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Kenai, Tyonek, Seldovia, Kodiak City, Karluk, Old Harbor, Chignik) OCS Study Social Indicators Study of MMS 82-0052 Alaskan Coastal villages IV. Postspill Key Informant Summaries Schedule C Communities, Part 2: (Kenai, Tyonek, Seldovia, Kodiak City, Karluk, Old Harbor, Chignik) U.S. Department of the Interior Minerals Management Service Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Region OCS Study MMS 92-0052 Technical Report No. 155 Contract No. 14-12-0001-30300 Social Indicators Study of Alaskan Coastal Villages LV. Postspill Key Informant Summaries Schedule C Communities, Part 2 (Kenai, Tyonek, Seldovia, Kodiak City, Karluk, Old Harbor, Chignik) Submitted to: U.S. Department of the Interior Minerals Management Service Alaska OCS Region Anchorage, Alaska Human Relations Area Files May 1993 This report has been reviewed by the Minerals Management Senrice and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and the policies of the Service, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute end'orsement or recommendation for use. Alaska OCS Environmental Studies Program Social Indicators Study of Alaskan Coastal Villages IV. Postspill Key Informant Summaries. Schedule C Communities, Part 2. Human Relations Area Files New Haven, Connecticut Prepared by Joanna Endter-Wada, Jon Hofmeister, Rachel Mason, Steven McNabb, Eric Morrison. Ste~hanieRevnolds. Edward Robbins. Lvnn Robbins. and Curtiss Takada Rooks. , . Joseph ~'or~imenwasathe principal investigator and manager. The authors appreciate the efforts of the Minerals Management Senrice technical editors in Anchorage who helped edit this report. May 1993 Table of Contents Tableofcontents ................................................... v Acronyms .......................................................... fi Glossary .......................................................... Gv VOLUME I included the following sections: Introduction Mixed Communities Valdez Effects of the &on Valdez Spill on Cordova Periphery Native Communities Tatitlek VOLUME I1 Map of Schedule C Communities ...................................... 437 COOK INLET COMMUNITIES Cook Inlet Hub Community: Kenai I. Historical Context ............................................ 447 A. History ................................................ 447 B. Kenai Native Community ................................... 449 C. Kenai Peninsula Borough and the City of Kenai ................... 455 D. Natural Resources ......................................... 461 II. Impacts of the bonValdez Oil Spill .............................. 469 A. Impacts on the City of Kenai ................................. 483 B. Impacts on Businesses and Households ......................... 488 C. Impacts on Commercial Fishermen and Fish Processors ............. 496 D. Impacts on Community Relations .............................. 504 E. Summary and Conclusions ................................... 507 References Cited .................................................. 5 11 Table of Contents (continued) Cook Inlet Periphery Native Communities: I. Background and Historical Context ................................ 522 A. TheNaturalSetting ........................................ 522 B. Historical Context and Dena'ina Ethnohistory .................... 523 C. HistoricalPeriods ......................................... 529 Displacement of Indigenous Society (1778-1895) ................... 529 Commercial Expansion (1895-1960) ............................ 530 Land Claims and the Oil Economy (1960-Present) ................. 531 I1 . The Effects of the bnValdez Oil Spill ........................... 533 A . The Context of the Spill: The Contemporary Villages .............. 533 B. Reactions to the Oil Spill ................................... 535 IrnmediateEffects ......................................... 537 SubsequentEffects ........................................ 538 III . Conclusions .................................................. 542 Keferences Cited ................................................. 545 KODIAK AREA COMMUNITIES Kodiak Area Hub Community: Kodiak City 3'HE KODIAK REGION Preface ......................................................... 560 I. Historical Context ............................................. 561 A. Prehistory and Early Contacts ................................ 561 B. The Russian Period ........................................ 562 C. The Early American Period (1867-1939) ........................ 565 D . World War II and the Post-War Period ......................... 567 .. .. Population and Demography ..................................... 571 A. Overall Population and Net Changes through Time ................ 571 B . Ethnic. Gender. and Age Profiles .............................. 576 Table of Contents (continued) III. Community Org&tionandEconomy .............................. 580 A. Government ............................................ 580 Political Representation ..................................... 580 Land Status and Management ................................ 582 Resource Management ...................................... 585 Infrastructure and Administrative Services ....................... 592 B. Commerce and Industry ..................................... 599 Economic Diversification .................................... 600 Native Corporations ....................................... 611 EconomicIndicators ....................................... 613 ConsumerPrices .......................................... 616 C. Health. Education, and Social Services .......................... 626 Health .................................................. 626 Education ............................................... 629 SocialSe~ces............................................ 631 D. Sodalities. Associations. and Community Activities ................. 636 E . Trends of Political-Economic and Social Change .................. 639 TheFisheries ............................................ 639 Declining State and Federal Revenues .......................... 645 IV . Household Organization and Kinship ............................... 647 A. Kinship Organization ....................................... 647 B. Household Structures and Economic Functions ................... 648 C. Socialization ........................................ 652 V . Ideology .................................................... 654 A . Religion ................................................ 654 B. Worldviews and Values ..................................... 656 C. Ethnicity and Tribalism ..................................... 660 VI . Effects of the mn Oil Spill ............................... 663 A. Results of the 1989 Research ................................. 663 Institutional Responses and Impacts ............................ 665 EconomicImpacts ......................................... 675 Social, Cultural. and Psychological Impacts ....................... 681 Table of Contents (continued) THE KODIAK REGION VI . Effects of the Oil Spill (continued) B. Results of the 1991 Research ................................. 693 Short-TermEffects ........................................ 694 Long-TemEffects ......................................... 703 References Cited ..................................................709 Kodiak Area Periphery Native Communities: I. Historical Background ......................................... 729 I1 . Thepeople ................................................. 735 A. Impressions After the Spill .................................. 735 B. Household Organization and Kinship ........................... 738 C. SocialActivities ........................................... 740 III . The Village .................................................. 742 A . Village Government ....................................... 742 B. Human and Social Services .................................. 749 C. TheSchool .............................................. 749 D. Associations and Organizations ............................... 749 IV . TheEconomy ................................................ 750 A. Housing ................................................ 750 B. Subsistence .............................................. 751 C. Commercial Fishing ........................................ 753 D. WageLabor ............................................. 754 E. Tourism ................................................ 755 F . Futureandplanning ....................................... 756 V . Ideology and Iduences of Change ................................. 757 VI . Effects of the 1989 Pmon Valde&Oil Spill ........................... 761 References Cited .................................................. 768 I. Historical Background .......................................... 775 Thesetting .................................................. 776 I1 . Thevillage .................................................. 777 A. Thepeople .............................................. 778 B. Household Organization and Kinship ........................... 781 C . Social Activities ........................................... 781 D. Associations and Organizations ............................... 782 E . Theschool .............................................. 782 F. SocialServices ............................................ 783 111 . Village Government ............................................ 784 k CityGovernment .......................................... 784 B. Old Harbor Tribal Council .................................. 788 C. Old Harbor Village Corporation .............................. 789 IV . TheEconomy
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