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An Ethnography of Old Harbor and Ouzinkie, Alaska

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An Ethnography of Old Harbor and Ouzinkie, Alaska BLACK DUCKS AND SALMON BELLIES An Ethnography of Old Harbor and Ouzinkie, Alaska by Craig Mishler Technical Memorandum No. 7 A Report Produced for the U.S. Minerals Management Service Cooperative Agreement 14-35-0001-30788 March 2001 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence 333 Raspberry Road Anchorage, Alaska 99518 This report has been reviewed by the Minerals Management Service and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Service, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. ADA PUBLICATIONS STATEMENT The Alaska Department of Fish and Game operates all of its public programs and activities free from discrimination on the basis of sex, color, race, religion, national origin, age, marital status, pregnancy, parenthood, or disability. For information on alternative formats available for this and other department publications, please contact the department ADA Coordinator at (voice) 907- 465-4120, (TDD) 1-800-478-3548 or (fax) 907-586-6595. Any person who believes she or he has been discriminated against should write to: Alaska Department of Fish and Game PO Box 25526 Juneau, AK 99802-5526 or O.E.O. U.S. Department of the Interior Washington, D.C. 20240 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ...............................................................................................................................iii List of Figures ...............................................................................................................................iii List of Maps ...............................................................................................................................iv Preface ............................................................................................................................... v Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 Religion ............................................................................................................................... 3 Methodology........................................................................................................................ 3 Field Work ........................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................... 5 Key Respondents................................................................................................................ 6 Chapter One: Community Histories ............................................................................................... 17 Old Harbor......................................................................................................................... 17 Ouzinkie ............................................................................................................................ 37 Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act................................................................................ 54 The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill................................................................................................ 55 Summary........................................................................................................................... 56 Chapter Two: Demography............................................................................................................ 57 Ethnonyms ....................................................................................................................... 57 Immigration and Ethnic Identity......................................................................................... 58 Regional Migrations .......................................................................................................... 61 Family Territories ..............................................................................................................63 Population Trends ............................................................................................................. 64 Social Mobility: Some Case Studies ................................................................................. 65 Mortality............................................................................................................................. 66 Chapter Three: Political Organization ............................................................................................ 69 The Native Village of Old Harbor and Its Traditional Government (by Laurie Mulcahy)... 69 Village Governance .................................................................................................... 69 Overview .............................................................................................................. 69 Meetings............................................................................................................... 71 Court..................................................................................................................... 71 Positions ..................................................................................................................... 73 Toyuq ................................................................................................................... 73 Sukashiq .............................................................................................................. 75 Lay Reader and Church Warden (Staristaq) ....................................................... 75 Elders ................................................................................................................... 76 Summary .................................................................................................................... 77 Old Harbor and Ouzinkie Governance Today (by Craig Mishler) ..................................... 77 Chapter Four: Kinship and Social Organization............................................................................. 81 Introduction........................................................................................................................ 81 Kinship Terms ...................................................................................................................82 Kinship and Fishing........................................................................................................... 82 Hierarchy and Stratification............................................................................................... 88 Descent ............................................................................................................................. 89 Gender Relations .............................................................................................................. 91 Marriage and Separation: Some Case Studies................................................................. 95 Other Social Groups.......................................................................................................... 96 i Chapter Five: Expressive Culture .................................................................................................. 97 Holiday Festivals and Rituals............................................................................................ 97 Russian Christmas ..................................................................................................... 97 Russian New Year’s (Praznik).................................................................................. 101 Mazhlinik and Lent.................................................................................................... 105 Russian Easter (Pascha).......................................................................................... 106 Memorial Day............................................................................................................ 107 The Fourth of July..................................................................................................... 108 The Pilgrimage to Monk’s Lagoon............................................................................ 109 Veterans Day............................................................................................................ 110 Thanksgiving............................................................................................................. 111 Music and Dance ............................................................................................................ 111 Aboriginal Style Music and Dance............................................................................ 111 Popular Music and Dance ........................................................................................ 112 Stories ........................................................................................................................... 115 Toshwak ................................................................................................................... 117 The Battle in Fox Lagoon ......................................................................................... 118 The Haunted House ................................................................................................. 118 Basketry .........................................................................................................................
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