS LAND: AMAMBAI MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAI PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Amambai DESCRIPTION: The victim was found hung with a piece of fabric tied to a tree. Supposedly he had been depressed following the end of an amorous relationship MEANS EMPLOYED: Hanging SOURCE: campogrande.news, 13/12/2008

05/05/2008 VICTIM: J. M. AGE:21 years PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: ALDEIA LIMÃO VERDE MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAI PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Limão Verde DESCRIPTION: The victim was hanging by a rope in a tree. The reasons for the suicide are unknown. MEANS EMPLOYED: Hanging SOURCE: últimahoranews.com, 05/05/2008

24/10/2008 VICTIM: J.L.A.A. AGE: 19 years PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWA INDIGENOUS LAND: YYVY KATU MUNICIPALITY:JAPORA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Yvy Katu DESCRIPTION: The victim utilized a shirt to improvise a rope that he tied to a branch. Relatives do not know the motive for the suicide. MEANS EMPLOYED: Hanging SOURCE: Home page capitalnews.com, 24/10/2008

25/01/2008 VICTIM: S.V. AGE: 27 years PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWA INDIGENOUS LAND: JAGUAPIRÉ MUNICIPALITY: TACURU PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Jaguapiré Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 103 DESCRIPTION: The victim was found hanged from a tree branch by a 120 cm piece of rope. The spouse reported that he left the house at midnight saying he was going to get some water and did not return. MEANS EMPLOYED: Hanging SOURCE: campograndenews.com.br – 26/01/2008

12/02/2008 VICTIM: N.R.L. AGE: 16 yrs PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWA INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Bororó DESCRIPTION: Found hanged in the village. The brother of the victim, of 21 years of age, committed suicide in September of 2007. The root of the problem could be the land question and in the social distortions caused by proximity between the villages and the city, in the understanding of Funasa. The organ informs that it contracted, in 2007, four psychologists to work with indigenous mental health and intends to contract a psychologist for each of the 13 health posts. MEANS EMPLOYED: Hanging SOURCE: Última Hora news, 15/02/2008

15/01/2008 VICTIM: N.R. AGE: 18 years PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWA MUNICIPALITY: NOVA ANDRADINA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Nova Andradina DESCRIPTION: The victim was found dead by relatives. A t-shirt was used for the hanging, in the back yard of the house where he resided. MEANS EMPLOYED: Hanging SOURCE: O Progresso, 16/01/2008

20/02/2008 VICTIM: R. B. AGE: 14 years PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWA INDIGENOUS LAND: POTRERO GUAÇU MUNICIPALITY: PARANHOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Potrero Guaçu DESCRIPTION: The youngster shot himself in the head. He had asked his father for money for school material. The father refused because he did not have any money. In revolt, the boy took a revolver that was in the house and took his own life. The father, desperate, also committed suicide. MEANS EMPLOYED: Firearm SOURCE: Midiamaxnews, 20/02/2008; campogrande.news, 21/02/2008

20/02/2008 VICTIM: C. B. AGE: 34 years PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWA INDIGENOUS LAND: POTRERO GUAÇU MUNICIPALITY: PARANHOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Potrero Guaçu DESCRIPTION: The victim had refused to give money to his son for money for school material, as he did not have any money. The boy committed suicide in revolt. The father, in an act of despair, also committed suicide with the same revolver. MEANS EMPLOYED: Firearm SOURCE: midiamaxnews, 20/02/2008; campogrande.news, 21/02/2008

6/11/2008 VICTIM: D.D.C. AGE: 33 years PEOPLE: GUARANI MUNICIPALITY: SIDROLANDIA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Córrego do Meio DESCRIPTION: Hanged with a rope hung from a tree, near the village. The brother of the victim found the body. Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 104 MEANS EMPLOYED: Hanging SOURCE: midiamaxnews, 6/11/2008

28/08/2008 VICTIM: V.M.B. AGE: 18 years PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: JAPORÃ MUNICIPALITY: JAPORÃ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Porto Lindo DESCRIPTION: The body of the victim was found by relatives hung with a rope improvised from shirts, from a branch in a tree. According to relatives, there had been a family misunderstanding the previous night, however the motives were not reported. MEANS EMPLOYED: Hanging SOURCE: midiamaxnews, 28/08/2008

21/03/2008 VICTIM: A.B. AGE:20 years PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: YVY KATU MUNICIPALITY:JAPORA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Hanging DESCRIPTION: Found dead in the village. Used a rope hung from a tree. Reasons are unknown. MEANS EMPLOYED: Hanging SOURCE: midiamax.com, 21/03/2008

26/12/2008 VICTIM: G.R. AGE: 16 years PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: JAPORÃ MUNICIPALITY: JAPORÃ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Porto Lindo DESCRIPTION: The victim caused his own strangulation tying one end of rope around his neck and the other end to a fence. Leaning forward, in the traditional act of suicide, he cut of his breath with his own weight. The family does not know the reasons that led the youngster to this act. MEANS EMPLOYED: Strangulation SOURCE: campogrande.news, 27/12/2008

08/08/2008 VICTIM: C.G. AGE: 49 years PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: AMAMBAI MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAI PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Amambai DESCRIPTION: The victim utilized an electrical cord from a television to kill himself. According to police, the man had lost his wife approximately seven months before and lived alone. He was depressed and possibly suffered a crisis. MEANS EMPLOYED: Hanging SOURCE: Midiamaxnews, 08/05/2008

11/08/2008 VICTIM: Adolescent AGE: 13 years PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWA INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Panambizinho DESCRIPTION: The victim was found hanged with a rope tied to a tree, near his house. According to information from the family, the boy had been suffering from depression because the relationship with his girlfriend had ended. MEANS EMPLOYED: Hanging SOURCE: 6th Chamber of the MPF; Home Page Campo Grande News, 11/08/2008 Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 105

16/08/2008 VICTIM: B.M. AGE: 57 years PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWA INDIGENOUS LAND: CAARAPÓ MUNICIPALITY: CAARAPÓ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Tey Kue DESCRIPTION: The victim was found by his son. The body was hanging by a nylon cord tied to a beam in the house. According to a technical Expert of the Civil Police of Dourados, the indigenous man presented a profound injury in the testes and because of this, the possibility that he had bee murdered and later hung to give the idea that it was a suicide could not be discarded. MEANS EMPLOYED: Hanging SOURCE: midiamaxnews, 16/08/2008

19/05/2008 VICTIM: G.A. AGE: 19 years PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: CAARAPÓ MUNICIPALITY: CAARAPÓ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Piraruká DESCRIPTION: Found suspended by a rope in one of the rooms of the house. He had arrived inebriated. The wife was washing clothes and when she returned she found the man dead. MEANS EMPLOYED: Hanging SOURCE: Home Page Maracaju News, 19/05/2008

07/04/2008 VICTIM: J.S. AGE: 22 years PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: TAQUAPERÍ MUNICIPALITY: CORONEL SAPUCAIA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Taquaperí DESCRIPTION: The indigenous man was found by his mother, hanged with a belt, on the wood that crosses the thatching of the grass house. The victim lived alone and the father told the police that his son had ingested alcoholic beverages the previous night. MEANS EMPLOYED: Hanging SOURCE: Midiamaxnews, 08/04/2008

24/02/2008 VICTIM: V.I. AGE: 22 years PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: TAQUAPERÍ MUNICIPALITY: CORONEL SAPUCAIA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Taquapery DESCRIPTION: Found in the middle of a manioc field inside the village. He had used a piece of rope to hang himself. The reasons are unknown. MEANS EMPLOYED: Hanging SOURCE: Campogrande.news, 24/02/2008

04/09/2008 VICTIM: D.D. AGE: 28 years PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWA INDIGENOUS LAND: PORTO LINDO MUNICIPALITY: DOURADINA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Porto Lindo DESCRIPTION: Found hanging from a rope tied to a beam in the sleeping room of the house. MEANS EMPLOYED: Hanging SOURCE: Maracaju.news, 04/09/2008

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 106 22/06/2008 VICTIM: Adolescent AGE: 15 years PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWA MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Fazenda Santo Antônio DESCRIPTION: Was found hung by the neck from a cord tied to a beam. The mother said that her son had been sad because the owner of the area, occupied 30 days before by the families, had obtained an order for reintegration of possession of the area, which resulted in the threat of an eviction of the community. MEANS EMPLOYED: Hanging SOURCE: midiamaxnews, 23/06/2008

7/11/2008 VICTIM: M.M. AGE: 40 years PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWA INDIGENOUS LAND: AMAMBAI MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAI PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Amambai DESCRIPTION: Was found hanged with a cord wrapped around her neck. She was an alcoholic and depressive. MEANS EMPLOYED: Hanging SOURCE: Home Page Campo Grande News, 7/11/2008

31/10/2008 VICTIM: R.S. AGE: 14 years PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWA INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Bororo DESCRIPTION: Witnesses say the boy had been acting differently and violently, breaking things in the house. The father attempted to converse with his son, but was attacked with a knife. He told the police that after the fight he left the house and when he returned the son had hung himself with a piece of fabric tied around his neck, in the window. The Civil Police are investigating the case. MEANS EMPLOYED: Hanging SOURCE: home page campo grande news, 1/11/2008

08/03/2008 VICTIM: R.L.G. AGE: 20 years PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWA INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Jaguapirú DESCRIPTION: Still alive when found by his spouse, he received aid but did not survive. MEANS EMPLOYED: Hanging SOURCE: midiamaxnews, 08/03/2008

03/08/2008 VICTIM: R.V. G. AGE: 23 years PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWA INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Bororó DESCRIPTION: According to the spouse of the victim he had woken up to go to the bathroom. As he was slow to return, she went out to look for him. She found the body hanging from a belt on a branch of a tree. The police are investing the case. MEANS EMPLOYED: Hanging SOURCE: douradosagora/MS, 4/08/2008

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 107 26/07/2008 VICTIM: J.V.C. AGE: 23 years PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWA INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Bororó DESCRIPTION: Found dead in a forest near the house. The father tried to save him, cutting the cloth that he had tied around his neck, but in vain. MEANS EMPLOYED: Hanging SOURCE: Dourados News – 27/07/2008

09/01/2008 VICTIM: E.B.S. AGE: 17 years PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWA INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Bororó DESCRIPTION: The youngster hanged himself with a belt tied to a tree, near his house. According to Funasa one of the primary causes of suicide among the Guarani Kaiowá is the land question and the social distortions caused by proximity between the villages and the contrasting city, in addition to alcoholism. MEANS EMPLOYED: Hanging SOURCE: Maracaju.new.com.br,

5/12/2008 VICTIM: R.S. AGE: 25 years PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWA INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Bororó DESCRIPTION: According to information from the victim’s spouse, he had left the house and returned totally inebriated. He asked that she get his clothing for work the following day. The spouse, when she came the house again did not find him anymore. Looking in the back yard, she found the body of the husband hanging from a rope in a tree. MEANS EMPLOYED: Hanging SOURCE: www. grandefim. com.br , 6/12/2008

21/08/2008 VICTIM: M.A. AGE:25 years PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWA INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Jaguapirú DESCRIPTION: The victim had been married for three months. He took poison, was taken to the hospital but did not survive. The relatives do not know the cause of the suicide. MEANS EMPLOYED: Ingestion of poison SOURCE: campogrande.news, 22/08/2008

13/09/2008 VICTIM: A.S. AGE: 19 years PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWA INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Bororó DESCRIPTION: According to relatives the victim was in the home of a cousin drinking, when they began to fight. The spouse took him home, but he decided to return to settle with the cousin. As he was slow in returning, the spouse went to look for him and found him hanging in a tree. MEANS EMPLOYED: Hanging SOURCE: campograndenews, 14/09/2008

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 108

ATTEMPTED SUICIDE Data – 2008 Total of cases: 3 Victims: 3 (individuals)

MATO GROSSO – 2 Cases – 2 Victims

SEPTEMBER/2008 VICTIM: X.K. AGE: 13 years PEOPLE: KARAJÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: SÃO DOMINGOS MUNICIPALITY: LUCIARA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Krehawã DESCRIPTION: After a misunderstanding with relatives the victim the victim tried to jump off the telephone antenna pole of the village. SOURCE: Cimi Regional/MT

01/07/2008 VICTIM: T.K. AGE: 12 years PEOPLE: KARAJÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: SÃO DOMINGOS MUNICIPALITY: LUCIARA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Krehawã DESCRIPTION: The victim disagreed with his father on questions of a love relationship and attempted suicide threatening to jump off the telephone antenna pole. SOURCE: Cimi Regional/MT, dez/2008 and parents of the victim

MATO GROSSO DO SUL – 1 Case – 1 Victim

10/04/2008 VICTIM: Adolescent AGE: 16 years PEOPLE: Guarani KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Bororó DESCRIPTION: The adolescent attempted suicide but the shirt used for the attempt tore and he suffered a violent fall, suffering internal lesions in the spine. He was taken to the Emergency and trauma hospital by a Funasa team. MEANS EMPLOYED: Hanging SOURCE: Dourados Agora, 10/04/2008

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 109 Lack of health care Year 2008 rom 2007 to 2008 the cases of a lacking health care tripled from 24 to 77 cases, Fdirectly impacting thousands of persons. In the following eighteen states cases were reported: Acre, Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Distrito Federal, Goias, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rondônia, Roraima, Santa Catarina e Tocantins. The data show a very precarious indigenous health care system in all regions and at all levels. Depending on the region nearly everything is lacking: medical consultation and treatment possibilities in the villages or in the very health post; medication is lacking, there is no transport for the ill, pregnant women, not even for the itinerant medical teams themselves; there is no training for the medical teams; no qualified personnel; no adequate installations on health care centers, in the first aid posts and in the Casas de Assistência à Saúde Indígena (CASAI – Assistance Houses for Indigenous Health).

i Photo: Gil de Catheu/Cim

In the medical care outpost, indigenous patients wait resting on the floor, without even the minimum of hygiene and structure. Thirty cases were reported of absent or inadequate and delayed care which impacted scores of peoples and communities. As a result, there were various indigenous deaths that perhaps could have been avoided. It is not only the most removed and isolated peoples who suffer from this absent health care, such as the communities of the Vale do Javari, in Amazonas. For example, care is also lacking for the Tupinambá and Pataxó Hã-Hã-Hãe, in Bahia, who live near cities. There are 14 reports of lack of medicines in the health posts, in the CASAIs or for the medical teams to bring in visits to the villages. Lack of the most basic medicines was pointed

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 110 out, for example in a survey conducted by Dário Votório Xiriana, treasurer of the Yanomami Hutukara Association: 93 necessary medicines were lacking in the CASAI of Boa Vista, Roraima. Lack of transportation was registered in 19 cases, involving dozens of peoples. In general, there are no cars, the cars are broken, or there is no money for gasoline of for the payment of the drivers. There are many cases where an itinerant medical team has only one car to attend dozens of villages and thousands of indigenous In 9 instances the absence was denounced of doctors or lack of adequate preparation of the multidisciplinary medical teams who care for the indigenous communities. This has led to situations like that of Mixon Oro Mon, 51 years of age, of the Pakaá Nova people in Rondônia, who for six months was unable to work due to a broken arm, because the CASAI nurse, who evaluated the X-ray, said there was no problem.

Photo: Nilvo Favreto/CIMI Archive

There are many indigenous deaths from lack of adequate medical assistance. The indigenous groups of Vale do Javari (Amazonas) face one of the worst health situations There are 8 reports of very poor and inadequate conditions and instruments, among these were several CASAI and health posts. There were 30 cases registered of lack of potable water and basic sanitation. This failure on the part of the public powers has forced many communities to use water of extremely bad quality, without treatment. Such was the case of the Maxakali of Aldeia Verde in Minas Gerais. The use of this water causes diarrhea, vomiting, bleeding and high fever. In children, this situation often (and predictably) leads to malnutrition. Highlighted is the situation of the Guarani and Kaingang communities in the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. They live abandoned by authorities (Funasa, Funai and municipalities), which refuse to drill wells or provide basic sanitation. These include communities that use water poisoned by agrotoxins. In Santa Catarina, engineers, technicians and sanitation assistants were dismissed, leaving scores of sanitation modules unfinished. The impacted communities are Marangatu, Tarumã, Yaka Porã, Reta-Itaju, Limeira, Pindo Ty, Yvapuru, Jaboticabeira, Conquista, Morro Alto, Morro dos Cavalos, Itanhaém, Cury, Arac’i, M’byguaçu and Tawai. There are 7 denunciations of malnutrition, with scores of victims, overwhelmingly children. Among them Guarani Kaiowá in Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul and Guarani children of various communities in Santa Catarina and Paraná. Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 111 One serious and continuing problem, as recorded in 2006 and 2007, is the high rate of hepatitis A, B, and Delta, among various peoples of the Amazon region, notably in Acre and in the Vale do Javari (Amazonas), such as the Marubo, Mayoruna, Kanari, Matis, Kulina and Korubo. According to the Funai data published in March of 2009, in Vale do Javari, 80% of adults and 15% of the children have contracted hepatitis. In many regions the disease is combined with an epidemic of malaria. With the population weakened by these illnesses, other infirmities spread easily like meningitis, parasites and tuberculosis – as reported by the Marubo, reporting several deaths. Despite this situation, the Funasa has no vaccination or treatment plan for this hepatitis epidemic and has refused to return the results of the examinations made at the beginning of 2007. Hepatitis and malaria can be fatal diseases if left without adequate treatment. As in previous years there are many reports of deaths from this diseases of adults as well as children. Indigenous Health Agent Raquel Jaminawá, of the Jaminawá people in the state of Acre, affirms being tired from assisting – impotently – her community being decimated by the disease. She herself has lost relatives, among them a brother and cousins. The responsible authorities have not made due provisions to combat the epidemics of these two diseases. Funai and the Armed Forces conducted emergency work in Vale do Javari, between May and June of 2008, but this did not resolve the problem. This is not surprising, because the vaccine against hepatitis needs to be administered at specific intervals over a period of months. As indigenous leader André Mayoruna observes, “it is not enough to provide emergency actions if you lack all structure to give continuity to the health actions”. In fact, Funai and Funasa recognize the seriousness of the situation, however, they claim that they do not have the conditions to combat the diseases. Funasa always claims lack of financial and human resources for the identified problems. There are many cases in which the very health agents and drivers themselves go for months without being paid. The organizations and entities contracted by the Funai for the execution of the medical services complain that the financial resources for these health services are not paid by the Funai. On the other hand, authorities (municipalities, Funasa or ministry of Health) allege, in some cases that the entities in question do not provide accounts for funds received, and hence the suspension. In Mato Grosso, Funasa ceased payment due to accounting difficulties of the Organização Amazônia Nativa (Opan), which had been contracted for the provision of health care to the indigenous. Opan consequently stopped providing the services and the resulting lack of care led the affected Irantxe and Mynky peoples to occupy the Funasa headquarters in Cuiabá.

