DOCSLIB.ORG

PROSTOR POSEBNI OTISAK/ SEPARAT 2-17 Znanstveni Prilozi Nenad Lipovac

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
PROSTOR POSEBNI OTISAK/ SEPARAT 2-17 Znanstveni Prilozi Nenad Lipovac PROSTOR 19 [2011] 1 [41] ZNANSTVENI ÈASOPIS ZA ARHITEKTURU I URBANIZAM A SCHOLARLY JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING SVEUÈILIŠTE POSEBNI OTISAK / SEPARAT OFFPRINT U ZAGREBU, ARHITEKTONSKI FAKULTET Znanstveni prilozi Scientific Papers UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB, FACULTY 2-17 Nenad Lipovac The Beginning of Poèetak nastanka OF ARCHITECTURE Prehistoric Settlements prapovijesnih naselja ISSN 1330-0652 of the American Southwest amerièkog jugozapada CODEN PORREV Original Scientific Paper Izvorni znanstveni èlanak UDK | UDC 71/72 UDC 711.423:903.3 (73) UDK 711.423:903.3 (73) 19 [2011] 1 [41] 1-280 1-6 [2011] Fig. 1 Prehistoric cultures spread in the Southwest region, known as Four Corners Sl. 1. Rasprostranjenost prapovijesnih kultura i zajednica amerièkog jugozapada, poznatog kao Four Corners Znanstveni prilozi | Scientific Papers 19[2011] 1[41] PROSTOR 3 Nenad Lipovac University of Zagreb Sveuèilište u Zagrebu Faculty of Architecture Arhitektonski fakultet HR - 10000 Zagreb, Kaèiæeva 26 HR - 10000 Zagreb, Kaèiæeva 26 Original Scientific Paper Izvorni znanstveni èlanak UDC 711.423:903.3 (73) UDK 711.423:903.3 (73) Technical Sciences / Architecture and Urban Planning Tehnièke znanosti / Arhitektura i urbanizam 2.01.04 - History and Theory of Architecture 2.01.04 - Povijest i teorija arhitekture and Preservation of the Built Heritage i zaštita graditeljskog naslijeða Èlanak primljen / prihvaæen: 5. 6. 2011. / 9. 6. 2011. Article Received / Accepted: 5. 6. 2011. / 9. 6. 2011. The Beginning of Prehistoric Settlements of the American Southwest Poèetak nastanka prapovijesnih naselja amerièkog jugozapada American prehistoric cultures amerièke prapovijesne kulture American prehistoric settlement amerièka prapovijesna naselja American Southwest amerièki jugozapad Cliff dwellings nastambe u stijeni Pueblos pueblosi This paper represents the continuation of the research (from the planer’s view) Ovaj èlanak predstavlja nastavak planerskih istraživanja provedenih na temu on the American prehistoric settlements, but this time of the Southwest. The nastanka amerièkog prapovijesnog naselja, ali ovaj puta naselja amerièkog Southwest was a cradle for numerous cultures and communities which have Jugozapada. To podruèje je poznato i pod nazivom Four Corners te predstavlja left astonishing masterpieces of Places which they have erected between 7th kolijevku brojnih kultura i zajednica koje su ostavile zapanjujuæi broj naselja and 13th century AD, in order to make their living easier in this arid and hot izgraðenih u razdoblju od 7. do 13. stoljeæa, u tom suhom i iznimno vruæem environment. Structural and location differences, along with author’s personal krajoliku. Strukturalne razlike, kao i razlike u njihovom položaju, uz autorova observation and experience, have been inter-compared and presented. The osobna razmišljanja i analize nakon obilaska istih, predstavljeni su u ovom main conclusion for this research can be summarized in a few words: despite èlanku. I ovaj puta se može zakljuèiti da su sve te kulture, unatoè nepozna- the lack of the written and calculus skills, they had the knowledge of how to vanju pisanog jezika, imale veliko znanje i sposobnost zakljuèivanja na temelju observe the Universe above and make conclusions on sequences of celestial promatranja kretanja vidljivih svemirskih tijela, a što su onda prenosili u plani- events through the design of their settlements. ranje svojih naselja i struktura. 4 PROSTOR 1[41] 19[2011] 2-17 N. LIPOVAC The Beginning of Prehistoric Settlements of the American Southwest Znanstveni prilozi | Scientific Papers ARCHAIC HUNTERS - GATHERERS ble - so they invented a tool - a seed grinder1 which reduced seeds to powder. This flour ARHAJSKI LOVCI I SAKUPLJAÈI was used to make flat cakes that could even be baked on stone by fire. As they collected and stored the seeds, some of them fell on fertile soil and grew into a new plant the next season. Around 3000 BC, this new experien- ce undoubtedly led to the adoption of far- ming as a new life style. Planting more pro- ductive plants like corn, beans or squash de- manded a return to the fields, at harvest time which led to the creation of settlements inha- bited on a seasonal basis. Fields had to be watered to produce a fruitful crop which ini- tiated the digging of wells and canals for drinking and/or watering. With the expansion of their agricultural activity and number of plant varieties, the ancestral Puebloans fa- ced another need: food surplus storage facili- ties. Basket-making was another advance in their life style, a step towards food storage and also inspired the name for the people who ”invented” these baskets - Basketma- kers2 Although the baskets were not the per- fect storage vessel,3 their imperfection resul- ted in a quest for better options. In a transi- tion phase between baskets and pottery, gourds were used, which served as a basis for soon to be ”invented” pottery jars, pi- tchers, and bowls. The pottery proved to have