LACK OF ADEQUATE HEALTH CARE Data of 2008 Total of cases: 77 Victims: 4106 (individuals)

ACRE - 3 Case(s)

2008 VICTIM: Communities PEOPLE: KAXINAWÁ, KULINA, ASHANINKA MUNICIPALITY: FEIJO DESCRIPTION: About 250 Indigenous people of the Feijó-region were camped in the city Health Post protesting against the health policy adopted by the city council, with the collusion of Funasa. At the health post conditions are minimal for providing care to the number of indigenous people, there is lack of food and water, and sanitary conditions are very bad. The indigenous say the city has a financial monthly allotment of R$ 91,000.00 in addition to R$ 15,000.00 that the city receives as incentive. The leaders are tired of waiting for their demands to be met. These being: Releasing resources so that medical teams travel to the areas, which would prevent the flow of Indigenous patients to the cities, as they return even more sick; basic sanitation; recognition of the administrator appointed by the indigenous leaders who is ignored by the municipal Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 112 administration; infra structure in strategic points of the Upper River Envira so the nursing assistants can work there; improvement of the communication and transportation system in communities, public accounting for the resources designated for indigenous health care since the initiation of the contracts, because every time the indigenous ask for something, the answer is always that there is a lack of resources. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of medical care SOURCE: Cimi Staff in Feijó

APRIL/2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: JAMINAWÁ MUNICIPALITY: SENA MADUREIRA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE : Jaminawá do rio Iaco DESCRIPTION: The indigenous health agent Raquel Jaminawá, states that she is tired of watching her people being decimated by hepatitis, while impotent to assist the sick. She has lost several relatives and friends with the disease. Her brother and his two sons were victim of hepatitis. When the medical assistance finally arrived at the camp, it was already too late. She said her husband suffered greatly awaiting assistance. To aggravate the situation, the Jaminawá are also suffering from lack of food. To satisfy the hunger, women cook potatoes and cassava, donated by the local commercial trade. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of medical care SOURCE: The Gazette / AC, 22/05/2008

2008 VICTIM: Communities of Acre PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF ACRE DESCRIPTION: The high incidence of hepatitis B may condemn the ethnicities of Acre to extinction, informed the president of Aphac (Association of Persons with Hepatitis of Acre), Áurea Yooko Yonekura Inada. For the representative, the problem is the lack of medical coverage. The Funasa is conducting examinations only in the sexually active population, but the young may well be contaminated without knowing. It would be important that the entire indigenous population of eighteen thousand were tested, but the technicians of the responsible agency say there are not sufficient resources. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of medical care SOURCE: RAC 6th of MPF, 15/01/2008

ALAGOAS - 1 Case(s)

2008 VICTIM: Community of Alagoas and Sergipe PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Indigenous of Alagoas and Sergipe DESCRIPTION: About 200 Indigenous from various communities of Alagoas and Sergipe occupied the FUNASA office in Maceió. They requested funds for the purchase of medicines, medical care, payment of drivers to transport patients to hospitals. The drivers have not been paid for more than 4 months and suspended their activities, which worsens the Indigenous state of health. According to the statement of cacique Edvaldo, "There are people bringing ill persons to the health center on hand carts". MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of medical care SOURCE: O Estado de S. Paulo, 10/05/2008, Gazeta de Alagoas, 14/05/2008

AMAZONAS - 10 Case(s)

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: DESANO, YANOMAMI INDIGENOUS LAND: ALTO RIO NEGRO MUNICIPALITY: SÃO GABRIEL DO CACHOEIRA DESCRIPTION: The nearly 400 communities are without medical attention due to paralysis of the DSEI of the Alto Rio Negro. The contracted NGOs have not received financing for four months, which caused serious difficulties in carrying out the work, especially that requiring travel by car and boats. Major John C. da Silva Lima, director of the garrison Hospital in São Gabriel, said that due to the transportation problem, the hospital has not received indigenous patients, as with the lack of transport it has become difficult for them to leave the communities. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of transfer of funds SOURCE: A Critica / AM, 16/04/2008

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 113 2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: KULINA INDIGENOUS LAND: VALE DO JAVARI PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: People of the Valley Javari DESCRIPTION: Geographically isolated, the Indigenous face alarming rates of malaria, hepatitis, malnutrition and infant mortality. Malaria and hepatitis B and C are already endemic. There are cases, such as the village São Sebastian, where the rate of malaria identified in blood samples reaches 38% of those examined. This index is considered very high by medical epidemiologist Jaime Valencia, of the FUNASA. In the case of hepatitis B the rate has hit 14%, with the WHO stipulating the rate of 2% as acceptable standard. According to indigenous reports, on average, indigenous have suffered already 10 to 15 malaria attacks and many suffer from cirrhosis and ulcers from ingesting large quantities of medicine, not having physical resistance to other illnesses. The Javari valley is a region of difficult access, where there is no indigenous health care structure. The communities have no health post and medicine arrives without any regularity. The Funasa has no doctors in the region, only nurses and assistants. The hepatitis A virus has reached circa 87% of the indigenous population of the Vale do Javari, according to the last serological survey of viral hepatitis performed in the region. Jorge Marubo, chairman of the District Council of Vale do Javari, released the data. According to the study, 98% of the Indigenous population over 40 are contaminated and 41% of children are infected before reaching one year of age. Of the 50 communities in the Vale, Jaquirana is one of those most impacted by the virus. The regional coordinator of Funasa, Narciso Cardoso, said that the percentages presented by the indigenous is "unfounded" and that the indigenous have no knowledge to speak in this respect. He added that the Funasa is going to present the most recent data regarding the number of hepatitis cases in Javari. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of medical care SOURCE: O Globo / RJ, 25/05; O Estado de S. Paulo, 25/05, Diário do Amazonas, 26/08.

JANUARY/2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: MARUBO INDIGENOUS LAND: VALE DO JAVARI MUNICIPALITY: ATALIA DO NORTE DESCRIPTION: According to the coordinator of CIVAJA, Clovis Marubo, Tuberculosis is spread among the population. There is much concern among the residents because although the Fuansa already has information on deaths from this disease, there no plan or immediate vaccination or treatment for those with tuberculosis in villages. Also according to Clovis, there was great difficulty gaining access to documents with the results of examinations and stressed that there has been no patient treatment in the villages. The survey was done early in 2007 and beginning of 2008, after great demand and pressure, the results were delivered. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of medical care SOURCE: The Gazette / MT, 22/01/2008

2008 VICTIM: Communities PEOPLE: MURA, APURINÃ, TIKUNA MUNICIPALITY: CAREIRO DESCRIPTION: More than 50 indigenous leaders were at Funasa, in Manaus, demanding greater attention to the health of peoples the forest. The NGO that provides care did not receive funds for four months, which makes this service unviable. MEANS EMPLOYED: Delay in payment into health care contract SOURCE: A Critica / AM, 24/04/2008

2008 VICTIM: Communities 15 ethnicities of the Alto Rio Negro PEOPLE: 15 people INDIGENOUS LAND: ALTO RIO NEGRO MUNICIPALITY: SÃO GABREIL DO CACHOEIRA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Iauretê DESCRIPTION: Indigenous health and sanitation conditions are extremely poor in the region. Of 65 water samples examined, 89.2% showed presence of fecal coliform. The research was done by the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, sector Amazonas, and the universities of São Paulo and Amazonas. MEANS EMPLOYED: Contaminated water SOURCE: Agência Amazônia, 11/02/2008

2008 VICTIM: Isolated Peoples PEOPLE: KORUBO INDIGENOUS LAND: VALE do Javari Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 114 MUNICIPALITY: ATALAIA DO NORTE PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Korubo – Isolated DESCRIPTION: There are two Indigenous people in the village with symptoms of hepatitis. Given the immunological fragility of the community there is risk of extinction of this group, that perambulates through the region hunting, fishing, collecting. According to Jorge Marubo, President of the District Council of Indigenous Health of the Vale do Javari, the Indigenous that only recently were contacted in the reserve must receive a more adequate treatment, as they may suffer from hepatitis and / or tuberculosis, which affects the indigenous area. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of medical care SOURCE: A Critica / AM

JUNE/2008 VICTIM: Arquilau de Almeida PEOPLE: SATERÊ-MAWÊ MUNICIPALITY: MANAUS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Manaus DESCRIPTION: Indigenous who have received medical discharge are prevented from returning to their villages because the Funasa does no enable the return trip to their municipalities of origin. The indigenous patient Arquilau de Almeida had been discharged for 12 days and was unable to travel. According to him the journey by boat to Maués, which lasts one and a half days, would cost around U.S. $ 50.00. Aside from the urgency that the indigenous feel to return to their villages, they are concerned about occupying space needed by other patients. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of transport for patients SOURCE: A Critica / AM

JUNE/2008 VICTIM: Evandro Alves PEOPLE: APURINÃ MUNICIPALITY: MANAUS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Manaus DESCRIPTION: The indigenous patient and had been discharged nine days before, but both he and his companion were prevented from traveling by boat to Lábrea for lack of transit funds. The Funasa responded that there is no money to buy tickets. Besides the urgency of patients to return to their villages, they are concerned, according to them, about occupying the place for other patients. EMPLOYED MEANS: Lack of transport for patients SOURCE: A Critica / AM, 19/06/2008

JUNE/2008 VICTIM: Agen Francisco da Silva, Amélia Dias Miranda PEOPLE: MIRANHA MUNICIPALITY: MANAUS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Manaus DESCRIPTION: Indigenous patient was discharged on June 3. It was a struggle for him and the woman accompanying him to return home. According to them, the Funasa argues that it has no means to buy tickets. The trip by boat to Tefé cost approximately R$ 100.00 (about US $ 55,-). MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of transport for patients SOURCE: A Critica / AM, 19/06/2008

2008 VICTIM: peoples of the Vale de Javari INDIGENOUS LAND: VALE DE JAVARI PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Vale de Javari DESCRIPTION: According to statement by director of the Department of Indigenous Health of the Funasa, Wanderlei Guenka, "the health situation of indigenous people living in Vale do Javari is extremely serious.” With the highest indices of contamination by the virus of hepatitis Type B, the region is still suffering with an epidemic of malaria. Both diseases directly attack the liver and the combination of the two problems has weakened the population and led to a high death rate. For years the population has sought urgent measures to contain the advance of hepatitis in the villages. Among those already tested the levels of contamination are extremely high: over 80% for type A and above 20% for the virus B. This virus enables the survival in the body of another hepatitis type, which is even more dangerous, known as Delta (D). MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of medical care SOURCE: O Estado / RO, 15/01/2008

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 115 BAHIA - 2 Case(s)

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: PATAXO HÃ-HÃ-HÃE, TUPINAMBÁ MUNICIPALITY: ILHÉUS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Ilhéus DESCRIPTION: The indigenous Tupinambá and Pataxó Hã-Hã-Hãe occupied the Funai headquarters in Salvador to denounce the lack of medical care in villages. Medicinea and gynecologists are missing for the women, who have waited more than two years to be served. The medical teams do not travel to the villages because they lack transport. According to the cacique Jurandir Araçari, the visits are made in the municipality of Itamaraju which is 30 km. from the villages. There is only one car to attend to the region's 15 villages that have about 12 thousand Indigenous inhabitants. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of medical care SOURCE: Correio da Bahia, 14/02/2008, Diário do Pará, 15/02/2008

JAN/2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: TUPINAMBÁ DE OLIVENÇA INDIGENOUS LAND: TUPINAMBÁ DE OLIVENÇA MUNICIPALITY: BUERAREMA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Serra do Padeiro DESCRIPTION: The Indigenous seized four trucks, one road leveler and a shovel-loader of the municipality. They claim the construction of a road and improvement in health attendance. Besides the road problems, the Tupinambá claim abandonment in the area of health. According to Cacique Rosivaldo Ferreira, the six Tupinambá health workers have not received wages for 10 months and Indigenous are not cared for at the municipal health post. The mayor of Olivença claims that the Serra do Padeiro pertains to the municipality of Una. MEANS EMPLOYED: Claim - health and road SOURCE: A Tarde / BA, 29/02/2008

FEDERAL DISTRICT - 1 Case(s)

27/06/2008 VICTIM: Indigenous in Casai-Brasilia MUNICIPALITY: BRASILIA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Casa do Índio in Gama, satellite city of Brasília. DESCRIPTION: The House for Support of Indigenous Health – Casai, in Gama, FD, shelters Indigenous patients seeking medical treatment in the Federal District. According to the indigenous patients, the facilities are poor, it lacks cleaning materials, the patients are sleeping on beds with old mattresses and holes, and wages are always late. Security is failing and, according to one indigenous patient, anyone can enter the Casai. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of structure in the Casai SOURCE: Correio Braziliense, 27/06/2008

GOIAS - 3 Case(s) - 2 Victim(s)

09/06/2008 VICTIM: Marli Lopes do Rosário PEOPLE: TAPUIA INDIGENOUS LAND: CARRETÃO I MUNICIPALITY: NOVA AMERICA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Nova America DESCRIPTION: After a 10 day radiotherapy treatment in the Goiânia Hospital, the indigenous patient, debilitated, was sent home by bus. Arriving in the municipality of Nova America, 25 km from the village, the car that does the transport to the village had broken down. His return was not communicated and he needed to sleep on the bus station, not arriving in the village until the following afternoon. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of transport for patients SOURCE: The victim, TV local, Cimi Team Goias / Tocantins

SEPTEMBER/2008 VICTIM: Balbino Vieira da Silva PEOPLE: TAPUIA INDIGENOUS LAND: CARRETÃO I MUNICIPALITY: RUBIATABA Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 116 PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Rubiataba DESCRIPTION: The Indian must visit three times a week to the hospital in the municipality of Rubiataba for treatment of Leishmaniasis. He stays the entire day, from 6 am to 18h, without receiving food, which causes him to weaken. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of food SOURCE: The victim, family and Cimi Team Goias / Tocantins

SEPTEMBER/2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: TAPUIA INDIGENOUS LAND: CARRETÃO I MUNICIPALITY: NOVA AMERICA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Village Carretão DESCRIPTION: According to the community report, the FUNASA car that transports patients is in very poor condition, already having broken down several times, leaving the patients on the roadsied waiting for assistance. The indigenous state that many are in pain and dread the trip, because the vehicle does not offer any safety. MEANS EMPLOYED: unreliable and lacking transport for patients SOURCE: Indigenous Community; Cimi Team Goias / Tocantins

MARANHÃO - 3 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: GUAJAJARA INDIGENOUS LAND: AARAIBOIÁ MUNICIPALITY: IMPERATRIZ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Lagoa Comprida DESCRIPTION: Difficulties to confront several epidemics considered under control due to government programs, such as hepatitis, parasites, infectious diarrhea and immuno-preventable diseases. There are no conditions for the Casai – the Indigenous Health House – to function properly. There are problems with water, sanitation, infrastructure, medicines, food, transport and health professionals. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of structure in the Casai SOURCE: Indigenous Leaders, 4/11/2008

17/01/2008 VICTIM: Child PEOPLE: AWÁ-GUAJÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: CARU MUNICIPALITY: BOM JARDIM PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Tiracambu DESCRIPTION: A child was born under weight. The mother had difficulty breastfeeding her and the only help they received was a can of food supplement. However, but state of the child did not improve. The local nurses claim that they applied for more of the supplement but that the demand did not receive Funasa attention. EMPLOYED MEANS: Lack of (baby) food SOURCE: Regional Cimi-MA

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: AWA-GUAJÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: CARU MUNICIPALITY: BOM JARDIM PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: AldeiaTiracambu DESCRIPTION: The indigenous peoples suffer from the lack of a decent place for health consultation and care. The space being used is in very poor conditions, has no water supply and no bathrooms on site. MEANS EMPLOYED: Clinic in the village in very poor condition SOURCE: Staff Awa / Cimi MA

MINAS GERAIS - 2 Case(s)

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: MAXAKALI INDIGENOUS LAND: MAXAKALI Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 117 MUNICIPALITY: LADAINHA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Verde DESCRIPTION: The water that the Maxakali use is contaminated and is undermining the health of the population. Since early January the population, especially the children have suffered from high fevers, bleeding, headaches, vomiting and general weakness, configuring a virtual epidemic. The Indigenous urgently need water samples collected and examined in addition to all other procedures in order to detect the source of the outbreak of the epidemic and eradicate it. MEANS EMPLOYED: Contaminated Water SOURCE: Staff Maxakali-Cimi East, 23/01/2008

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: MAXAKALI INDIGENOUS LAND: MAXAKALI MUNICIPALITY: LADAINHA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Verde DESCRIPTION: Besides the problem of poor water quality, the Maxakali people face a lack of doctors and medicines. The lack of food is another serious problem affecting the health of people. The food aid of the government (cesta básica or basic food packege) comes to the village very irregularly and in insufficient quantities to provide for all of the households. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of medical care and food SOURCE: Staff Cimi / LE, 23/01/2008

MATO GROSSO DO SUL – 6 Case(s) - 225 Victim(s)

07/02/2008 VICTIM: Children PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Dourados DESCRIPTION: According to doctor Zelik Trajber, the FUNASA coordinator in Dourados, about 24 children under five years of age suffer from severe malnutrition and some 200 from moderate malnutrition in the indigenous health center of Dourados. MEANS EMPLOYED: Malnutrition SOURCE: The Progress / MS, 08/02/2008

, of Serra do Padeiro y communit ( le le p eo p inambá p Photo: Archives of the Tu

Pollution of river waters contaminate both fish and the people, causing many illnesses Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 118

FEBRUARY/2008 VICTIM: Child PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Jaguapirú DESCRIPTION: The boy fell from a tree and suffered a fracture with exposed femur. It was not set for five days because another family member had to find money to pay for the medication, since the health posts of the reserve do not have medicines, according to the mother of the boy. Of the 134 items in the FUNASA basic medicines inventory, most are missing. Many Indiginous patients go to the posts, are attended, but return home without the remedy for the treatment. According to Dourados Funasa coordinator Trajber Zelik, there is much bureaucracy involved in the acquisition of medicines. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of medicines SOURCE: O Progresso / MS, 27/02/2008

2003/2008 VICTIM: Children PEOPLE: GUARANI NHANDEVA INDIGENOUS LAND: POTRERO GUAÇU MUNICIPALITY: PARANHOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Paranhos DESCRIPTION: The Indigenous have been without drinking water for five years. A FUNASA drilled two artesian wells a year ago, but these are dry. This exacerbates child mortality from malnutrition and other diseases. Teachers from the village complain that when water comes out of the taps it has a brown color and strong odor. They lack water for preparing food as well as for hygiene. The Funasa argues that the water pumps were not installed for lack of money that should come through the Federal economic Program for Acceleration of Growth (PAC). MEANS EMPLOYED: lack of water and contaminated Water SOURCE: 6th CCR of PM, 28/03/2008

OCTOBER/2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: ALDEIA LINÃO VERDE MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAÍ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Limão Verde DESCRIPTION: Without drinking water the Guarani have to resort to the water from troughs of a cattle ranch adjacent to their area and even to the puddles of rainwater for drinking, bathing and cooking. According to Funasa the cut in the water supply occurred because of pump failure in the only artesian well that supplies the indigenous area. The municipal water tank truck made some trips taking water to the residents of the village but broke down and was not repaired. The captain of the village, Castelão Nelson, said he has requested the construction of a new well to augment the water supply, but this had not been done. MEANS EMPLOYED: lack of potable water SOURCE: O Progresso / MS, 17, 20 and 25/11/2008

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Bororó DESCRIPTION: Hundreds of families in the village are drinking contaminated water because Funasa has not succeeded in regularizing the distribution of drinking water in the Indigenous reserve. They use rainwater and even water from the polluted Laranja Doce stream to supply the home. According to the Indigenous, in some locations, the taps have been dry for more than two months at a time, in other taps the supply is normal every 15 or 20 days, but is interrupted the next day. MEANS EMPLOYED: lack of potable water, contaminated water SOURCE: O Progresso / MS, 26/11/2008

2007/2008 VICTIM: Family of Maria Cardoso Rodrigues PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 119 PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Jaguapirú DESCRIPTION: Without potable water the families use polluted water from a stream that flows behind the house. MEANS EMPLOYED: lack of potable water, contaminated water SOURCE: O Progresso / MS, 02/12/2008

MATO GROSSO - 3 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

MAY 2008 VICTIM: Communities of Northwest Mato Grosso PEOPLE: MYKY, IRANTXE, INDIGENOUS LAND: MENKU, IRANTXE MUNICIPALITY: JUINA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Juina DESCRIPTION: The Indigenous camped at the headquarters of Funasa in Cuiabá to claim the payment of late installments to the OPAN, the NGO responsible for medical care in the region. According to indigenous leader John Gilson Irantxe, the indigenous health care in the state is halted. Programs such as for women's health, elderly health and children’s health have been brought to a halt. The multidisciplinary teams cannot visit the indigenous areas by lack of vehicles and fuel. The Indigenous state they are also against the municipalization of indigenous health. The representative of the FUNASA reported that there were cuts in the sanitation system budget, which is another problem pointed out by the Indigenous. MEANS EMPLOYED: Delay in payment to health care contract SOURCE: A Gazeta / MT, 25 and 28/5/2008; 6a.CCR/MPF, 27/5/2008

JAN/OUT/2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: NAMBIKWARA INDIGENOUS LAND: VALE DO GUAPORÉ MUNICIPALITY: COMODORO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Nambikwara (TI Taihãntesu, Sararé and Pirineus de Souza) DESCRIPTION: Representatives from Nambikwara villages occupied the Funasa health post and Casai in Vilhena, seized a vehicle of the Funasa administrator in Comodoro and requested a hearing in City Hall. The Nabikwara assert that there is only one medical car to support 31 villages. They complain of lack of preparedness of nursing technicians who work in the areas, lack of means of communication, and the delay in care and transport of patients, which is aggravated due to poor conditions of the roads. According to the community, these problems lead to the high rate of infant mortality in the villages. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of transport for patients and other medical facilities SOURCE: Cimi Staff – Reg. MT; Jornal O Diário jan-out/2008

27/05/2008 VICTIM: Kamui Myky PEOPLE: MYKY INDIGENOUS LAND: MENKU MUNICIPALITY: BRASNORTE PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Village Japuíra DESCRIPTION: The child's mother, Kamui Myky, 20 years, entered into labor and was not helped in time to save the baby. Her pregnancy was considered at risk. The car requested only arrived four hours after being called. According to the victim's cousin, Cláudio Myky, the delay was caused by the lack of fuel and the precarious situation of the road that leads to the village. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of transport for patients SOURCE: A Gazeta / MT, 30/05/2008

PARÁ - 4 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

2008 VICTIM: Matania Surui PEOPLE: SURUI INDIGENOUS LAND: SORORÓ MUNICIPALITY: BREJO GRANDE DO ARAGUAIA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Sororó DESCRIPTION: According to report by doctor and Prof. John Paulo Botelho Vieira Filho, physician and professor of the Paulista School of Medicine, a youngster by the name of Matania, presented suspicious acute abdominal pain and decompression, requiring immediate removal for possible surgery. There was no possibility of communication with the Marabá medical post to request a car to move the patient, due to inoperative radio

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 120 communication and telephone. With difficulties and help from the Indigenous, they finally managed communication with Marabá via other means. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of infrastructure SOURCE: Report on health of indigenous Surui of Medical and Prof. John Paul B. V. Filho

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: SURUÍ INDIGENOUS LAND: SORORÓ MUNICIPALITY: BREJO GRANDE DO ARAGUAIA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Village Sororó DESCRIPTION: According to the report of doctor and Prof. John Paulo Botelho Vieira Filho, physician and professor of the Paulista School of Medicine, the medical post that serves the community, has its wooden walls eaten by termites, is dirty with feces of rats and bats, and rain coming in because of missing tiles on the roof. The doctor reports also that he was unable to remain in the building during the nights, where he is supposed to sleep, as rats ran up and down the walls and all over the floor. The medic post, according to the teacher, is close to a feed deposit for chicken and fish, a project funded by the Vale Rio Doce mining company. The deposit is not closed, being open on all sides, with torn bags of feed, with abundant food for rodents. Drugs provided by Funasa, kept in plastic containers such as vitamin C, for example, got gnawed open or destroyed by rats. All glycoside and physiologic serum was destroyed and chewed by rats. A woman who needed to be hydrated intravenously could not be, as there were no intravenous serums and no oral hydrants, nor syringes and needles. Also missing were basic medicines such as anti-inflammatory agents, anti-influenza medications, omeprazole or gastric tablets and suture material. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of infrastructure and medication SOURCE: Report on health of indigenous Surui by Doctor and Prof. John Paul B. V. Filho

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: TEMBO INDIGENOUS LAND: ALTO RIO GUAMÁ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Frasqueira DESCRIPTION: The Indigenous want the Funasa to take responsibility for the payment of debts of the Indigenous Association Agitargma and take steps to renovate the nursing post, which the Funasa technician said is at risk of collapse. Four years ago the Indigenous applied for this renovation. Children and adults are sick, care is very poor and there are high rates of infant mortality. MEANS EMPLOYED: Clinic in the village in very poor condition SOURCE: O Liberal / PA, 30 and 31/05/08, 04/06/08

2008 VICTIM: Children PEOPLE: TIRIYO INDIGENOUS LAND: PARQUE INDÍGENA TUMUCUMAQUE MUNICIPALITY: OBIDOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Reserva Tumucumaque DESCRIPTION: The children suffered dehydration from recurrent diarrhea and intense vomiting and only one was hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit of the Macapá Hospital. There is no FUNASA doctor on this indigenous land. The Indigenous are living in a state of extreme misery, aggravated by the lack of assistance from public agencies. According to the regional director of Funasa, Gervário Oliveira, the Indigenous do not receive governmental food aid (cesta básica) because they are traditional hunters. But the intense rains early in the year and rising river waters made hunting and fish scarce. The NGOs contracted to provide indigenous health care have not received any payments for four months. In addition to this, the contract does not include the hiring of doctors. The regional director of FUNASA stated that it is not keeping doctors in the villages because these are too distant and isolated. The situation of abandonment in which the Indigenous peoples find themselves, he recognized as being, "very serious". MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of emergency care SOURCE: O Liberal / PA, 15 and 17/04/2008; Correio Brasiliense, 17/04/2008; and others

PARAÍBA - 1 Case(s)

2008 VICTIM: Children PEOPLE: POTIGUARA INDIGENOUS LAND: POTIGUARA - MONTE MOR MUNICIPALITY: RIO TINTO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Jaraguá Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 121 DESCRIPTION: The indigenous people occupied the headquarters of the Water and Sewage company - Cagepa - to protest against the poor quality of water consumed in the village, where six thousand families live. They claim the water quality has caused health problems in the community. While there are water wells of good quality exploited commercially by the company since 1974 and that serves 290 other families, Cacique Anibal Cordeiro Campos said that the indigenous residents receive brackish and contaminated water that comes from water holes carved on the banks of the river that bisects the village. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of drinking water, contaminated water SOURCE: Correio da Paraíba, 04/04/2008

PERNAMBUCO - 1 Case(s)

JUL/AUG/2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: XUKURU INDIGENOUS LAND: XUKURU MUNICIPALITY: PESQUEIRA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Village of Cimbria DESCRIPTION: An outbreak of hepatitis was confirmed by Funasa. It was suspected that the water used by the indigenous community is contaminated. Tests revealed that the source used by the people has a high level of fecal coliform. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of drinking water, contaminated water SOURCE: 6th.Câmara of the Federal Public Ministry, 13/08/2008

PARANÁ - 6 Case(s) - 60 Victim(s)

JUNE/2008 VICTIM: Guarani, Kaingang, Xetá PEOPLE: GUARANI, KAINGANG and XETÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: RIO DAS COBRAS MUNICIPALITY: NOVA LARANJEIRAS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE : Aldeia Rio das Cobras DESCRIPTION: Representatives of the Kaingang, Guarani and Xetá blocked a stretch of highway BR-277 to protest the lack of vehicles to transport patients from the village. According to Caraí Tupã, president of the Araçaí Indigenous Association, "... the lack of vehicles has caused inconvenience to the communities. The Araçaí village, for example, is 18 km from the municipal seat. People who are sick have no way to reach the hospitals." The transport service was provided by an outsourced company, whose contract expired in May and was not renewed. The indigenous representatives received in writing the promise of the chairman of FUNASA, Francisco Bastos Danilo Forte, that vehicles for health care would be provided in the villages. The Funasa promised to, within 60 days, resume the contract for the lease of 17 cars and buy 10 more. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of transport for patients SOURCE: Gazeta do Povo / PR, 10/06/2008, O Estado de S. Paulo, 13/06/2008

JUNE/2008 VICTIM: Communities PEOPLE: GUARANI, KAINGANG INDIGENOUS LAND: BOA VISTA MUNICIPALITY: SOUTH LARANJEIRA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Laranjeiras do Sul DESCRIPTION: Nearly 100 Indigenous occupied the headquarters of Funasa in Curitiba to protest the four months delay in the transfer of funds to the NGOs contracted to provide health assistance for the 50 indigenous reserves of Paraná. There is already a lack of medicines and doctors work on rotation system. Many children are below the specified weight for their age and the community is afraid that their situation will worsen because they do not receive the necessary monitoring and are not getting the medication needed. MEANS EMPLOYED: Delay in payment to health care contract SOURCE: Gazeta do Povo / PR, 28 and 29/05/2008

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: GUARANI INDIGENOUS LAND: TEKOHA ARAGUAJU MUNICIPALITY: Terra Roxa PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Tekoha Araguaju DESCRIPTION: The community is located camped on the banks of the Paraná river, in the struggle to recover

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 122 their traditional land. They do not have potable water having to consume water from the Paraná river, which favors the appearance of diseases and, in turn, aggravates the seriousness of the cases of malnutrition. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of drinking water, contaminated water SOURCE: Guarani Community, Cimi South Team Paraná - 11/2008

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: GUARANI INDIGENOUS LAND: TEKOHA ARAGUAJU MUNICIPALITY: GUAIRÁ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Tekoha Marangatu DESCRIPTION: The community is found camped on the banks the Paraná River in the struggle to recover their traditional land. They have no sanitation and consume the river water, which causes several types of diseases. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of drinking water, contaminated water SOURCE: Guarani Community, Cimi South Team Paraná-11/2008

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: GUARANI INDIGENOUS LAND: TEKOHA PORÃ MUNICIPALITY: GUAÍRA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE : Tekoha Porã DESCRIPTION: The community is found camped on the banks of the Paraná River in the fight to recover their traditional land. They do not have adequate sanitation and consume water from the river which causes the appearance of various types of diseases. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of drinking water, contaminated water SOURCE: Community Guarani, Cimi South team Paraná-11/2008

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: GUARANI INDIGENOUS LAND: TEKOHA Porã, TEKOHA MARANGATU, TEKOHA ARAGUAJU MUNICIPALITY: TERRA ROXA AND GUAÍRA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE : Tekohas Porã, Marangatu and Araguajy DESCRIPTION: There is a situation of neglect and misery in the villages in the municipalities of Terra Roxa and Guaira. They live in a makeshift camp made up of tens in back of the Curupaí ranch. They have been drinking polluted water from the Paraná River. There is a lack of food, medicines and school, according to the complaint of Cacique Inácio Martins. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of general assistance, lack of drinking water, contaminated water SOURCE: Gazeta do Povo / PR, 25/10/2008

RONDÔNIA - 14 Case(s) - 13 Victim(s)

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: NOVA PAKAA MUNICIPALITY: GUAJAJARA-MIRIM PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Medical basic centre of Guajará-Mirim DESCRIPTION: Since 1994, the peoples of the region of Guajará-Mirim have been suffering with the increase of deaths from hepatitis B. The affected lands are Igarapé Ribeirão, Igarapé Lage, Rio Negro Ocaia, Pakaa Nova, Sagarana, Rio Guaporé, Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau and Karipuna. The Cimi and Funai have been pressing the Ministry of Health to conduct a survey of hepatitis in the entire indigenous population since 1995. In 1994, the Institute Evandro Chagas sampled the blood of 1000 indigenous during an epidemic of rubella and froze the serum, promising to conduct serum studies for hepatitis. It was not done, claiming lack of resources. The Funasa, having been asked since 2000 to complete this research, began the investigation in 2005. However, the results were kept secret for two years, which caused delay in the treatment of positive cases, causing severe health consequences and possibly even deaths. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of resources SOURCE: Staff of Guajará-Mirim/RO Cimi

2008 VICTIM: Communities of 42 ethnic groups of RONDÔNIA / PERNAMBUCO / MATO GROSSO PEOPLE: SEVERAL PEOPLES

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 123 MUNICIPALITY: PORTO VELHO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: FUNASA headquarters in Porto Velho DESCRIPTION: Around 70 representatives of 42 ethnic groups peacefully occupied the headquarters of FUNASA in Porto Velho. The Indigenous complain about the lack of cars for doctors and medical teams, besides the lack of fuel when there is a car available. Diseases such as malaria and hepatitis B have become true epidemics. The indigenous are calling for the decentralization of resources for contracting and for regular meetings with the local and district councils to pass over information. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of transport for patients SOURCE: O Estadão / RO, 29 and 30/05/2008

APRIL/JUNE/2008 VICTIM: Sebastian Arara, Ataman Arara, Letícia Arara, Zacchaeus Arara, James Arara PEOPLE: ARARA INDIGENOUS LAND: IGARAPÉ LOURDES MUNICIPALITY: JI-PARANA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Igarapé Lourdes DESCRIPTION: They lack medications of continuous and controlled use for patients suffering from seizures and epilepsy. Two indigenous have had crises in the village and were not medicated. Som nursing technicians have had to ask those who have a salary to buy their own medicine. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of medicines SOURCE: Indigenous and nursing technicians of Funasa - Cimi Staff/RO

MAY/2008 VICTIM: Sônia Canoe PEOPLE: KANO INDIGENOUS LAND: NOVA PAKAA MUNICIPALITY: GUAJAJARÁ-MIRIM PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Guajará-Mirim DESCRIPTION: The patient had an indication for surgery. FUNASA claimed lack of resources and did not provide the preoperative examination. The patient paid for the examination to have the surgery indicated. MEANS EMPLOYED: failure to provide medical examination SOURCE: Staff Cimi - Guajará Mirim / RO and victim

MAIO/2008 VICTIM: C. Canoe PEOPLE: KANO INDIGENOUS LAND: RIO GUAPORÉ MUNICIPALITY: GUAJAJARÁ-MIRIM PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Kanoé (Guaporé river) DESCRIPTION: In April 2008 the patient was taken to Guajará-Mirim with hemorrhage. Surgery was indicated. The Casai nurses indicated the patient to do preoperative testing in the private network. Unable to pay for examinations, the Canoe man returned to the village without the surgery being performed. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of resources SOURCE: Staff Cimi - Guajará Mirim / RO and victim

2008 VICTIM: Antônia Macurap PEOPLE: MAKURAP INDIGENOUS LAND: RIO GUAPORÉ MUNICIPALITY: GUAJAJARÁ-MIRIM PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Baia das Onças DESCRIPTION: Antônio consulted a specialist in Porto Velho four years ago for his auditory and oral deficiency. The doctor provided referral for treatment. As of November 2008, the patient had not been called. The Funasa claims lack of resources for travel and loss of the referral of the doctor. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of resources SOURCE: The parents of the victim; Cimi Staff- Guajará-Mirim/RO

2008 VICTIM: G. Canoe PEOPLE: KANO INDIGENOUS LAND: RIO GUAPORÉ MUNICIPALITY: GUAJARA-MIRIM PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: GUAJAJARÁ-MIRIM DESCRIPTION: The patient, a carrier of the hepatitis B and Delta virus, presented advanced cirrhosis. The Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 124 family confirms FUNASA negligence in the delivery of patient. The medication, prescribed in July 2007, had not been provided as of March 2008. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of transport and medicines SOURCE: The victim and Cimi Team - Guajará Mirim / RO

AUGUST/2008 VICTIM: Amarildo Cujubim PEOPLE: KUJUBIM INDIGENOUS LAND: RIO GUAPORÉ MUNICIPALITY: GUAJAJARÁ-MIRIM PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Health Post Guajará-Mirim DESCRIPTION: The Funasa did not provide transport of the adolescent to Goiânia according to medical referral. The patient along with his parents, were awaiting transportation in the Casai. During this period the family was not able to work their fields. The Funasa claimed lack of resources for referral of the patient. After pressure from the Federal Public Ministry the adolescent was taken to Sao Paulo for treatment. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of resources SOURCE: Family of victim and Cimi Team - Guajará Mirim / RO

MAY/2008 VICTIM: Maria das Graças Makurap PEOPLE: MAKURAP INDIGENOUS LAND: RIO GUAPORÉ MUNICIPALITY: GUAJAJARÁ-MIRIM PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Medical post of Guajará-Mirim DESCRIPTION: Patient with surgery indicated. The Funasa claimed lack of resources and did not provide the preoperative examinations. Without financial means, the patient appealed to Cimi staff. The head of the health post, contacted by Cimi, found means to carry out the referral exam. MEANS EMPLOYED: Negligence SOURCE: The victim and Cimi Staff - Guajará Mirim / RO

Photo: Gil de Catheau / Cimi Archive

The indigenous peoples of the Guajará-Mirim region, in Rondônia, suffer from an increase in deaths due to hepatitis B

JULY/2008 VICTIM: Mon Mixon Oro PEOPLE: NOVA PAKAA (ORO WARI) INDIGENOUS LAND: SAGARANA MUNICIPALITY: GUAJAJARÁ-MIRIM PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: CASAI de Guajará-Mirim

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 125 DESCRIPTION: The patient suffered trauma in the right fore-arm. An x-ray was made at doctors request. The film was evaluated by a nurse who said there was no problem. Told to return to the village, the health condition worsened. He spent six months without being able to work and sustain 11 children. He was attended by a private physician who diagnosed a fracture and indicated physical therapy. MEANS EMPLOYED: Inexperienced health care staff SOURCE: The victim and Cimi Staff

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: NOVA PAKAA (ORO WARI) INDIGENOUS LAND: NOVA PAKAA MUNICIPALITY: GUAJAJARÁ-MIRIM PLACE OF OCCURRENCE : Health Post Guajará-Mirim DESCRIPTION: For four years the FUNASA has postponed the Indigenous Health Agents training course, which is planned in the for in the District year plan and revindicated each year by the indigenous. In total there were 36 agents of the Guajará-Mirim Health Post, waiting for training. For the quantity of villages, the number of agents is insufficient. The indigenous lands affected are: Igarapé Ribeirão, Igarapé Lage, Rio Negro Ocaia, Nova Pakaa, Sagarana, Rio Guaporé, Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau and Karipuna. There was a failure to hire and train new indigenous health agents. In addition to that, there is a lack of basic medication, emergency transport and in some villages, lack of a health post and means of communication. The Funasa claims lack of resources. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of resources SOURCE: Staff Cimi - Guajará Mirim / RO

2008 VICTIM: Maria Janete de Lima PEOPLE: ARARA INDIGENOUS LAND: IGARAPÉ LOURDES MUNICIPALITY: JI-PARANA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Ji-Paraná DESCRIPTION: According to Francisco Chagas, son of the victim, the mother has not received her prescribed medication for two years now. She suffers from cardiac problems and water retention resulting in swellings. The indigenous woman purchased the product paying with her retirement benefits. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of medicines SOURCE: Francisco Chagas Arara (son of the victim)