better storing qualities, improved cooking There is no doubt now that the first bands and increased variety in the diet. Although of humans crossed the land bridge between the pottery was not nearly as portable as li- Asia and North America around 10000 BC. As ghtweight baskets they became more in use nomads, they were pursuing big game, had the knowledge of how to make and sustain a 1 The seed grinder consisted of a hollowed stone slab fire, how to make tools out of flintstone or (containing seeds) and a piece of a stone [Walker, 1994: bone and how to protect their naked body 12] that was held in hands while rolled over the seeds, with fur and animal skin. But they were not known as metates and manos [Mails, 1983: 28]. aware that they were becoming an important 2 An amateur archeologists, Richard Wetherill, excava- ting and collecting puebloans remains in the caves of cornerstone for the New World cultures. The- Grand Gulch in southeast Utah in 1890 found well preser- se early Desert Archaic people travelled in ved basketry, woven matting and cord, stone tools and small bands in search for food and water and wooden sticks for digging soil and planting (hallmarks of lived in caves and other natural shelters these ancestral puebloans). found during the time they wandered. Clima- 3 Baskets were not air-tight and the surplus of food could not be preserved for a long time. Cooking food in te changes from tropical to arid around 8000 baskets was not the case, either. Only medium heated sto- BC due to the melting of polar ice caps resul- nes could be placed in baskets, but the food would not be ted in warmer and drier weather with less fully cooked and the heated stones would destroy the rainfall in the region of today’s Nevada and basket, which caused limitation of prepared food. Houk the western part of Utah State. This brought 4 , 2010: 6 5 Another change occurred in usage of Puebloan struc- about a change of vegetation and the extinc- tures: with the emergence of sedentary settlements, so- tion of big game and consequentially big cial classes differentiated through the material the upper game hunters’ habits. During next two mil- class might have used. This could be recognized through lenniums some new groups appeared, known the findings of goods in several graves, meaning an in- as the Paleo-Indians. With the absence of big creasing importance of the spiritual world! 6 During the conference in Pecos, NM (summer 1927) game, the Paleo-Indians hunted smaller ani- several major and minor cultures of the Southwest were mals and modified their hunting weapons determined, along with periods of their appearance. Prior from stones and sticks, spear and atlatl to to that, only two successive cultures within the Four Cor- bow and arrow in later stages. They also shif- ners area had been recognized: foraging people named Basketmakers and later people the Spaniards used to call ted to a more vegetarian diet which required Puebloans (because of their villages pueblos with stone or a broader knowledge of when to collect and adobe buildings). The conference adopted the so-called harvest various wild berries and seeds. See- Pecos Classification distinguishing three Basketmakers ds demanded a much different approach as and five Puebloans periods: Basketmaker I (300-100 BC), Basketmaker II (100 BC - 500 AD), Basketmaker III (500- far as food preparation was concerned: they 700 AD), Pueblo I (700-900 AD), Pueblo II (900-1100 AD), had to be finely grounded to become digesti- Pueblo III (1100-1300 AD), Pueblo IV (1300-1600 AD), Pue- Znanstveni prilozi | Scientific Papers The Beginning of Prehistoric Settlements of the American Southwest N. LIPOVAC 2-17 19[2011] 1[41] PROSTOR 5 as they were easy to manufacture, suitable in the Great Basin all rivers flow inward, from for storing, cooking over fire, and were water- the rim of the mountains towards salted lakes proof. The first settlements had several small, (Great Salt Lake in Utah) where water stag- brush-and-pole structures called pithouses nates and evaporates leaving a residue of - (Fig. 2) built above shallow or purposely minerals. There is no river outside the Basin scooped-out depressions in the ground, co- that brings water into it; short periods of rain- vered by branches, barks and leaves, and fall are not enough to fill the lakes and rivers plastered with mud. The population increase with needed water so they stay dry for most led to the enlarging of the year-round village of the year. As a result of such climate condi- size and the number of residential structures tions, a large population could not have lived within it. The size and shape (circular, squa- within the Basin. On the other hand, the Pla- re, rectangular) of pithouses differed and be- teau region had the presence of more mois- Fig. 2 Artist’s reconstruction of a pithouse Sl.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Southwestern Monuments
    SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS MONTHLY REPORT MAY 1939 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE GPO W055 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR *$*&*">&•• NATIONAL PARK SERVICE / •. •: . • • r. '• WASHINGTON ADDRESS ONLY THE DIRECTOR. NATIONAL PARK SERVICE April 2k. 1939. Memorandum for the Superintendent, Southwestern National Monuments: I am writing this as an open letter to you because all of us recognize the fine friendly spirit engendered by your Southwestern National Monuments n.onthly reports. I believe that all park and monument reports can be made as interesting and informative as yours. Your monthly report for L.erch i6 on my desk and I have glanced through its pages, checking your opening statements, stopping here and there to j.ick up en interesting sidelight, giving a few moments to the supplement, and then looking to your "Ruminations". The month isn't complete unless I read themJ As you know, the submission of the monthly reports from the field has been handled as another required routine statement by some of the field men. It seems to me you have strained every effort to rrake the reports from the Southwestern National Monuments an outstanding re­ flection of current events, history, and special topics; adding a good share of the personal problems and living conditions of that fine group of men and women that constitute your field organization. You have ac­ complished a great deal by making the report so interesting that the Custodians look forward to the opportunity of adding their notes. In issuing these new instructions, I am again requesting that the Superintendents and Custodians themselves take the time to put in writing the story of events, conditions, and administration in the parks and monuments they represent.
    [Show full text]
  • Student Worksheet (Grades 6–8)
    Name ______________________ Pueblo Indian History for Kids Student Worksheet (Grades 6–8) Overview Pueblo Indian History for Kids is an online timeline that tells the history of the Pueblo Indian people of the American Southwest. The timeline covers more than 15,000 years of history! Use this worksheet to guide your exploration of the timeline. As you move through the timeline, answer the questions below. Keep a list of questions you have as you explore. Go to: www.crowcanyon.org/pueblohistorykids Introduction 1. Who are the Pueblo Indians? 2. What other names are used to describe this group of people? 3. Where is the Mesa Verde region? 4. What does “Mesa Verde” mean, and what is the region’s environment like? 5. How is the environment of the Mesa Verde region similar to the environment where you live? How is it different? 6. What are two ways we can learn about Pueblo history? Can you think of others? 1 Pueblo Indian History for Kids―Student Worksheet (6–8) Paleoindian 1. What does the term “hunter-gatherer” mean? 2. How would you describe how people in your culture acquire food? Where do you get your food? 3. Identify two similarities and two differences between your life and that of Paleoindian people. Archaic 1. There were several major differences between the Paleoindian and Archaic periods. What were they and what is the evidence for these differences? 2. What important tools were used during the Archaic period? How did they change ways of life for people in the Mesa Verde region? 3. Why do you think there is not as much evidence for how people lived during the Paleoindian and Archaic periods as there is for later time periods? 2 Pueblo Indian History for Kids―Student Worksheet (6–8) Basketmaker 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Tribal Perspectives on the Hohokam
    Bulletin of Old Pueblo Archaeology Center Tucson, Arizona December 2009 Number 60 Michael Hampshire’s artist rendition of Pueblo Grande platform mound (right); post-excavation view of compound area northwest of Pueblo Grande platform mound (above) TRIBAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE HOHOKAM Donald Bahr, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Arizona State University The archaeologists’ name for the principal pre-European culture of southern Arizona is Hohokam, a word they adopted from the O’odham (formerly Pima-Papago). I am not sure which archaeologist first used that word. It seems that the first documented but unpublished use is from 1874 or 1875 (Haury 1976:5). In any case, since around then archaeologists have used their methods to define and explain the origin, development, geographic extent, and end of the Hohokam culture. This article is not about the archaeologists’ Hohokam, but about the stories and explanations of past peoples as told by the three Native American tribes who either grew from or replaced the archaeologists’ Hohokam on former Hohokam land. These are the O’odham, of course, but also the Maricopa and Yavapai. The Maricopa during European times (since about 1550) lived on lands previously occupied by the Hohokam and Patayan archaeological cultures, and the Yavapai lived on lands of the older Hohokam, Patayan, Hakataya, Salado, and Western Anasazi cultures – to use all of the names that have been used, sometimes overlappingly, for previous cultures of the region. The Stories The O’odham word huhugkam means “something that is used up or finished.” The word consists of the verb huhug, which means “to be used up or finished,” and the suffix “-kam,” which means “something that is this way.” Huhug is generally, and perhaps only, used as an intransitive, not a transitive, verb.