2008 VICTIM: the 25 communities of the Guajará-Mirim health post PEOPLE: 25 people INDIGENOUS LAND: RIO GUAPORÉ MUNICIPALITY: GUAJAJARÁ-MIRIM PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Guajará-Mirim DESCRIPTION: Since 1994 the people of Rondônia have suffered the problem of delay in vaccination against hepatitis A and B, and the secrecy in reference to the examinations results. The delay in referral of patients with the virus and in need of treatment results in severe consequences such as cirrhosis and / or liver cancer. MEANS EMPLOYED: Delay in vaccination against hepatitis SOURCE: Cimi Staff Guajará-Mirim/RO

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: ORO WARI and other peoples INDIGENOUS LAND: Igarapé Ribeirão, Igarapé Lage, Rio Negro Ocaia, Nova Pakaa, Sagarana, Rio Guaporé, Uru-Eu - Wau-Wau and Karipuna MUNICIPALITY: GUAJAJARÁ-MIRIM PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Medical post of Guajará-Mirim DESCRIPTION: Because of the delay in the vaccination travels the required vaccination schedule for hepatitis is not respected. MEANS EMPLOYED: Delay in vaccination against hepatitis SOURCE: Staff of the Cimi Guajará-Mirim/RO

RORAIMA - 2 Case(s)

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: YANOMAMI

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 126 INDIGENOUS LAND: YANOMAMI MUNICIPALITY: BOA VISTA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Boa Vista DESCRIPTION: The lack of medicines in the Casa do Índio of Boa Vista persisted for three months. According to a complaint by the leaders, "the Yanomami are there for nothing, just eating, because there is no medication for their treatment." The treasurer of the NGO of Hutukara Yanomami Association - HAY, Dário Vitório Xiriana presented a list of 93 medicines that are lacking at the Casa do Índio to the newspaper Jornal Folha de Boa Vista. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of medicines SOURCE: Yanomami Letter / Report, 20/06/2008; Folha Boa Vista, 18/06/2008

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: YANOMAMI INDIGENOUS LAND: YANOMAMI MUNICIPALITY: ALTO ALEGRE PLACE OF OCCURRENCE : Serra das Surucucus DESCRIPTION: The Yanomami denounce the situation of abandonment and scrapping of the health network. There is total lack of medicines and equipment. They worry about the uncontrolled increase of sexual transmittable diseases. Representatives of communities said that men and women suffer with this type of disease without any care or prevention being offered by the health care workers. According to the Yanomami, miners and soldiers of the Army that had sexual relations with the Indigenous transmitted these diseases. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of medical care SOURCE: Coiab, home page 10/09/2008; ISA-Rogério Duarte do Pateo

SANTA CATARINA - 14 Case(s)

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: GUARANI INDIGENOUS LAND: YAKA PORA MUNICIPALITY: GARUVA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Yaka Porã DESCRIPTION: The dismissal of engineers, technicians and assistants prevented the completion of reorganization of the sanitary modules. Moreover, the community is without drinking water. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of sanitation infrastructure SOURCE: Indigenous Leaders; Cimi Sul / SC - 11/2008

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: GUARANI INDIGENOUS LAND: RETA/ ITAJU MUNICIPALITY: SÃO FRANCISCO DO SUL PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Reta/ Itaju DESCRIPTION: The dismissal of all engineers, technicians and auxiliary purification prevented the completion of two sanitation modules in Reta/Itaju. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of sanitation infrastructure SOURCE: Indigenous Leaders; Cimi Sul / SC - 11/2008

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: GUARANI INDIGENOUS LAND: MORRO ALTO MUNICIPALITY: SÃO FRANCISCO DO SUL PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Morro Alto DESCRIPTION: The dismissal of all engineers, technicians and auxiliary purification prevented the completion of four sanitation modules in the indigenous land. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of sanitation infrastructure SOURCE: Indigenous Leaders; Cimi Sul / SC - 11/2008

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: GUARANI INDIGENOUS LAND: CONQUISTA

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 127 MUNICIPALITY: BALNEARIO BARRA DO SUL PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Conquista DESCRIPTION: The dismissal of all sanitary engineers, technicians and auxiliaries prevented the completion of three sanitation modules on the indigenous land. The school has no sanitary facilities and the water system is in very poor condition, providing untreated water. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of sanitation infrastructure SOURCE: Indigenous Leaders; Cimi Sul / SC - 11/2008

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: GUARANI INDIGENOUS LAND: PINDO TY MUNICIPALITY: ARAQUARI PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Pindoty / Yvapuru / Jaboticabeira DESCRIPTION: The dismissal of all sanitation engineers, technicians and auxiliaries prevented the completion of several sanitation modules in the indigenous communities. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of sanitation infrastructure SOURCE: Indigenous Leaders; Cimi Sul / SC 11/2008

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: GUARANI INDIGENOUS LAND: TARUMÃ MUNICIPALITY: ARAQUARI PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Tarumã DESCRIPTION: The dismissal of all sanitation engineers, technicians and auxiliaries prevented the completion of two sanitation modules in Tarumã, as well as the installation a water pump. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of sanitation infrastructure SOURCE: Indigenous Leaders; Cimi South - 11/2008

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: GUARANI INDIGENOUS LAND: MORRO DOS CAVALOS MUNICIPALITY: PALHOÇA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Tarumã DESCRIPTION: The dismissal of all sanitation engineers, technicians and auxiliary staff prevented the completion of two sanitation modules in Tarumã. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of structure health SOURCE: Indigenous Leaders; Cimi Sul-11/2008

Photo: J.Rosha / Cimi Archive

Lack of sanitation also affect many indigenous people, causing illness and death Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 128

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: GUARANI INDIGENOUS LAND: M'BYGUAÇU MUNICIPALITY: BIGUAÇU PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: M'byguaçu DESCRIPTION: The dismissal of all sanitation engineers, technicians and auxiliary staff prevented the completion of 11 sanitation modules. In the village lives an indigenous man who has had a transplant and, on medical advice, needs a special bathroom. This has not been built despite the FUNASA request. Augmentation of the water system is also needed. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of sanitation infrastructure SOURCE: Indigenous Leaders; Cimi Sul / SC, 11/2008

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: GUARANI INDIGENOUS LAND: ITANHAÉM MUNICIPALITY: BIGUAÇU PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Itanhaém DESCRIPTION: The dismissal of all sanitation engineers, technicians and auxiliary staff prevented the construction of sanitation modules for circa 100 people and results in the community water supply remaining untreated. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of sanitation infrastructure SOURCE: Indigenous Leaders; Cimi Sul / SC, 11/2008

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: GUARANI INDIGENOUS LAND: CURY MUNICIPALITY: BIGUAÇU PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Cury DESCRIPTION: The dismissal of all sanitation engineers, technicians and auxiliary staff prevented the construction of sanitation modules. The water is still supplied untreated; there is no piped water. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of sanitation infrastructure SOURCE: Indigenous Leaders; Cimi Sul / SC, 11/2008

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: GUARANI MUNICIPALITY: BIGUAÇU PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Tawaí DESCRIPTION: The dismissal of all sanitation engineers, technicians and auxiliary staff prevented the construction of sanitation modules. The water is still supplied untreated; there is no piped water. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of sanitation infrastructure SOURCE: Indigenous Leaders; Cimi Sul / SC, 11/2008

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: GUARANI INDIGENOUS LAND: GUARANI OF ARAÇA'I MUNICIPALITY: CHAPECÓ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Araça'i DESCRIPTION: With the dismissal of all sanitation engineers, technicians and auxiliary staff, the community water pump which had failed, remained without repair for eight months. The community bought another pump with the resources from a project to raising chicken. However there are no pipes and the water tanks have no covers. One of the bathrooms in the school had to be closed. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of sanitation infrastructure SOURCE: Indigenous Leaders; Cimi Sul / SC, 11/2008

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: GUARANI INDIGENOUS LAND: LIMEIRA Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 129 MUNICIPALITY: ENTRE RIOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Limeira DESCRIPTION: The dismissal of all sanitation engineers, technicians and auxiliary staff prevented the completion of 10 sanitation modules. Furthermore, the community have been without water for about eight months due to problems with the water pump, and the Guarani have been obligated to use a water source polluted by pesticides. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of sanitation infrastructure SOURCE: Indigenous Leaders; Cimi Sul / SC, 11/2008

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: GUARANI INDIGENOUS LAND: MARANGATU MUNICIPALITY: IMARUI PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Marangatu DESCRIPTION: The dismissal of all sanitation engineers, technicians and auxiliary staff prevented the construction of a health post. The Guarani were without water for nearly 4 months. The Funasa utilized water from a property adjacent to the indigenous land, but the owner want to charge more. While the situation remains unresolved, the community consumes untreated water. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of sanitation infrastructure SOURCE: Indigenous Leaders; Cimi Sul / SC, 11/2008

TOCANTINS - 1 case(s)

2008 VICTIM: Children PEOPLE: APINAYÉ INDIGENOUS LAND: APINAYÉ MUNICIPALITY: TOCANTINOPOLIS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Butica DESCRIPTION: Many indigenous children were hospitalized in the Tocantinópolis Municipal Hospital with diarrhea and influenza, in addition to an outbreak of conjunctivitis in the village. This was reported by Butica village Health Council representative, José Ribeiro Apinajé in a meeting with the chef of the Funasa health post and the mayor of Tocantinópolis. The Apinayé are concerned, because for about four months they have been without a car for medical transport to attend all the villages and also lack radio communications in the health post. MEANS EMPLOYED: General lack of assistance SOURCE: Journal de Tocantins / TO, 24/05/2008

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 130 Death due to lack of health care Year 2008 he ultimate consequence of lack of health assistance is the death of people. TThese deaths in many cases would be avoidable if there were effective infrastructure and health care policies for the indigenous communities. There are 17 registered cases of death from a lack of adequate health care. The number of victims was 312. These cases, various involving multiple victims, refer to the states of Acre (2 cases), Amazonas (5), Maranhão (4), Rondônia (5), and Tocantins (1); involving the following peoples: Kulina, Katukina, Yanomami, Pirahã, Gavião, Pakaa Nova, Makurap, Karipuna, Tupari and the peoples living in the Vale do Javari. The state of Amazonas presented the highest number of victims (19). Lack of sanitation and potable water in many villages caused various diseases and left the residents vulnerable to others. However, as indicated in the previous section, often there is a lack of medicines, medical care and transportation to treat these diseases, and resources for more complex treatments are also scarce. All this results in a number of deaths that probably could have been prevented. There are also various records of lacking health care due to the suspension of contracts between the Funasa and the entity that executed the care. In the meantime, what is most notable in the majority of cases is the delay in getting to a doctor’s consult, in getting a diagnosis and in delivery of the patients to adequate hospitals.

s Photo: Clarissa Archive Tavares / CIMI

Protest at the ministry of Health in the capital Brasília against the failing health care that lead to indigenous deaths in all regions

In this way, Crissanto Tupari, of the Tupari people in Rondônia, remained undiagnosed for hepatitis B for years, despite a number of examinations. The hepatitis evolved into liver cancer, which eventually caused his death. Also in Rondônia, a 9 year-old

2 It should be noted that this category does not include 37 infant mortalities, which are registered in a separate category. These cases constitute deaths from a lack of health care also. Adding the two categories the total number of recorded cases is 68. Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 131 child of the Makrup people, with external tumors on the neck, was untreated for 2 years; the disease spread and she died. There are 4 cases of death for lack of care among the Guajajara, in Maranhão, one case being caused by lack of medical skills and 3 by delay in medical care. Attention is called to the situation of risk for the Pirahã people in Amazonas. The population totals 230 persons and an alarming 3.9% of them died in 2008, according to health counselors. There are cases of malaria, tuberculosis, hanseniasis and diarrhea in combination with dehydration and lack of medical attention. DEATH DUE TO LACK OF HEALTH CARE Data of 2008 Total of cases: 17 Victims: 31 (individuals)

ACRE - 2 Case(s) - 2 Victim(s)

10/04/2008 VICTIM: Feliciano Ferreira Kaxinawá PEOPLE: KATUKINA INDIGENOUS LAND: KATUKINA / KAXINAWÁ MUNICIPALITY: FEIJO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Paro DESCRIPTION: The child died from dehydration. Health care for the community is missing. The case becomes more serious because one the professionals of the medical post is specializing in indigenous nutrition. MEANS EMPLOYED: Dehydration SOURCE: Cimi Regional Staff - AO; Base Health Post

08/03/2008 VICTIM: Female PEOPLE: KULINA INDIGENOUS LAND: KULINA DO RIO ENVIRA MUNICIPALITY: FEIJO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Igarapé do Anjo/Terra Nova DESCRIPTION: The lack of medical assistance to the people of Alto Envira has as consequence the evolution of diseases. A victim had pneumonia and which due to a lack of attention evolved to tuberculosis, which eventually lead to death. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of medical care SOURCE: Cimi Regional Staff - AO; Base Health Post

AMAZONAS- 5 Case(s) - 19 Victim(s)

MAY/JUNE/2008 VICTIM: 12 people PEOPLE: PEOPLE OF VALE DO JAVARI INDIGENOUS LAND: VALE DO JAVARI MUNICIPALITY: ATALAIA DO NORTE PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Peoples of the Vale do Javari DESCRIPTION: Leaders of the Vale do Javari reported 12 Indigenous deaths within 30 days, 10 of whom were Photo: Nilva Favret / Cimi archive children. According to the document, the deaths occurred during a full emergency action by Funasa. According to André Mayoruna, just promoting emergency actions is not sufficient. "We do not have doctors. We lack fuel for the boats and there is no continuity of health actions." According to the Indigenous, the population size has remained the same for a long time due to the high mortality rate. The director of the Funasa department of indigenous health admitted The situation in the Javari Valley is one of the that the attendance in the Vale do Javari is precarious, most serious in Amazonas – the state where the citing the difficulty of access to villages and recruitment highest number of deaths is registered due to lack of adequate health care Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 132 of doctors. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of medical care SOURCE: Folha de São Paulo, 22/06/2008, A Critique / AM, 17/06/2008

JAN/JUNE/2008 VICTIM: Kaguepai PEOPLE: PIRAHA INDIGENOUS LAND: PIRAHÃ MUNICIPALITY: HUMAITÁ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: The villages Poção, Koata, Flechal and Barrigudo DESCRIPTION: According to José Ricardo Torá and Roberto T. Reis Mura, members of the District Council of Indigenous Health, the deaths occurred because of the lack of assistance to villages by the team hired by the Municipal Prefecture of Manicoré. The team, when in the area, comes in for one day and leaves the next, according to Junior Tenharim. The health counselors sent the document to the Funasa Regional Coordination, reporting that cases of malaria, tuberculosis, hanseniasis, diarrhea and other diseases there were diagnosed. According to Funasa, the access to the villages is difficulty, which causes the inconsistency of the work of medical teams. The deaths this year hit 3.9% of the population of 230 individuals. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of medical care SOURCE: J. Rosha, 25/6/2008

JANUARY/2008 VICTIM: Adolescent PEOPLE: KANAMARI INDIGENOUS LAND: VALE DO JAVARI MUNICIPALITY: ATALAIA DO NORTE PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Rio Novo DESCRIPTION: The Coordinator of CIVAJA (Indigenous Council of Vale do, Javari) Clóvis Marubo, complains that Funasa did not inform the diagnosis of diseases or the causes of deaths recorded in the Javari. He said that the cause of death of the adolescent is not known. The CIVAJA fears that local population will be decimated by outbreaks of tuberculosis and meningitis. According to Clovis, the structure for Indigenous health service is unreliable, there being a lack of doctors, medicines and transportation for the patients. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of medical attention SOURCE: A Critica / AM, 22/01/2008

30/06/08 VICTIM: Maurício Kanamari PEOPLE: KANAMARI INDIGENOUS LAND: VALE DO JAVARI MUNICIPALITY: ATALAIA DO NORTE PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Massapê DESCRIPTION: The leaders of traditional indigenous Vale do Javari are rebelling against the state of abandonment of health there and are appalled by the death of an indigenous Kanamari, that occurred in the Hospital de Atalaia do Norte, after agonizing for several days in the village of Massapê. The cause of death is suspected to be acute Delta hepatitis, based on the clinical picture that is similar to Lábrea fever, the most brutal form of hepatitis. Since the beginning of the year already 21 deaths have been registered in the reserve, which has left the indigenous leaders in panic. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of medical care SOURCE: A Critica / AM, 02/07/2008

2008 VICTIM: 4 Adolescents PEOPLE: YANOMAMI INDIGENOUS LAND: YANOMAMI MUNICIPALITY: SÃO GABRIEL DA CACHOEIRA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Yanomami DESCRIPTION: The 4 adolescents died for lack of medical care and adequate medication. The agreement between the Brazilian Institute for Health Development (IBDS) and FUNASA was suspended. According to the President of the Associação Yanomami do Rio Cauaburis e Afluentes (AIRCA), the FUNASA suspended the agreement nine months ago. He says that it is no use for nurses to come to the village if they do not bring medication. The agreement between FUNASA and IBDS for 2008 totaled R$ 251,242.00. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of health care because of suspended service contract SOURCE: A Critique / AM, 22/11/2008

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 133 MARANHÃO - 4 Case(s) - 4 Victim(s)

SEPTEMBER VICTIM: Rosinha Guajajara PEOPLE: GUAJAJARA INDIGENOUS LAND: ARARIBÓIA MUNICIPALITY: AMARANTE DO MARANHÃO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Bacabal DESCRIPTION: According to family testimony, the child had no medical monitoring on the part of Funasa and only received treatment when it was not possible to save her life. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of doctor attention SOURCE: Cimi Regional Staff Maranhão

NOVEMBER VICTIM: João Claudino Gavião PEOPLE: GAVIÃO INDIGENOUS LAND: GOVERNADOR MUNICIPALITY: AMARANTE DO MARANHÃO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Governnador DESCRIPTION: According to reports, the Indigenous man had no assistance from Funasa. When the monitoring was sought, it was already not possible. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of doctor attention SOURCE: Staff Cimi-Grajaú/MA

10/11/2008 VICTIM: Maria Lima Guajajara PEOPLE: GUAJAJARA INDIGENOUS LAND: ARARIBÓIA MUNICIPALITY: AMARANTE DO MARANHÃO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Juçaral DESCRIPTION: For years the victim suffered from severe pain without her health problem being diagnosed. This occurred only shortly before her death. She died from cancer of the uterus. MEANS EMPLOYED: Inexpert health care SOURCE: Regional Cimi-MA

20/11/2008 VICTIM: José Orlando Guajajara PEOPLE: GUAJAJARA INDIGENOUS LAND: ARARIBÓIA MUNICIPALITY: AMARANTE DO MARANHÃO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Lagoa Quieta DESCRIPTION: According to the family, the victim only received treatment by Funasa when already in the terminal state. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of medical care SOURCE: Staff Cimi-Grajaú/MA

RONDÔNIA - 5 Case(s) - 5 Victim(s)

14/04/2008 VICTIM: Cleidson Oro Waram PEOPLE: ORO WARAM (ORO Wari) INDIGENOUS LAND: PAKAAS NOVO MUNICIPALITY: GUAJARÁ-MIRIM PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Rio Sotério DESCRIPTION: There was delay on the part of several health care entities to detect hepatitis in the indigenous population. This failure caused delay in diagnosis of hepatitis B in adolescents. The disease was discovered in Cleidson in March 2007 when it had evolved into hepatic cirrhosis and cancer of the liver. In July 2007 the treatment was started, and death occurred in April 2008. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of health care expertise SOURCE: Family of the victim; Regional Cimi - RO

03/05/2008 VICTIM: Crissanto Tupari PEOPLE: TUPARI INDIGENOUS LAND: RIO GUAPORÉ Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 134 MUNICIPALITY: GUAJARÁ-MIRIM PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Guajará-Mirim DESCRIPTION: The Indigenous people participated in research on hepatitis in August of 2005, the results of which were kept confidential by Funasa for nearly two years. There were constant delays in the diagnosis of the disease - hepatitis B, which progressed to liver cancer with metastasis to the bone. Other delays and incomplete diagnoses and / or that did not correspond to the patient’s real problem, including hospital admissions and discharges, worsened the health status of the victim who eventually died. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of health care expertise, late diagnosis, lack of treatment SOURCE: The victim in the course of disease, family members, Cimi Regional Staff- RO

03/08/2008 VICTIM: Yam Pau Oro Waram Xijein PEOPLE: ORO WARAM XIJEIN (ORO Wari) INDIGENOUS LAND: SAGARANA MUNICIPALITY: GUAJARÁ-MIRIM PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Guajará-Mirim and Porto Velho DESCRIPTION: In early July 2008 the victim was hospitalized in Porto Velho. The diagnosis of cancer was communicated to FUNASA, urging for the removal of the patient to another hospital in another state in less than 10 days. Despite the contacts made by Cimi and the diocesan bishop, the Foundation claimed that there were no vacancies in the hospitals of reference. This claim has since been proven false. When the Pio XII Hospital in Barretos / São Paulo was contacted, it informed Cimi that it would be only a matter of faxing the documentation and reports from the patient’s doctor. The Funasa was notified about this solution but took no measures. The patient did not survive. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of referral and transport to another hospital SOURCE: The victim, during treatment, family members, Cimi Regional - RO

20/08/2008 VICTIM: Geodésio Makurap PEOPLE: MAKURAP INDIGENOUS LAND: RIO BRANCO MUNICIPALITY: ALTA FLORESTA D’OESTE PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Makurap DESCRIPTION: The child had been sick for over two years with external neck tumors. With lack of care at the beginning of the disease it developed further. The child was taken to hospital in Porto Velho, remaining there for six months, but did not survive. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of medical care SOURCE: Cimi Regional - RO - Staff in Kwazá and Rio Branco

16/12/2008 VICTIM: Helen Au Oro Waram Xijein PEOPLE: ORO WARAM XIJEIN (ORO WARI) INDIGENOUS LAND: RIBEIRÃO SILVEIRA MUNICIPALITY: NOVA MAMORÉ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Guajará-Mirim DESCRIPTION: The patient with a diagnosis of a tubercular lung was hospitalized at the Regional Hospital (Semusa) where no examination was made. He was discharges after 5 days and transferred to the CASAI. His condition worsened and the nurses alleged that the patient did not want to go back to the hospital. There is complaint that nurses of the Casai resist taking patients to the First Aid as they are not well seen. The Funasa doctor transferred the patient, but he did not survive. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of health care and of expertise SOURCE: Cimi Staff Guajará-Mirim/RO

TOCANTINS - 1 case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

04/04/2008 VICTIM: Welison Yatiau Karajá PEOPLE: KARAJÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: KARAJÁ DE ARUNANÃ I MUNICIPALITY: SANTA FE DO ARAGUAIA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Xambioá DESCRIPTION: The adolescent remained in treatment for a year without a diagnostic confirmation of his disease. Serious difficulties were faced to move him from the village for lack transport, and eventually died. After he died material was collected for examination, but as of the end of 2008 the result was not known. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of general assistance SOURCE: Families Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 135

hoto: J. Rosha / CIMI Archive

Infant mortality is caused by a conjunction of factors, among them, lack of adequate food

Child mortality Year 2008 Child mortality3 occurs in the situations where many – if not all – the unfavorable circumstances lived by indigenous peoples converge: lack of food, as a result of lack of land or of food assistance, lack of potable water and basic sanitation; lack of prevention, vaccination and medical assistance; lack of transport to a doctor and hospital care; and lack of pre and postnatal care. In 2008 the number of recorded cases of infant death increased, compared to the year 20074. There were 17 occurrences registered, with 37 deaths. Of these deaths, 33 warrant attention for lack of medical attention or transport. Problems, as was previously pointed out, that many indigenous peoples face. This is the case of 7 children of the Pirahã, in Amazonas. In addition to diarrhea and dehydration, they suffer from other illnesses such as malaria and tuberculosis. Some of them were not even treated by the medical team contracted by the Municipal city hall of Humaitá. The Kulina of the Igarapé community of Anjo, in Acre, likewise remain without attention. Attention is called to the case of the Xavante children. In the month of January 2008 alone, 15 babies died from illnesses that could have been cured.

3 CIMI works with the term child mortality (mortalidade na infância), defined as death of children under 5 years of age. The term is also often used as the statistical index of the number of deaths under 5 per 1000 of live births. The category of infant mortality is also frequently used, which deals with deaths under one year of age. In 2008, there were 21 cases of death registered of children under 1 year of age due to lack of health assistance. 4 It is worth noting that CIMI presents infant mortality in absolute numbers in a given period of time, not as an index. This means, it is not possible to verify, based on the data presented, alterations in the index of infant mortality in the period analyzed, only variations in the absolute number of cases. Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 136 There are other cases of deaths of children involving diseases that could easily have been treated arising from malnutrition or diarrhea in combination with dehydration. These illnesses, often times, occur as a consequence of the fragile health of mothers who are unable to produce sufficient maternal milk to feed their children. At the same time, the mothers are unable to buy supplementary and adequate food for their babies. In addition to this, these cases demonstrate the absence of adequate neo-natal and postnatal assistance. CHILD MORTALITY Data of 2008 Total of cases: 17 Victims: 37 (individuals)

ACRE - 1 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

19/03/2008 VICTIM: Calu Kulina PEOPLE: KULINA (MADIJA) INDIGENOUS LAND: KULINA DO RIO ENVIRA MUNICIPALITY: FEIJO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Igarapé do Anjo/Terra Nova DESCRIPTION: There is no direct assistance for community health. Cases of malnutrition are common and there is great difficulty in removal of patients. By the time the child could be transported, it was too late to save it. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of transport for patients SOURCE: Cimi Regional Team AO; Base Health Post

AMAZONIA - 3 Case(s) - 9 Victim(s)

JAN/JUN-2008 VICTIM: Kauguiai (two years and four months), Peauecassoe (one year and five months), one newborn (one month), one newborn (three months), five children PEOPLE: PIRAHA INDIGENOUS LAND: PIRAHÃ MUNICIPALITY: HUMANITA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Villages Poção, Koata, and Flechal Barrigudo DESCRIPTION: According to José Ricardo Torá and Roberto T. Reis Mura, members of District Council of Indigenous Health, the deaths occurred because of the lack of assistance to villages by the staff hired by the Municipal Prefecture of Manicoré. The team, when in the area, comes in for one day and leaves the next, the indigenous Júnior Tenharim says. Health Council members sent the document to Funasa Regional Coordination, reporting there were diagnosed cases of malaria, tuberculosis, hanseniasis, diarrhea and other diseases. According to FUNASA, access to villages is difficult, which is why there is inconsistency of staff work. The deaths this year affected 3.9% of population, which totals 230 individuals. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of medical care SOURCE: J. Rosha (Cimi North I), 25/06/2008

JANUARY/2008 VICTIM: Child PEOPLE: MARUBO INDIGENOUS LAND: VALE DO JJAVARI MUNICIPALITY: ATALAIA DO NORTE PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Vida Nova DESCRIPTION: Clovis Marubo, coordinator of CIVAJA (Indigenous Council of Vale do Javari), claims that Funasa did not inform them of the diagnosis of diseases or the causes of deaths recorded in Javari. "We do not know the cause of death of that child," says Clovis Marubo. The CIVAJA fears that the local population will be decimated by imminent outbreaks of tuberculosis and meningitis. The coordinator points to the focus of disease in the Curuçá river region and denounces the poor health care structure in the region, with a lack of doctors, medicines and transportation for patients. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of medical care SOURCE: A Critica / AM, 22/01/2008

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 137 JAN/MAR/2008 VICTIM: Children PEOPLE: KULINA INDIGENOUS LAND: VALE DO JAVARI MUNICIPALITY: EIRUNEPE PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Eirunepe DESCRIPTION: Poor sanitation, lack of drinking water and operational problems in providing the health care continued to be the causes of increasing child mortality that threatens children of the Kulina ethnicity. Malnutrition, according to the statement by the Nuasi-Center for Assistance and Monitoring of Indigenous Health, is a consequence of deterioration from various other diseases such as intestinal infections, diarrhea and other infections. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of sanitation structure SOURCE: A Critica / AM, 26/03/2008

GOIAS - 1 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

MAY/2008 VICTIM: Newborn PEOPLE: TAPUIA INDIGENOUS LAND: CARRETÃO I MUNICIPALITY: NOVA AMERICA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Municipal Hospital of Rubiataba DESCRIPTION: Indigenous patient Lidiane Pereira Barbosa was in the Municipal Hospital to give birth to her first child. According to the family, the normal birth became complicated and a cesarean section was not performed fast enough. The newborn died 15 minutes after birth. MEANS EMPLOYED: inexpert health care SOURCE: Family and indigenous leaders; Cimi Regional GO / TO

MARANHÃO - 1 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

20/11/2008 VICTIM: Newborn PEOPLE: GUAJAJARA INDIGENOUS LAND: ARARIBOIÁ MUNICIPALITY: AMARANTE DO MARANHÃO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Mucuri DESCRIPTION: According to testimony of officials who work at the basic health center, the child's death occurred due to lack of assistance from the Funasa. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of medical care SOURCE: Cimi Staff -Grajaú

MATO GROSSO DO SUL - 2 Case(s) - 2 Victim(s)

07/02/2008 VICTIM: Michael Aquino PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Bororó DESCRIPTION: The mother reported not having resources to feed the child regularly. According to Funasa information, the child had not completed the treatment it was receiving at the University Hospital of Dourados, when the mother withdrew it. MEANS EMPLOYED: Malnutrition SOURCE: Ambientebrasil.com.br, 09/02/2008, O Estado de S. Paulo, 08/02/2008

15/12/2008 VICTIM: Gleide Bairro(1 year and 6 months) PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: KURUSU AMBA MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAÍ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Kurusu Amba DESCRIPTION: The child died from malnutrition. The death was recorded by the Casa do Índio Amambaí. The Indigenous have been camped along the road that connects Amambaí to Colonel Sapucaia since 2007. MEANS EMPLOYED: Malnutrition SOURCE: Official Correspondence with State / MS, 16/12/08 Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 138

MATO GROSSO – 4 Case(s) - 18 Victim(s)

27/05/2008 VICTIM: Newborn PEOPLE: MYKY MUNICIPALITY: BRASNORTE PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Japuíra DESCRIPTION: The child's mother, Kamu Myky, 20 years, went into labor and was not helped in time to save the baby. Her pregnancy was considered at risk. The car requested only arrived four hours after being called. According to the victim's cousin, Cláudio Myky, the delay was caused by the lack of fuel and the poor condition of the road that leads to the village. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of transport for patients SOURCE: A Gazeta / MT, 30/05/2008

JANUARY/2008 VICTIM: 15 Children (under 01 years) PEOPLE: XAVANTE MUNICIPALITY: BARRA DO GARCES PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Xavante DESCRIPTION: Xavante indigenous people occupied the building of the Special Indigenous Sanitary District in Barra do Garça, demanding improved health care, after the death of 15 children under one year of age only in the month of January. Sérgio Abhö-ödi, president of the Indigenous Council of São Marco, declared that the children had diseases that have a cure. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of skilled health care SOURCE: Agência Brasil, 31/01/2008

16/10/2008 VICTIM: Juilber Kithãulu PEOPLE: NAMBIKWARA-KITHAULU INDIGENOUS LAND: NAMBIKWARA MUNICIPALITY: COMODORO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Nova Mutum DESCRIPTION: The child was suffering from diarrhea and vomiting and brought to the Funasa Comodoro support point and hospitalized in the municipal hospital, where he remained for two days to recover. When he returned to the village, he fell ill again and was brought back to the Funasa support point, from which he was taken to the House of Vilhena (Rondônia). Arriving in Vilhena the child remained in the Casai where his health deteriorated. He was later sent to hospital, where he died. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of expertise in the health care SOURCE: Cimi Staff / MT (Comodoro), Jornal O Diário / MT, 17/10/2008

Photo: Ronaldo Nina / Cimi Archive

Xavante children: 15 deaths in one indigenous area within a month for lack of adequate health care

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 139 16/10/2008 VICTIM: Arilúcia Kithãulu PEOPLE: NAMBIKWARA-KITHAULU INDIGENOUS LAND: NAMBIKWARA MUNICIPALITY: COMODORO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldelia Nova Mutum DESCRIPTION: As in the previous case, the child was suffering from diarrhea and vomiting. Was taken to the Comodoro Funasa support point and hospitalized at the municipal hospital, where he remained for two days to recover. Upon returning to the village, fell ill again and was brought back to the Funasa support point, then taken to the CASAI of Vilhena (Rondônia). Arriving in Vilhena in the child remained in the CASAI where health deteriorated. He was later sent to hospital, where the death occurred. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of health care expertise and adequate treatment SOURCE: Cimi Staff - Regional MT; Jornal O Diário - 17/10/2008

PARÁ - 1 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

11/04/2008 VICTIM: Gian Tiriyó 18 months PEOPLE: TIRIYO INDIGENOUS LAND: PARK'S INDIGENOUS TUMUCUMAQUE MUNICIPALITY: OBIDOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Reserve Tumucumaque DESCRIPTION: The child remained four days awaiting care. There was no Funasa doctor on site. It was taken by a plane of the Brazilian Air Force (FAB) to the Children's Hospital of Macapá / Amapá, but did not survive. Even the Regional Director, Frederico de Miranda, officially reported to the national body and the MPF on the "very serious" situation of the abandonment of the Tiriyó. NGOs providing care in the region have gone without funds for four months and the agreement does not include contracts for doctors. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of medical care SOURCE: O Liberal / PA, 15 and 17/04/2008; Correio Brasiliense, 20/04/08; Cimi Norte II

RONDÔNIA - 1 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

AUGUST/2008 VICTIM: Felipe Oro Mon PEOPLE: ORO MON (ORO WARI) INDIGENOUS LAND: IGARAPÉ LAGE MUNICIPALITY: GUAJARÁ-MIRIM PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Lage Velho DESCRIPTION: The child became ill with a profile characteristic of intestinal occlusion. It was taken to Guajará - Mirim and subsequently to Porto Velho, but died during transport. In 2007 a survey by the Ministry of Health already detected high incidence of parasites among the children. Treatment of well water was recommended and construction of latrine pits, but the responsible authorities did not do this. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of sanitation structure SOURCE: Family of the victim; Regional Staff Cimi RO

TOCANTINS - 3 Case(s) - 3 Victim(s)

23/09/2008 VICTIM: Rafaela Javaé PEOPLE: JAVAÉ INDIGENOUS LAND: PARQUE DO ARAGUAIA MUNICIPALITY: FORMOSO DO ARAGUAIA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia de São João DESCRIPTION: There is a lack of vehicles to transport patients to the city. Funasa vehicles are generally in the city of Formoso and it takes many hours of travel to reach the village. In this case, the medical attention arrived too late. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of transport for patients SOURCE: Health officer, Regional Cimi GO / TO

01/11/2008 VICTIM: Child PEOPLE: Krahô INDIGENOUS LAND: KRAHÔ / KANELA MUNICIPALITY: ITACAJA Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 140 PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Village Campo Limpo DESCRIPTION: On 01/11/2008 a car was requested to take the child to the municipality of Itacajá. The car did not arrive until the following afternoon. The doctor sent the victim to Araguaina, but the child died on arrival. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of transport SOURCE: Oswaldo Krahô (health officer); Cimi Regional GO / TO

15/04/2008 VICTIM: Newborn PEOPLE: JAVAE INDIGENOUS LAND: PARQUE DO ARAGUAIA MUNICIPALITY: FORMOSO DO ARAGUAIA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE : Aldeia São João DESCRIPTION: There is an absence of vehicles to transport patients to the city. Funasa vehicles are in the town of Formoso do Araguaia and take hours to reach the village. When they arrive, if the patient condition is very serious, the death has already occurred as in this case. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of transport for patients SOURCE: Health officer, Cimi Regional GO / TO

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 141 Malnutrition Year 2008 here were 6 cases of malnutrition recorded in 2008. Cimi has access only to the Tinformation regarding the states of Paraná, with 4 cases; Rio Grande do Sul, with 1 case and Tocantins, with 1 case. Five cases concerned children (ages 1 year 10 months; one 1yr., two children of 2yrs., and one of 3yrs). There was also one elderly lady of 70 years of age. She was of the Xerente people. The children were of three Guarani communities Tekoha Araguaja (1) and Mato Preto (1) and Tekoha Marangatu (3). These Guarani communities live camped on the banks of the Paraná river while reclaiming their lands. Without land to plant and sustain them selves, they remain without food and as potable water is lacking they consume untreated water from the river. They receive little or no assistance from the Funai and no assistance from the Funasa. The village Tekoha Marangatu receives basic food baskets from Funai, but these are insufficient. In Mato Preto the baskets only arrive once in a while.

Photo: Marline Buzzato / CIMI archive

Malnourished child in the arms of its mother. Lack of food is only one of various causes of malnutrition

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 142 MALNUTRITION Data of 2008 Total of cases: 6 Victims: 6 (individuals)

PARANÁ - 4 Cases(s) - 4 Victim(s)

2008 VICTIM: Liliane Lopes PEOPLE: GUARANI INDIGENOUS LAND: TEKOHA ARAGUAJU MUNICIPALITY: TERRA ROXA PLACE OF OCCCURRENCE: Tekoha Araguaju DESCRIPTION: The community is camped on the Paraná river. They suffer from the lack of assistance from the Funasa and the Funai. They do not have potable water and consume water from the river, which leads to cases of malnutrition due to consequent diseases. The victim is in advanced stage of malnutrition, not walking and spends most of time in the lap of her parents. MEANS EMPLOYED: Contaminated Water SOURCE: Indian Community; Cimi South – Paraná Staff

2008 VICTIM: Claudiane Velasques PEOPLE: GUARANI INDIGENOUS LAND: TEKOHA MARANGATU MUNICIPALITY: GUAÍRA PLACE OF OCCCURRENCE: Tekoha Marangatu DESCRIPTION: The community is camped at the Paraná river, next to the courtyard of the Federal Revenue. They suffer from lack of assistance from the Funasa and the Funai. They have no potable water and end up consuming the river water, which leads to the cases of malnutrition. In addition to this, the basic food baskets from the Funai are insufficient. MEANS EMPLOYED: Contaminated Water SOURCE: Indigenous Community and Cimi South - Paraná Staff

2008 VICTIM: Jéferson Benites PEOPLE: GUARANI INDIGENOUS LAND: TEKOHA MARANGATU MUNICIPALITY: GUAÍRA PLACE OF OCCCURRENCE: Tekoha Marangatu DESCRIPTION: The community is camped at the Paraná river. They suffer from lack of assistance from the Funai and Funasa. They do not have potable water and end up consuming the river water, which leads to the cases of malnutrition. Moreover, the basic food baskets from Funai are insufficient. MEANS EMPLOYED: Contaminated water SOURCE: Indigenous community and Cimi South - Paraná Staff

2008 VICTIM: Armelinda Benites (10 months) PEOPLE: GUARANI INDIGENOUS LAND: TEKOHA MARANGATU MUNICIPALITY: GUAIRA PLACE OF OCCCURRENCE: Tekoha Marangatu DESCRIPTION: The community is camped at the Paraná river. They suffer from lack of assistance of the Funai and the Funasa. They do not have potable water and end up consuming the river water, which leads to the cases of malnutrition because of the ensuing diseases. In addition, the Funai basic food aid (the cesta básica) is insufficient. MEANS EMPLOYED: Contaminated Water SOURCE: Indigenous Community and Cimi South - Paraná Staff

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 143 RIO GRANDE DO SUL - 1 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

AUGUST/2008 VICTIM: Suzana da Costa PEOPLE: GUARANI INDIGENOUS LAND: MATO PRETO MUNICIPALITY: EREBANGO PLACE OF OCCCURRENCE: Mato Preto - Guarani DESCRIPTION: The lack of food in the camp in combination with the delay or non-existence of the basic food aid and the lack of land for self-sustaining lead to malnutrition of children. MEANS EMPLOYED: Suspension of basic food basket SOURCE: Indigenous Community

TOCANTINS - 1 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

JULY 2008 VICTIM: Candinha Pirokodi Xerente PEOPLE: XERENTE INDIGENOUS LAND: XERENTE MUNICIPALITY: TOCANTINIA PLACE OF OCCCURRENCE: Aldeia Novo Horizonte DESCRIPTION: The elder woman of 70 years, was admitted to Hospital de Referência de Miracema for five days. She was discharged, returned to the village, but still weak, without spirit and very malnourished. She died three days after her discharge. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of general assistance SOURCE: Family of victim

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 144 Dissemination of alcoholic beverages and drugs Year 2008 onsumption of alcohol and drugs continues to be a frequent and serious problem C in many indigenous communities, even though in 2008 only 11 cases were registered. These involved the states of Acre, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul and Tocantins. A nationwide study by the Funai project Vigisus II states that the use of drugs is of growing concern in many indigenous communities throughout the country. Even though there exists a legal prohibition on sale of alcoholic beverages to indigenous peoples, within or outside of their lands, recurrent cases of alcohol sales occur including within indigenous areas. Many indigenous even consume pure alcohol made for cleaning, called “tampazul”, for the blue seal on the bottle. Highlighted are the communities of the Maxakali, in the state of Minas Gerais, and of the Xerente, in Tocantins, where the abuse of alcohol is extreme. In 2008 there were at least 3 deaths among the Maxakali due to excessive alcohol consumption. There were 5 deaths among the Xerente. Nothing impedes access to alcohol, or perhaps only the abusive pricing (R$50.00 for a bottle of cachaça, the national liquor) charged by some vendors that profit from misinformed the indigenous peoples.

on Heck / CIMI Archive g Photo: E

The consumption of alcool and other drugs – frequent in many indigenous villages – has strong impacts on the health and the social structure of the indigenous people

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 145 In many cases, the consumption of alcohol is accompanied by drug consumption, like marijuana and intravenous drugs. The common consequence of this reality is indigenous involvement in drug trafficking, in which many end up being used as “mules” (person who transports drugs), by opportunity, necessity or by being forced by traffickers. In the region of São Gabriel de Cachoeira and Tabatinga (Amazonas), there is recurrent news about the involvement of indigenous youngster with the trafficking of drugs from Columbia and Venezuela, as users or as “mules”, who transport cocaine, for example, to Manaus. The Tikuna leaders called the Civil Police to patrol the indigenous area, with the intent of keeping drugs from the youngsters. The leaders state that there is no other form of income for the indigenous village. The narcotics traffickers lure, especially indigenous youngsters, to profit from this necessity.

Dissemination of alcoholic beverages and drugs Data of 2008 Total of cases: 11 Victims: 12 (individuals)

ACRE - 1 Case(s) - 1 Victim(s)

13/04/2008 VICTIM: Pereira da Silva PEOPLE: KAXINAWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: KATUKINA / KAXINAWÁ MUNICIPALITY: FEIJO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Morada Nova DESCRIPTION: The death of the Indigenous occurred by drowning due to intoxication. Access to alcohol is facilitated because the village is near the city of Feijó. This situation has concerned the indigenous peoples of the Envira river. MEANS EMPLOYED: Drowning SOURCE: Health center; Cimi Regional Team – Amazone Ocidental

AMAZONAS - 1 Case(s)

MARCH/2008 VICTIM: Alto Solimões Community PEOPLE: TIKUNA INDIGENOUS LAND: TUKUNA UMARIAÇU MUNICIPALITY: Tabatinga PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Village Umariaçu II - Alto Solimões DESCRIPTION: Drug dealers from Colombia, Peru and Brazil lure Indigenous from the Alto Solimões to serve as "mules" for transporting drugs between Tabatinga and Manaus. The statement is by regional administrator of Funai, Davi Felix Cecílio. According to Davi, harassment occurs within the indigenous villages and on the rivers of the region. According to Constantine Lopes Ramos, president of the General Organization of Ticuna Bilingual Teachers, the Solimões river, being the main means of transport in the region, is a great highway without any efficient control or supervision. In the villages of the upper Solimões, no employer or source of income exists other than the prefecture or agriculture and even then, many do not guarantee income. The traffickers take advantage of this situation to lure the indigenous peoples, according to Davi Felix. The combination of cocaine, alcohol and lack of work is causing a rapid deterioration in life and customs in the indigenous area, leading many young people to suicide. This assessment is of cacique Manoel Nery Tikuna, who heads the village Umariaçu 2. The participation of indigenous peoples in the trafficking of drugs was detected when the Civil Police and the Brazilian Army found coca plantations in the Andean region of the Vale do Javari. It was the first plantation of this species found in the Brazilian Amazon. MEANS EMPLOYED: Transport of drugs SOURCE: A Critica / AM, 19 and 27/03/2008, O Liberal, 21/03/2008, The Est.SP, 19/03/2008

MINAS GERAIS - 1 Case(s) - 3 Victim(s)

2008 VICTIM: Three indigenous

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 146 PEOPLE: MAXAKALI INDIGENOUS LAND: MAXAKALI MUNICIPALITY: BERTOPOLIS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Bertopólis DESCRIPTION: There is an exaggerated consumption of alcohol by the Maxakali Indigenous. In this year alone three indigenous have died by excessive alcohol consumption. The regional coordinator of the Funai in Governador, Valadares, Waldemar A. Krenak, stated that most non –indigenous establishments do not respect the legislation that prohibits the sale of alcohol to the indigenous and traders take advantage of ingenuity of indigenous selling the product for as much as R$ 50.00 a bottle. MEANS EMPLOYED: Consumption of alcohol, other drugs and extortion SOURCE: Estado de Minas, 17/10/2008, Agenda Popular, nov/2008

MATO GROSSO DO SUL – 3 Case(s) - 3 Victim(s)

ABRIL/2008 VICTIM: X.G. PEOPLE: GUARANI Kaiowá INDIGENOUS LAND: AMAMBAÍ MUNICIPALITY: CORONEL SAPUCAIA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Village Taquapery DESCRIPTION: The indigenous man was arrested for drug trafficking. He was being used as a "mule" for trafficking. A mule is the name for people who transport small quantities of narcotics. MEANS EMPLOYED: Transport of drugs SOURCE: Campogrande.news, 25/04/2008

17/01/2008 VICTIM: A.S. PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: DOURADOS MUNICIPALITY: DOURADOS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Village Jaguapiru DESCRIPTION: The Indian was arrested by a team of Serviço Reservado of the Military Police, with 47 grams of cocaine. She reported that she got the drug from someone she knew. This person had hired her to take the drug to a bar near the Indigenous reserve. Adriana argued that she only accepted because she is separated from husband, has 2 children and does not receive the pension that should be paid to children. MEANS EMPLOYED: Transport of drugs SOURCE: O Progresso / MS, 18/01/2008

08/09/2008 VICTIM: Adolescent PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: LIMA VILLAGE GREEN MUNICIPALITY: AMAMBAÍ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Limão Verde DESCRIPTION: Drug traffickers induced an adolescent to steal two horses from a farm, paid with six kilograms of marijuana. MEANS EMPLOYED: Transport of drugs and theft SOURCE: O Progresso, 17/09/2008

TOCANTINS - 5 Case(s) - 5 Victim(s)

23/03/2008 VICTIM: Marquinhos Waikanõkrá Xerente PEOPLE: XERENTE INDIGENOUS LAND: XERENTE MUNICIPALITY: TOCANTINIA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Paraíso DESCRIPTION: The Indian was found dead in a house of a friend and witnesses confirm the consumption of alcohol. The deaths are causing concern in relation to alcoholism. When they go to the city to sell their products, some indigenous ingest alcohol. The problem affects 40% of the Xerente people, according to an estimate of the cacique Adam Wderehu, of Paraíso village. By law it is forbidden to sell alcohol to indigenous people, but the legislation is circumvented. MEANS EMPLOYED: Consumption of alcohol SOURCE: Journal de Tocantins, 26/03/2008

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 147

JULY/2008 VICTIM: Expedito Kumazé Olegário PEOPLE: XERENTE INDIGENOUS LAND: XERENTE MUNICIPALITY: TOCANTINIA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Xerente Novo Horizonte DESCRIPTION: The victim went into coma after ingesting an alcoholic beverage and having been beaten. According to the coordinator Indigenous Xerente Union, Srewe Xerente, the problem of excessive alcohol consumption is old. According to him, there are more than 50 villages in the region and, due to proximity with the city, it is inevitable that the Indigenous have access to beverages. This further highlights that the lack public policies devoted to the Indigenous of Tocantins. MEANS EMPLOYED: Consumption of alcohol SOURCE: Journal of Tocantins, 31/07/2008

MARCH/2008 VICTIM: Jerson Wakaine Xerente PEOPLE: XERENTE INDIGENOUS LAND: XERENTE MUNICIPALITY: TOCANTINIA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Xerente Novo Horizonte DESCRIPTION: The death was the result of excess alcohol. Legislation prohibits the sale of beverages to indigenous, but it is easy to buy in any commercial establishment in the city. MEANS EMPLOYED: Consumption of alcohol SOURCE: Family; Cimi Regional GO / TO

FEBRUARY/2008 VICTIM: Marcos Kanokrã Xerente PEOPLE: XERENTE INDIGENOUS LAND: XERENTE MUNICIPALITY: TOCANTINIA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Brejo Comprido DESCRIPTION: Found dead in Tocantínia. His relatives stated that he had been drinking for two weeks. The legislation prohibits the sale of alcoholic beverages to Indigenous persons, but it is easy to buy in any commercial establishment in the city. MEANS EMPLOYED: Consumption of alcohol SOURCE: Family; Cimi Regional GO / TO

12/06/2008 VICTIM: Wakrarê Xerente PEOPLE: XERENTE INDIGENOUS LAND: XERENTE MUNICIPALITY: TOCANTINIA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Village Salto DESCRIPTION: Death due to excess alcohol, in the city of Tocantínia. The high consumption of alcoholic beverages by Indigenous frequently leads to alcoholic coma and as a consequence to death. Although the sale of alcoholic beverages is prohibited to indigenous persons, they are easily bought in any commercial establishment in the city. MEANS EMPLOYED: Consumption of alcohol SOURCE: Family; Cimi Regional GO / TO

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 148 Failures in the area of indigenous education Year 2008 ndigenous school education faces many structural problems in all regions of the Icountry. A total of 23 instances was registered in 2008 involving the states of Acre, Amazonas, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Pernambuco and Rondônia. In many regions the authorities do not provide specific and differentiated indigenous education. The children attend traditional public schools, where the classes are in Portuguese instead of the mother tongue, and the classes and school schedules are not adapted to the realities of the indigenous communities. There are schools, acting within indigenous areas, without indigenous teachers or only with teachers who do not speak the mother tongue of the children. This complicates the learning process for them. The majority of indigenous schools face serious infrastructure problems, according to a study by the Ministry of Education (MEC), they do not possess adequate installations. The classrooms may be sheds or private residences; there are no libraries; there is a lack of didactic material and in some cases, the schools have no bathrooms, potable water or light. For example, students of the Sabanê people in Rondônia, were out of school for five months for lack of basic sanitation and water in the school. There are cases that no school lunch is provided for or of food arriving at the school with expired validation dates. There is often a lack of school bus transportation when the school is beyond the indigenous land. In many communities, teacher training is lacking. In addition to this municipalities establish only temporary contracts with the teachers. In Maranhão there are teachers who have worked for more than ten years and are considered temporary. They have to submit every year again to the selective process for contracting.

Rio Grande do Sul , Photo: CIMI team Inaí

The situation of indigenous education is extremely precarious, with often inadequate school transport, classes in Portuguese that many do not understand, let alone diferentiated indigenous education Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 149 In Acre, in the upper and lower Envira river, the scope of deficiency was so great that in June of 2008 the school year had not even begun (due to begin in January). In the state of Maranhão, seven indigenous peoples denounced a similar delay of the school year. In the region of Guajará Mirim, Rondônia, circa 700 students from different villages were without education because elementary and middle level education had not been established in the indigenous villages. Of these communities some students attend schools in the cities, but many of them desist because of the difficulties encountered. In Amazonas in various villages of the Jamamadi people, there are no teachers and no schools, despite denunciations and requests to the responsible authorities. Also in Amazonas, some Apurinã communities experience the same. In Maranhão, the Gavião and Urubu Kaapor also have no school in their villages.

FAILURES IN THE AREA OF INDIGENOUS EDUCATION Data of 2008 Total of cases: 11 Victims: 12 (individuals)

ACRE - 1 Case(s)

2008 VICTIM: Communities of Acre PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Peoples of Acre DESCRIPTION: The teachers of the upper and lower Envira river denounce the distance that exists between indigenous schooling as mandatory according legislation and what is being done in fact by the government of Acre. The indigenous schools are in terrible condition. They lack everything: appropriate infrastructure, school supplies, meals, teacher training and transportation, among other basic requirements needed for quality schooling. For lack of conditions, as of June, the school year had not yet begun. In some places in order for classes to begin in March the parents needed to buy all the school materials. The meals are delivered late in insufficient amounts for the semester. MEANS EMPLOYED: Inadequate general infrastructure SOURCE: Staff Cimi / AC- Feijó-Porantim, jun/jul/2008

AMAZONAS - 11 Case(s)

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: JAMAMDI INDIGENOUS LAND: IQUIREMA MUNICIPALITY: BOCA DO ACRE PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Iquirema DESCRIPTION: There is no education assistance. A request was made with the Department of Education and no measure was adopted. MEANS EMPLOYED: Inadequate general infrastructure SOURCE: Staff Cimi - AO Regional and Indigenous Community

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: JAMAMADI INDIGENOUS LAND: INAUINI / TEUNE MUNICIPALITY: BOCA DO ACRE PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Santo Antônio DESCRIPTION: The community lacks both school and teachers. Several requests were made to the Municipal Secretariat of Boca de Acre and documentation submitted to the State Secretary, in Manaus. However, no measures were taken. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of school and indigenous teacher SOURCE: Staff Cimi - AO Regional and Indigenous Leadership

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 150 2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: JAMAMADI INDIGENOUS LAND: IQUIREMA MUNICIPALITY: BOCA DO ACRE PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Capana DESCRIPTION: Lack of pedagogical training for indigenous teachers. It was requested at the Department of Education. The training course for Indigenous teachers is promised for February 2009. MEANS EMPLOYED: Absence of indigenous teacher training SOURCE: Staff Cimi – AO Regional and Indigenous Leadership

2008 VICTIM: Students PEOPLE: JAMAMADI MUNICIPALITY: BOCA DO ACRE PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Maracaju DESCRIPTION: In the indigenous community there is no school or teacher. The children study in a non- indigenous school, which is on the other side of the river. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of school and indigenous teacher SOURCE: Cimi Regional Team - AO and indigenous leadership

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: JAMAMADI MUNICIPALITY: BOCA DO ACRE PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Goiaba DESCRIPTION: In the area there is only a school for non-indigenous, where the indigenous children go for lack of any other option. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of school SOURCE: Regional Team Cimi - AO

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: APURINÃ INDIGENOUS LAND: APURINÃ KM 124 BR-317 MUNICIPALITY: BOCA DO ACRE PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Apurinã DESCRIPTION: There is no indigenous school in the area. Students study in a non-indigenous school. The community requests teacher training, indigenous teachers and construction of a school. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of school and indigenous teacher SOURCE: Regional Team Cimi - AO and indigenous leaders

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: APURINÃ INDIGENOUS LAND: APURINÃ KM 124 BR-317 MUNICIPALITY: BOCA DO ACRE PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Village km.45 - Apurinã DESCRIPTION: There is a school in the area but the teacher is not indigenous. The community demands the training and presence of an indigenous Apurinã teacher. MEANS EMPLOYED: Absence of indigenous teacher SOURCE: Regional Team Cimi - AO and indigenous leaders

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: APURINÃ INDIGENOUS LAND: APURINÃ KM 124 BR-317 MUNICIPALITY: BOCA DO ACRE PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Monte DESCRIPTION: There is no school or teacher for indigenous children. The children are living without education. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of school and teachers SOURCE: Regional Team Cimi - AO and indigenous leaders

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 151 2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: APURINÃ INDIGENOUS LAND: APURINÃ KM 124 BR-317 MUNICIPALITY: BOCA DO ACRE PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Val Paradise Village DESCRIPTION: There are neither schools nor teachers in the area. Children live without studying. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of school SOURCE: Regional Team Cimi - AO and indigenous leaders

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: APURINÃ INDIGENOUS LAND: CAMICUÃ MUNICIPALITY: BOCA DO ACRE PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Village Camicuã DESCRIPTION: Although there is a school and teachers, the community feels a need for differentiated education. There is only rural education, shaped by the general model of the municipality. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of differentiated education SOURCE: Regional Team Cimi - AO

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: APURINÃ INDIGENOUS LAND: APURINÃ KM 124 BR-317 MUNICIPALITY: BOCA DO ACRE PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Village Cajueiro DESCRIPTION: In the area there is no school for the Indigenous. Children must study in a non-indigenous school. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of school SOURCE: Regional Team Cimi-AO

MARANÃO – 4 Case(s)

06/03/2008 VICTIM: Guajajara and other communities PEOPLE: GUAJAJARA and others MUNICIPALITY: Diverse municipalities PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Guajajara and other indigenous villages DESCRIPTION: Indigenous peoples of seven ethnicities of the state of Maranhão have mobilized in front of the palace of the governor to call for the beginning of the school year in the indigenous schools. They report that according to the calendar of the Department of Education, classes only begin in May. The selection process for recruitment of teachers for the specific Indigenous schools are planned to occur only on March 30. MEANS EMPLOYED: Delay in start of school year SOURCE: The State of Maranhão, 06/03/2008

MARCH/2008 VICTIM: 7 indigenous peoples of Maranhão DESCRIPTION: The Indigenous peoples demand the legal contracting of indigenous teachers. There are many teachers who have been working for more than 12 years and are considered temporary. Every year they need to submit to a selection process for contracts. MEANS EMPLOYED: Delay in hiring of indigenous teachers SOURCE: The State of Maranhão, 06/03/2008

MAY/2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: URUBU KAAPOR INDIGENOUS LAND: ALTO TURIAÇU MUNICIPALITY: CENTRO NOVO DO MARANHAO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Sítio Novo-Turiaçu DESCRIPTION: The Indigenous community calls for the construction of a school in the village, appraised at R $ 53 thousand, resources that had been transferred to the Construtora Hipersondagem responsible for the contruction. MEANS EMPLOYED: Diversion of funds SOURCE: The State of Maranhão, 31/05/2008 Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 152

OCTOBER/2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: GAVIÃO INDIGENOUS LAND: GAVIÃO MUNICIPALITY: AMARANTE DO MARANHÃO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Amarante DESCRIPTION: The indigenous claimed the construction of a school and the delivery of school supplies. They held hostage an official of the Funai, and three servants of the government of Maranhão. EMPLOYED MEANS: Lack of school and school materials SOURCE: Jan C. Nogueira, de Souza 22/10/2008

MATO GROSSO - 3 Case(s)

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: TAPIRAPÉ INDIGENOUS LAND: URUBU BRANCA MUNICIPALITY: Santa Terezinha DESCRIPTION: The Tapirapé people face the governmental neglect and bureaucracy with the schools of the villages. Many of these have not even classrooms where children can study. To accommodate the students the indigenous are building temporary classrooms, which are not always adequate. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of school SOURCE: Regional Cimi Mato Grosso

2008 VICTIM: Students PEOPLE: BORORO INDIGENOUS LAND: PERIGARA MUNICIPALITY: BARÃO DE MELGAÇO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Barão de Melgaço DESCRIPTION: The parents of school-age children complain that children are more than three months without study, and without any teaching activity. MEANS EMPLOYED: Delay in start of school year SOURCE: Plantão Gazette, 27/11/2008

2008 VICTIM: Students PEOPLE: NAMBIKWARA INDIGENOUS LAND: VALE DO GUAPORÉ MUNICIPALITY: COMODORO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Commodore DESCRIPTION: There are no adequate schools, students studying in improvised classrooms. Teachers complain of lack of accompanying educational materials in addition to working with many disciplines. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of infrastructure and school materials SOURCE: Regional Team / RO, 11/2008

PERNAMBUCO - 1 Case(s)

2008 VICTIM: Students PEOPLE: PANKARÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: PANKARÁ MUNICIPALITY: CARNAUBEIRA DA PENHA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Serra do Arapuá DESCRIPTION: By state legislative, in 1999 indigenous education in Pernambuco was made a municipal responsibility. Based on this, the municipality of Carnaubeira da Penha, in 2008, closed the two schools where the Pankará studied. They are currently studying in three homes of families, but the homes have no piped water and the Pankará community pays for the ensuing rent and electricity. In addition to closing the two schools the prefecture threatens to ban the other two. MEANS EMPLOYED: Closure of schools SOURCE: Relatoria Nacional do Direito Humano à Educação, nov/2008

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 153 RONDÔNIA - 3 Case(s)

2008 VICTIM: Students PEOPLE: Sabanê INDIGENOUS LAND: PARQUE INDÍGENA ARIPUANÃ MUNICIPALITY: VILHENA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Sabanê DESCRIPTION: The students were not studying for more than five months due to lack of water in school. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of water in school SOURCE: Staff Cimi / RO, 11/2008

2008 VICTIM: Communities PEOPLE: ARIKAPÚ INDIGENOUS LAND: PAKAAS NOVAS MUNICIPALITY: NOVA MAMORÉ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Guajará-Mirim and Nova Mamoré DESCRIPTION: A single non-indigenous teacher, hired by SEDUC, teaches all students in 5th and 8th levels, and applies all disciplines, with the exception of maternal language and culture. The State does not have a policy for quality indigenous school education. Complaints were lodged with the Public Ministry during the protest meetings of the “Indigenous April”, both in the state and in the national manifestation. MEANS EMPLOYED: Absence of indigenous teacher SOURCE: Indigenous communities, OPIRON and Cimi Staff - Guajará Mirim

2008 VICTIM: Indigenous communities in the region of Guajará-Mirim PEOPLE: ORO WARI, ORO WIN, TUPARI, WAYURÚ, MAKURAP, SALAMÃI, ARUÁ, DJEOROMITXI, KUJUBIM, ARIKAPÚ, MASSAKÁ, KANOÉ INDIGENOUS LAND: PAKAAS NOVAS MUNICIPALITY: NOVA MAMORÉ DESCRIPTION: An average of 700 students from various villages of the Guajará-Mirim region are not studying for lack of a high school and elementary schools in the villages. Indigenous lands affected are:Igarapé Ribeirão, Igarapé Lage, Rio Negro Ocaia, Pakaas Novas, Sagarana, Rio Guaporé, Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau and Karipuna. In some small villages there is no school. The indigenous teachers who concluded the project Açai – indigenous masters - have been at a standstill for three years awaiting upper level training. Students were going to the city and desisted prior to the end of the school year due to the difficulties they experienced. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of establishment of a high school SOURCE: Indigenous communities, OPIRON, Cimi Team - Guajará Mirim

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 154 General lack of assistance Year 2008 he 18 cases referring to the general lack of assistance to indigenous communities Trecorded in 2008 are varied. There are cases of slave labor. The Tactical Group of the Ministry of Labor found 10 Guajajara in a situation of slavery on a farm in Maranhão. In Mato Grosso do Sul, 150 indigenous people were liberated from the sugarcane plantation and and ethanol distillery Centro Oeste Iguatemi. There is another case involving indigenous people in a situation analogous to slavery in Santa Catarina. Amnesty International, in its annual report, accused the sugarcane and alcohol sector of human rights abuses emphasizing the situation of the indigenous workers who cut more cane, but earn less. During the harvest period many of them leave the villages for up to 90 days at a time to live at the plants, generally under very poor conditions. This absence gives rise to their wives being called “widows of living husbands”. Another serious situation encountered in Mato Grosso do Sul is the removal of indigenous children from family homes. They are taken to the Conselho Tutelar (Child Protection authorities), which takes them to city shelters with the possibility of adoption by non-indigenous families.

Photo: Ministério Público de Trabalho

Without land to sustain themselves, the Guarani Kaiowá are exploited in the sugar cane fields of Mato Grosso do Sul There is further the case of indigenous people living abandoned in the cities. In Campo Grande, the peoples Terena, Guarani Kaiowá and Kadiwéu live in favelas (slums) without social assistance, or health coverage from the municipality, or assistance from the

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 155 Funai or the Funasa. Due to the lack of land for the indigenous in this state that resists any demarcations, they leave for the city in search of a better life. Many of them end up thrust to the peripheries, swelling the numbers of the homeless. In Roraima there are Makuxi who survive on what they find in the garbage of Boa Vista. In Amazonas, persons from scores of indigenous peoples have moved to the cities. In 2008 a case got international attention in which a community of more than 100 individuals from various peoples occupied privately owned terrain on the periphery of Manaus. The court determined the eviction in order for reintegration of possession, which was carried out in a violent manner using shock troops, police dogs, horses, tear gas bombs, and bombs with moral effects. Only after the violent eviction did the mayor meet with the residents to seek a solution. The case gained international repercussions through one photograph – awarded nationally and internationally – that captured the violence of the eviction (this is the cover photo of this report). These data reveal the total negation of assistance and of recognition of the indigenous peoples who live in the cities and testify to the violence against those who do not possess sufficient land for the reproduction of their physical and cultural and spiritual life. GENERAL LACK OF ASSISTANCE Data of 2008 Total of cases: 18 Victims: 271 (individuals)

AMAZONAS - 1 Case(s)

MARCH/2008 VICTIM: Communities PEOPLE: SEVERAL PEOPLES INDIGENOUS LAND: PEOPLE DISPOSSESSED OF THEIR VILLAGES MUNICIPALITY: MANAUS DESCRIPTION: Indigenous peoples that had left their villages, living in Manaus, entered into conflict with the Military Police as they occupied a parcel of private land at the km.11 point on the highway AM-010, Manaus / Itacoatiara. They were evicted. There was violence and many were injured. The indigenous peoples that do not live in indigenous villages generally suffer from lack of housing in the cities and mainly from lack of assistance in the area of health. The problem of the Indigenous exodus began with the installation of the ‘Zona Franca’ (Tax Free zone) in the decade of 1970. Most come in search of a better life, but, without adequate work or sufficient income, they are pushed to peripheral areas and are forced to live in sub-human conditions. MEANS EMPLOYED: Land Conflict SOURCE: A Critica, 12/03, 13 / 3, 14 / 3, 16/3/2008; Folha SP13/03/2008

MARANHÃO - 1 Case(s) - 10 Victim(s)

SEPT/2008 VICTIM: 10 indigenous PEOPLE: GUAJAJARA INDIGENOUS LAND: ARARIBÓIA MUNICIPALITY: AMARANTE DO MARANHÃO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Villages Juçaral, Três Passagens and Cigana DESCRIPTION: Ten indigenous were lured to work on a ranch. They were found in a situation of slavery as reported by the Tactical Group of the Ministry of Labor. MEANS EMPLOYED: Slave Labor SOURCE: Center for the Defense of Human Life and Human rights of Açailândia

MATO GROSSO DO SUL - 6 Case(s) - 251 Victim(s)

FEBRUARY/2008 VICTIM: Women PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: KURUSU AMBA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Kurussu Ambá Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 156 DESCRIPTION: Wives of indigenous men employed in the sugar cane harvest in Mato Grosso do Sul, are called “widows of living husbands”. The husbands are away from home for months or prefer not to return, assuming other families. Abandoned, they raise the children alone going through serious difficulties. As a result of the labor exploitation the indigenous suffer (with low wages), little money reaches the families. There are frequent reports of delays in payments of wages and exploitation similar to slave labor. In the settlement of Kurussu Amba it is common to find families where women are in the majority. There are also women who have lost their husbands through violence, as in the case of Hortência Rocha and of Marluce Pereira Lopes. The latter remains with two daughters after her husband, Ortiz Lopes, was murdered on the sugar cane ranch. According to the Public Ministry of Labor, in Mato Grosso do Sul, there are approximately twelve thousand indigenous working in the sugar cane harvest of the state. MEANS EMPLOYED: Slave Labor SOURCE: www.campograndenews.com.br, 12/2/2008

FEBRUARY/2008 VICTIM: 150 indigenous from various communities of Mato Grosso do Sul PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Peoples of Mato Grosso do Sul DESCRIPTION: According to data from the Ministry of Labor and Employment, Mato Grosso do Sul is in second place among states that most exploit labor analogous to slavery. These workers are, primarily, indigenous peoples located in regions where the expansion of sugar cane occurs. The work in the sugarcane fields is heavy labor and considered second-class. The Indigenous are considered less demanding and thougher. They support the heavy workdays better. In the factory Distillery Center Oeste Iguatemi Ltda, located in Iguatemi, prosecutors from the Department of Employment and Labor Relations of São Paulo rescued 409 workers from a situation of degrading and slave labor, and 150 of them were Indigenous Guarani and Terena. This is due to the difficulty of Indigenous in finding alternative employment. This was what happened to the husband of Sandriele Fernandes, 20 years old, who left home for four months to find employment. She states that her husband does this to send money home and that when he is away, a messenger brings the money to her. As if this splitting of the families were not serious enough in itself, the Indigenous are commonly subjected to terrible housing conditions: lack of hygiene and comfort, open sewage, spoiled food and lack of water. This is in addition to the delay in payment of wages. Amnesty International in its annual report, accused the sugarcane industry in Brazil of abuses against human rights and of using forced labor, especially of indigenous peoples living in poverty. MEANS EMPLOYED: Slave Labor SOURCE: Clipping da 6th CCR do MPF, 12/2/2008; Correio da Bahia / BA, 11/2/2008, O Progresso

2008 VICTIM: Communities in Mato Grosso do Sul PEOPLE: PEOPLES OF MATO GROSSO DO SUL MUNICIPALITY: CAMPO GRANDE PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Campo Grande DESCRIPTION: Fleeing from the difficulty of survival in their traditional lands, the Indigenous go to the city believing in an improvement of life but end up living in slums without the minimum conditions for a healthy life. The huts are tiny, made from material collected on the landfills. They face problems of medical care, school for the children and labor for their subsistence. MEANS EMPLOYED: Difficulty of survival in the village SOURCE: midiamaxnews, 28/11/2008

2008 VICTIM: Communities of Mato Grosso do Sul (100 indigenous) PEOPLE: PEOPLE OF MATO GROSSO DO SUL PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: PEOPLES OF MATO GROSSO DO SUL DESCRIPTION: A survey conducted between January 2007 and April, 2008 by the NGO Center for Indigenous Work revealed that circa 100 Indigenous individuals of various peoples of Mato Grosso do Sul, mostly Guarani Kaiowá, were sentenced by the Court in the state and are imprisoned without access to adequate rights of defense. The problems begin during the phase of police investigations. Both detainees and witnesses, in the majority, do not master the Portuguese language, which, without access to translators, impedes the understanding of charges and the process of defense. MEANS EMPLOYED: Prison SOURCE: Correio Braziliense, 26/06/2008

2008 VICTIM: Adolescent PEOPLE: GUARANI KAIOWÁ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Laguna Caarapã DESCRIPTION: The adolescent was brought from the village to work as a domestic. She worked from 7 in the

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 157 morning until 7 in the evening, having the responsibility for all types of household chores. She said it was forbidden to maintain contact with her family. The Marçal de Souza Center for Human Rights said a seamstress, who is suspected of being an accessory in the case, helped the ex-employer. The adolescent reported that three other girls before her worked at the site. MEANS EMPLOYED: slave labor SOURCE: www.campogrande.news.com.br, 10/10/08

2008 VICTIM: Children PEOPLE: PEOPLE OF MS DESCRIPTION: Children are removed from the family and sent to the Tutelary Council that takes them to shelters in the city, with the possibility of adoption by non-indigenous families. The Funai and Public Ministry prosecutors are in disagreement with the Juizado da Vara da Infância e Juventude that are in favor of adoptions. MEANS EMPLOYED: Removal of children from the family SOURCE: O Estado de S. Paulo, 09/02/2008, Diário de São Paulo, 29/06/2008

MATO GROSSO - 2 Case(s)

04/11/2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: KARAJÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: São Domingos MUNICIPALITY: Luciara PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Aldeia Krehawa DESCRIPTION: After a violent storm that destroyed homes and the school of the village, the local public power did not intervene to recontruct. MEANS EMPLOYED: Lack of emergency care SOURCE: Regional Cimi / MT

2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: KAMAYURÁ INDIGENOUS LAND: PARQUE INDÍGENA DO XINGU MUNICIPALITY: São Félix do Araguaia PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Parque do Xingu DESCRIPTION: Without money to improve its infrastructure in areas of education, health and sanitation, the Kamayurá and Waurá peoples are creating other resources, in this case tourist packages. Cacique Kotoke Kamayurá explains the opening the villages to tourism as a result of the lack of support of the authorities to create a living. They have been without work tools for more than 20 years, and have no resources for gasoline and medication. The packages that are being formulated without the consent of Funai may represent a new threat to the maintenance of indigenous culture in Xingu. MEANS EMPLOYED: Tourism in villages SOURCE: Valeparaibano-SP, 18/10/2008

PARANÁ - 2 Case(s) - 5 Victim(s)

JUNE/2008 VICTIM: Community PEOPLE: KAINGANG INDIGENOUS LAND: APUCARANA MUNICIPALITY: LONDRINA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Apucaraninha DESCRIPTION: Families complain there are no longer conditions for them to remain in the Apucaraninha reserve and are camping in the Kaingang (Vare) Cultural center in the city to sell artisan work. According to indigenous Adilson Luís, who is accompanying the group, there are about 3,000 Indigenous living in the reserve. They do not have work and come to the city, taking turns, each month. The Center was closed for renovation and the houses that shelter the families of the indigenous were razed and the field is now empty. Social worker from the Funai, Evelise Viveiros Machado, acknowledges that the situation has worsened with the closing of the Center "and now the Indigenous remain on the street". MEANS EMPLOYED: Difficulty of survival in the village SOURCE: Folha de Londrina / PR, 29/07/2008

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 158 2008 VICTIM: 5 indigenous PEOPLE: KAINGANG MUNICIPALITY: GENERAL CARNEIRO PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Kaingang DESCRIPTION: Among the workers found in a regimen of slave labor, there were 5 indigenous people who came from Xapecó / SC to work in Paraná. Lured by a "gato" (“cat”), they were subjected to a debt scheme before even beginning the mate harvest (a local herbal tea). The proprietor maintained an agreement with the merchant obligating the employees to buy from him. The housing conditions were extremely poor. The water they used came from the river where the cattle on the property are watered. They slept on the ground in the middle of the woods. According to tax audit, Luize S. Neves, the proprietor of the land holding accompanied the inspection and paid the fines. There were 12 violations levied. Workers returned to their cities of origin and will receive unemployment insurance for rescued workers. MEANS EMPLOYED: Slave Labor SOURCE: Parana-online.com., 26/09/2008, Repórter Brasil, 16/10/2008 RONDÔNIA - 5 Case(s) - 5 Victim(s)

2005/2008 VICTIM: Camila Canoe PEOPLE: KANO MUNICIPALITY: GUAJAJRA-MIRIM PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: dispossessed of village DESCRIPTION: The victim was born in the village Ricardo Franco, where she became orphaned of her mother at 11 years of age. The father handed her over to a family in Guajará Mirim for whom she worked until adulthood. When leaving the house where she worked she received a document from the employer, believed to be the birth certificate. In 2005 her own child discovered that there exists another person with the same document as the mother. An investigation was opened and the investigators took in the document of Camila and the child. The victim and family suffered several constraints to get new documents. Including on the part of a Funai official who tried to denigrate the case saying that she knew from the beginning she had received a false document. MEANS EMPLOYED: Refusal of indigenous documentation SOURCE: no report in the regional file

i on Heck / File Cim g Photo: E

Slave labor and other violations of human rights are part of the threats that indigenous peoples face

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 159

2008 VICTIM: Esmeraldina Dourado Monteiro PEOPLE: WAYURÚ MUNICIPALITY: GUAJARÁ-MIRIM DESCRIPTION: The Funai denied indigenous documentation to Esmeraldina because she was registered with the name of foster parents that took her to the city when she was 11 years. As an adult she found her parents who are indigenous, and developed strong family ties. It is known by Funai that the biological parents are indigenous. Still, the Funai refuses to attend to her and her children. MEANS EMPLOYED: Refusal of indigenous documentation SOURCE: Esmeraldina Dourado Monteiro and Cimi Staff - Mirim Guajira

JULY/2008 VICTIM: Hatem Idalina Oro Mon PEOPLE: ORO MON (ORO WARI) INDIGENOUS LAND: IGARAPÉ RIBEIRÃO MUNICIPALITY: NOVA MAMORÉ PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Guajará-Mirim DESCRIPTION: After the first contact in 1961 with rubber trappers, she married a Mequém Indian by whom she was widowed. She married again and had 8 children. She lives with the new family on the Ribeirão river, which is today outside the indigenous demarcated area. She always lived from agriculture. Despite her being an indigenous, the Funai denied the declaration for retirement arguing that she does not live in the indigenous land. MEANS EMPLOYED: Denial of retirement money SOURCE: Staff Cimi - Guajará Mirim / RO

2008 VICTIM: Pijim Mary Magdalene Oro At. PEOPLE: PAKAA NOVA (ORO WARI) INDIGENOUS LAND: RIO NEGRO OCAIA MUNICIPALITY: GUAJAJARA-MIRIM PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Guarajá-Mirim DESCRIPTION: After the first contacts in 1961 with rubber trappers, she married one of them, living on the Ouro Preto river. This is where innumerable massacres took place in the decades of ´40 and ´50. The area where she lives is outside of the demarcated indigenous area and this is the claim of Funai to deny her application for retirement benefits. MEANS EMPLOYED: Denial of retirement SOURCE: Staff Cimi - Guajará Mirim / RO

2008 VICTIM: Justina Quirino de Farias PEOPLE: MIQUELENO MUNICIPALITY: GUAJAJARA-MIRIM PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: Guajará-Mirim DESCRIPTION: The Indigenous woman repeatedly approached the Funai seeking the declaration of retirement. In August of 2008, pressed by the Federal Public Ministry, the Funai issued the required statement. The INSS, in turn, said that the system does not accept the declaration issued by Funai. The Federal Public Ministry continues to accompany the process. MEANS EMPLOYED: Denial of retirement benefits SOURCE: The victim and Cimi Staff - Guajará Mirim / RO

RORAIMA - 1 Case(s)

15/12/2008 VICTIM: People dispossessed of villages PEOPLE: MAKUXI MUNICIPALITY: BOA VISTA PLACE OF OCCURRENCE: People dispossessed of villages DESCRIPTION: Indigenous who have left their communities and go to the city remain without conditions for survival and search through landfill debris in Boa Vista. MEANS EMPLOYED: Difficulty of survival in the village SOURCE: Folha de São Paulo, 15/12/2008

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 160

Chapter IV

Violence against isolated indigenous peoples and 163 indigenous peoples of limited contact ………………….

Amazonas .………………..…………………………... 163

Rondônia .……………………………………………... 165

Acre .………………………………………………….... 166

Mato Grosso .……………………………………….… 167

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 161 Indigenous groups without contact or of recent contact, like the Awá Guajá (Maranhão), are increasingly cornered by the activities of non-indigenous agricultural activities – Photo: Cristiano Navarro / CIMI Archive

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 162 Violence against isolated indigenous peoples and indigenous peoples of limited contact Year 2008 IMI has the following goals in its work with respect to isolated peoples and C peoples with limited contact: Qualify the manifestations, proofs or references for the presence of these groups with investigations in the area; systematize, map and socialize the existing material on the Comparative table of references to indigenous peoples in situation indigenous peoples in of isolation, risk and of extinction, according to CIMI and according situations of isolation; give to the National Foundation of Indigenous Affairs (FUNAI) Isolated Communities FUNAI CIMI visibility to the question of isolated indigenous communities to society; provide the Ministério Público Federal with relevant information so it can handle proactively with regard to the (often vulnerable situation of these peoples. By means of the regional teams of Norte I and Rondônia, in 2006 Cimi initiated a survey of the situation of the isolated peoples in the area concerned. Surveyed were the south of Amazonas, specifically the areas of the rivers: Cuniuá and Tapauá, Curequetê and Ituxi, south of Lábrea (AM); the rivers Paciá, Mari and Punainã, all tributaries of the Purus river; the Mucuim river and its tributaries Jacareúba and Inacorrã (AM) – transformed in July of 2008 into the Parque Nacional Mapinguari; the Itaparaná river (AM), the upper Marmelos river, and the Sucunduri, in the area of the Transamazônica road (BR- 230), as well as the areas that are under direct influence of the construction of the hydroelectric projects of Jirau and Santo Antônio (RO).

CASES

AMAZONAS In the Vale do Javari (Javari valley) an increase was verified in the number of carriers of hepatitis B, of malaria cases and of other pathologies like hepatitis C, hanseniasis and tuberculosis that are threatening the existence of the highest demographic concentration of isolated indians in Brazil. On BR-319, there is the settlement project “São Francisco do rio Mucuim”, within the Katawixi indigenous land, promoting ecotourism and predatory fishing. In the Jacareúba igarapé (bayou), habitat and ancient heart of the Katawixi lands, is found the villa Seringarana, a settlement of the Incra. The survey evidence establishes the situation of risk and extinction of the Katawixi people. The Funai, which had already declared this people extinct, now recognizes their existence from the data presented by Cimi, reactivating the proposal for interdiction of the area and creating an ethno-environmental Protection Front on the Rio Purus. In the region exist three colonizing firms (Proterra, Prosã and Proapa) and an Association (Procampo) that occupy the traditional lands, in addition to the settlement Joana Darc, of the Incra, with soy plantations and large cattle ranches. In the southern region of Lábrea, the Kaxarari confirm the existence of isolated peoples at the headwaters, between the tributaries of the Ituxi and Curequetê rivers, in the region where three states border: Amazonas, Acre and Rondônia. It is one of the most Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 163 violent areas of the region, where the rapid advance of agribusiness can be observed, primarily very large soy plantations, by illegal grabbing of lands belonging to the Union, with omission on the part of the responsible state organs Ibama, Incra and Funai. The illegally grabbed plantation lands have occupied all areas of these isolated peoples who live in the region.

Photo: Günter kroemer / CIMI Archive

The survival of the Suruahá people in Amazonas is threatened by explorers of their territory On the Itaparana river, municipality of Tapaua, there was, in 1964, the massacre of the Juma people who at the time prevented the advance of the nut exploitation frontier, the castanheiros. These, under the command of merchants and politicians in the region, set fire to the malocas (traditional indigenous houses, often situated in a circle) at night killing more than 40 indigenous. The crime was committed at the headwaters of the Onça and São Miguel creeks (igarapés) and nowadays at those rivers references are found of survivors at those rivers, like camps, remainders of fires and food. The Alto Rio Marmelos is the habitat of an isolated group of Tenharim, within an already demarcated area. The Estrada de Astanho passes through this region, built by Mineradora Taboca, of the city of Paranapanema, to transport extracted tin and cassiterite. Starting in Mato Grosso, the road cuts the Tenharim area and reaches the Transamazonian Highway (BR-230), passing through the natural fields of the Tenharim indigenous lands. The Tenharim who extract nuts in that area confirm the existence of their relatives that live in isolation, threatened by the road where trucks and buses circulate daily and where there is powerful expansionist pressure from the agribusiness. On the Rio Sucunduri, in the municipality of Apui, there are lumber exploitation, mining operations, plantations and agricultural colonization projects. According to CIMI information, there is an isolated indigenous group living between the Anil bayou and the São Tomé river, tributaries of the Juruena river. The Cimi office in Aripuanã has information on the existence of this group by means of a topographer who made measurements in the region in 1998. According to him, these indigenous are located at the headwaters of the Água Branca river, in Sucunduri mountains. In the region of the Monte Cristo waterfall, there used to be vestiges of isolated people, and on the Bararetê bayou isolated people made expeditions. Today the areas are reserves protected as Floresta Nacional (National Forest reserve) and Floresta Estadal Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 164 (state Forest reserve). The cultivation of banana has been observed in the area as well as the presence of forest animals for hunting. However, in one of the tributaries of the Sucunduri river, along the Acari bayou, there is a ranch covering 500 hectares, where clandestine runways are located, but everyone is afraid to denounce them. RONDÔNIA The federal government approved the construction of two hydroelectric plants on the Madeira river, in Rondônia: Santa Antônio (with a potential of 3580 Mega Watts) and Jirau (with potential for 3900 MW). The total installed potential is 7480 MW and the baseline energy gain is of 4255 MW, equivalent to 56% of the total potential. Investments are estimated at R$13.3 billion. The implantation of hydroelectric plants on the Madeira river, primary source of the Amazon in Brazilian territory with a basin of 1.42 million km2, not only seeks to generate electricity, but also to extend the navigation possibilities up river from Porto Velho (Rondônia), including the Orthon, Madre de Diós, Beni, Mamoré and Guaporé rivers, complementing the existing waterway that extends from Porto Velho to Itacoatiara (AM). Isolated Peoples on the Madeira river- The Cimi office in Rondônia delivered a document to the Federal Public Ministry, the Ibama and the Funai reporting the existence and presence of 14 isolated peoples at risk in the state. Of these, 10 have their traditional territories on the tributaries of the Madeira river and four groups are found near the hydroelectric complex on this river. The references to the four at risk, isolated indigenous groups in the area of influence of the two plant constructions are the following: groups in the indigenous lands Karitiana and Karipuna; the Karipuinhas who live in the region of Jirau and groups in the southern region of the municipality of Lábrea. These peoples in situations of isolation are at risk of being exterminated by the advance of agribusiness, deforestation and the large enterprises – like the construction of hydroelectric dams. The impacts they suffer include inundation of lands, destruction of natural resources, which provoke migratory movements in search of new settlements, which in turn exposes them to all kind of violence, massacre and, as a final consequence, extermination. In other words, the construction works and their consequences constitute grave threats to their survival.

Photo Volmir Bavaresco / CIMI Archive

Foto: The Akunsú in Rondônia, a people of little contact, are at risk of disappearing Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 165 In fact, there have been built many hydroelectric plants in the region. These electricity generating enterprises in the Amazon region reflect the same violence against the indigenous peoples, above all by not contemplating the needs and expectations of the local societies and traditional populations. As for example, the Hydroelectric Power Plants Tucuruí (Usina Hidroelétrica or UHE), the UHE Samuel, UHE Balbina, Independent Electricity Producer (PIE) in Manaus and Porto Velho. On top of all these, other enterprises are being planned: the UHE Ji-Paraná, UHE Kararao (Belo Monte), UHE’s on the Rio Madeira, Gas lines Coarí-Manaus and Urucú/Porto Velho. ACRE One of the largest areas in the world sheltering peoples in voluntary isolation is the entire frontier strip between the state of Acre in Brazil and Peru. Representatives of ancestral cultures, these peoples have managed to maintain their particular mode of live taking refuge in an area that staid long remained far from the economic rubber and nut cycles. Despite the relative tranquility that these peoples won by isolating themselves at the headwaters of rivers and bayous, the advance in recent decades of lumber, petroleum and gas exploitation in the Peruvian territory again raises the possibility of genocide of these peoples. The isolated peoples on the Peruvian side of the border are pushed out of their traditional areas, often times penetrating Brazilian territory, where they end up in conflict with the resident isolated peoples. Projects of regional integration threaten these peoples both directly (crossing their living areas) and indirectly (as the roads will facilitate access and exploitation of areas formerly considered isolated). Noteworthy in this respect are the paving of the BR-364 road, used for the shipment of soy production, and the conclusion of the Pacific Highway, which links the Brazilian city of Assis Brasil, in Acre with the ports of Ilo, Matarani and Marcona in southern Peru.

Photo: Gleilson Miranda/Funai

An isolated indigenous group on the border of the state of Acre with Peru, photographed by a team from the Funai in 2008 Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 166 The concession of large areas to forest management and possible petroleum prospecting in this region of the Amazon will make Acre a mirror of what has already happened in Peru. There will no remain any refuge regions for these peoples no measures are taken that guarantee the possession and security of the areas traditionally occupied by the isolated peoples. Indications of the presence of isolated peoples – In Acre the presence of six isolated peoples is evidenced, all along the border with Peru. It is possible that different isolated peoples share one large territory, so the number of peopels could be higher. In spite of the several sightings of isolated peoples, only the indigenous area of Xinane is registered and is restricted exclusively for these peoples. The other presences occur in indigenous lands already destined for contacted peoples or in areas of environmental conservation. This is the case in the Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor (the Divisor mountain range), which is where the highway project to link Cruzeiro do Sul, in Acre to Pucalpa in Peru is directly threatening the lives of the isolated peoples. Another example is the Parque Estadual Chandless. Along the border of Acre with Peru, the Peruvian government created the Isconahua and Murunahua/Tamaya Areas of Regional Conservation, in areas contiguous with Brazilian nature reserves and indigenous areas, with the intent of safeguarding the territory of the isolated groups. However, large projects, primarily petrochemical, are being superimposed on protected areas and are threatening the lives of the indigenous peoples in those areas, primarily those who are isolated.

MATO GROSSO In the northeast of the state of Mato Grosso, the Aripuanã and the Colniza have always been well aware of the presence of “foreign” indians, known as baixinhos, which means “shorties”, that were always avoiding contact. This knowledge has been recorded from the 1980s to 2000. The more the forest was cut down, giving way to large plantations, ranches and agricultural settlements, the more these indigenous were receding and withdrawing. Since 1987, the Cimi office in Aripuanã has been accompanying the presence of the isolated indigenous of the region. Throughout the years the Arara and Cinta Larga as well as ranch workers witnessed for the presence of the isolated peoples. In July of 2003, Cimi missionaries accompanied an expedition of the Funai to get to know indigenous land of the Pardo river and to visit one of the villages. On that occasion they encountered two malocas (traditional settlements) where they found a bundle of flutes, arrow points, and a five-kilo package of rice left by the non-indigenous invaders of the settlement. This visit confirmed the indigenous presence on the Pardo river as well as the pressure they suffer. The information collected and passed on to authorities was the point of departure by which the Frente de Proteção Etno Ambiental Madeirinha of the Funai located the indigenous group. In 2001, after having encountered 17 locations of habitation and many vestiges left by the indians, the first map of the indigenous area began to be outlined. However, its demarcation was forbidden by Portaria 447/2001. Three years later, the interdiction period expired and a new administrative act by Funai was created with Portaria 521/2004, with the objective of interdiction for demarcation of the indigenous land by three more years. Invaders of indigenous lands - In October of 2005, one of the Funai expeditions found a group of armed invaders within the indigenous land a group of men armed with bombs and in possession of a Statute and Act of Foundation (23/8/03) of the Association of Rural Proprietors of Colniza, with a list of associates, as well as a copy of the Projeto Serra Morena which was being implemented in the indigenous land. Operation Rio Pardo of the Federal Police, initiated in November of 2005, was the culmination point of the official action that arrested 77 people and served 90 search and arrest warrants.

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 167 The superintendent adjunct of the Federal Police, Marco Antônio Farias, reported that all of those jailed had some connection with the company Sul Amazônia Madeiras e Agropecuária Ltda (Sulmap), with headquarters in Várzea Grande (MT), or with the Associação dos Proprietários Rurais de Colniza, which initiated the Serra Morena project. In Aripuanã, the ex-mayor of the municipality, a dental surgeon, an entrepreneur and an ex- councilman were jailed for more than ten days.

For the missionaries i involved in the defense of the

traditional indigenous land and in er / Funa y the fight for the life of the isolated a g indians, this police action resulted in persecutions, threats, and as a consequence, departure from the region, because their lives were at risk. Photo: Altair Al After a number of months, the Funai constituted the Technical Group (GT) coordinated by anthropologist Gilberto Azanha, and expedited the Portaria 170/2007 for identification of the indigenous land Kawahiva do rio Pardo. The GT verified that the land dealt with an indigenous society: Kawahiva (Tupi Kawahib) of the Tupi Guarani linguistic trunk. The report was published in March 2007, but anti-indigenous sectors questioned the Funai Portaria and attempted to reverse it. Other Groups – In the region Igarapé dos Indios in the municipality of Colniza, lives the Objects abandoned by uncontacted indigenous in Mato Grosso Pirapkura group, which means “butterfly”, “those who do not stop in any place”. Funai has accompanied them for more than 20 years, but the demarcation of their territory remains without any provision. The isolated Apiaká continue leaving signs of existence, but seek to avoid contact. Elivan Morimã Apiaká heard the isolated imitating birds and animals during a hunt. “Our group responded from within the hut, but we were afraid to talk. They were with women and children and laughing. The following day we saw footprints of many adults and children”. In the creation of the Parque Nacional Juruena the presence of this isolated group was not considered. Since 1999 a demarcation process has been underway for the Apiaká land, which includes two large villages. It is throughout this territory that the isolated peoples perambulate.

MARANHÃO The Awá-Guajá, a nomadic people living in isolation in the state of Maranhão, are found in the region known as pré-Amazônia. In the Tupi-Guarani language the people call themselves Awá – which means people/family. They circulate through the indigenous lands of Araribóia, Caru, Awá, Krikati, as well as the Gurupi Biological Reserve, Serra do Cipó, Alta Guamá, Serra da Desordem, Jararaca and Bandeira. These groups are found threatened by invasions, increasing deforestation and illegal commerce in lumber in the region.

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 168 The Awá-Guajá – They form a society of hunter-gatherers who live exclusively from the forest and depend entirely on the forest to survive including their nomadic way-of-life. They have for centuries inhabited the forests above the Pindaré, Caru, Turiaçu and Gurupi rivers. The Ka’apor, Tembé and Guajajara also inhabit the region. Their nomadic survival strategy is an adaptation to the dispute over territory with other indigenous and non- indigenous groups. Contact with these communities was initiated in the 70ties and 80ties. The Awá-Guajá population is of 350-400 persons, including the groups of ‘Awá ka’apahara’ (‘Awá-who-live- in-the-forest´). Their population is slowly growing and recomposing following the drastic consequences that contact with Western society represented. Araribóia indigenous land – Is inhabited by indigenous Guajajara (not isolated) and is regulated and demarcated. Nevertheless, the area faces problems of invasion of loggers and charcoal operations in the region. The isolated Awá-Guajá groups are totally unprotected. “The Awá live in the heart of the forest and are threatened by burnings. They live fleeing from the fires and from the invaders. There are even people saying that loggers are attacking we Awá Guajá, burning their huts and stealing their pots to carrying honey, nets and hammocks, we even find these objects on the logging trucks”. There are many reports of Guajarara hunters who find the mortal remains of the Awá. In 2003, the Guajarara found the body of an Awá man. From the situation in which they found him, they suspect that succumbed to thirst, as he was found with an empty gourd on a path to a lake, that was already dry. There have also been sporadic encounters between the Guajarara and Awá. From the traces found it is believed that that there were more than 60 Awá living in this land. However, after a large fire, which took 80% of the forest, no further news has been obtained about the Awá groups. Caru indigenous land – Regularized and inhabited by Guajarara and Awá-Guajá, it presents the same situation of invasion and the removal and illegal sale of lumber. The result is a territory cut by roads, without game, vast areas of cut land and conflicts. In this land exist three villages of the Awá-Guajá people as well as groups that maintain their original habitats refusing contact. In the Awá village with the largest population, the indigenous report frequent encounters with the vestiges (homes, fires, honey harvests, paths) left by these groups. In September of 2003 the Awá brought a mother and son to live with them who had refused contact for years. They came from the region of the headwaters of the Presídio bayou, one of the tributaries of the Pindaré river, which represents a originary place to various Awá groups. It is in this still protected sanctuary of forest, tradition and identity that the isolated Awá groups live. The region however is threatened by logging exploitation. More than 90% of the supply of wood in Maranhão originates from indigenous lands and of natural reserces like the Gurupi Biological Reserve. Awá indigenous land – This land is an emblematic case of land conflict in need of a solution. It has been invaded by occupants of bad faith (people knowing they were occupying indigenous area) and regional economic and political groups. The process of recognition of the land began in 1979 and was only completed in 2005. Nonetheless, it remains unregistered due to judicial disputes with these groups.

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 169 SUMMARY

Summary tables of the violence against indigenous peoples Year 2008 Chapter I - Violence against patrimony 2008 Violence / Aggression Cases Land rights related conflicts 16 Possessory invasions, illegal exploitation of natural 41 resources and damages to indigenous property Omission and delay in land regularization 37

Chapter II - Violence against persons by private persons and public sector agents 2008 Violence /Agression Cases Individual victims5 Murder 60 60 Attempted murder 29 39 Homicide 8 8 Death threats 12 18 Miscellaneous threats 6 38 Unjustified physical injuries 6 13 Abuse of power 19 77 Racism and ethno-cultural discrimination 16 6 Sexual violence 6 9 Illegal retention of bank cards and other cards 3 3

Chapter III - Violence provoked by omission of public powers Violence/Aggression Cases Individual victims(5) Suicide 34 34 Attempted suicide 3 3 Lack of health care 77 4106 Death due to lack of health care 17 31 Child mortality 17 37 Malnutrition 6 6 Dissemination of alcohol and drugs 11 12 Lack of assistance to indigenous education 23 700 General lack of assistance 18 271

5 Victim count does not include cases in which an entire group or community was affected. Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 170

SDS Ed. Venâncio III Salas 309/314 CEP 70.393-902 Brasília-DF Tel: (61) 2106-1650 Fax: (61) 2106-1651 www.cimi.org.br

APOIO

Conselho Indigenista Missionário – Cimi 171