    [Show full text]
  • Of Physalis Longifolia in the U.S
    The Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology of Wild Tomatillos, Physalis longifolia Nutt., and Related Physalis Species: A Review1 ,2 3 2 2 KELLY KINDSCHER* ,QUINN LONG ,STEVE CORBETT ,KIRSTEN BOSNAK , 2 4 5 HILLARY LORING ,MARK COHEN , AND BARBARA N. TIMMERMANN 2Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA 3Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, USA 4Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA 5Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA *Corresponding author; e-mail: [email protected] The Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology of Wild Tomatillos, Physalis longifolia Nutt., and Related Physalis Species: A Review. The wild tomatillo, Physalis longifolia Nutt., and related species have been important wild-harvested foods and medicinal plants. This paper reviews their traditional use as food and medicine; it also discusses taxonomic difficulties and provides information on recent medicinal chemistry discoveries within this and related species. Subtle morphological differences recognized by taxonomists to distinguish this species from closely related taxa can be confusing to botanists and ethnobotanists, and many of these differences are not considered to be important by indigenous people. Therefore, the food and medicinal uses reported here include information for P. longifolia, as well as uses for several related taxa found north of Mexico. The importance of wild Physalis species as food is reported by many tribes, and its long history of use is evidenced by frequent discovery in archaeological sites. These plants may have been cultivated, or “tended,” by Pueblo farmers and other tribes. The importance of this plant as medicine is made evident through its historical ethnobotanical use, information in recent literature on Physalis species pharmacology, and our Native Medicinal Plant Research Program’s recent discovery of 14 new natural products, some of which have potent anti-cancer activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Print Untitled (101 Pages)
    SUPPLEMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT JTF-6 FENCE AND ROAD CONSTRUCTION, DOUGLAS, COCHISE COUNrry, ARIZONA Prepared for: JOINT TASK FORCE SIX FORT BLISS, TEXAS Prepared by: U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS FT. WORTH DISTRICT Ft. Worth, Texas JULY 1997 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Environmental Assessment (EA) addresses the potential for significant adverse or beneficial environmental impacts in accordance with provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). This document was tiered from existing EAs completed for previous construction activities (U.S. Army 199la, 1993) in the same vicinity, and a Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement completed for Joint Task Force Six (JTF-6) activities along the U.S.-Mexico border (U.S. Army 1994). The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) and the U.S. Border Patrol, Tucson Sector are proposing to replace approximately six miles of fence, construct 0.5 miles of new road, and improve 0.8 miles of road along the U.S.-Mexico border at Douglas, Cochise County, Arizona. Approximately 1.3 miles would be of decorative fence, with the remaining 4.9 miles of steel landing mat. These agencies have requested support from JTF-6 for the use of military personnel and equipment to complete this action. JTF-6 has requested that the Fort Worth District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers assess the potential for impacts related to construction of the fences. The proposed action would increase the U.S. Border Patrol's ability to complete their mission of reducing illegal drug traffic into the U.S. The proposed construction area encompasses approximately six miles of existing border fence near Douglas within a corridor that would be a maximum of 30 feet wide.
    [Show full text]
  • Southern Sinagua Sites Tour: Montezuma Castle, Montezuma
    Information as of Old Pueblo Archaeology Center Presents: March 4, 2021 99 a.m.-5:30a.m.-5:30 p.m.p.m. SouthernSouthern SinaguaSinagua SitesSites Tour:Tour: MayMay 8,8, 20212021 MontezumaMontezuma Castle,Castle, SaturdaySaturday MontezumaMontezuma Well,Well, andand TuzigootTuzigoot $30 donation ($24 for members of Old Pueblo Archaeology Center or Friends of Pueblo Grande Museum) Donations are due 10 days after reservation request or by 5 p.m. Wednesday May 8, whichever is earlier. SEE NEXT PAGES FOR DETAILS. National Park Service photographs: Upper, Tuzigoot Pueblo near Clarkdale, Arizona Middle and lower, Montezuma Well and Montezuma Castle cliff dwelling, Camp Verde, Arizona 9 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. Saturday May 8: Southern Sinagua Sites Tour – Montezuma Castle, Montezuma Well, and Tuzigoot meets at Montezuma Castle National Monument, 2800 Montezuma Castle Rd., Camp Verde, Arizona What is Sinagua? Named with the Spanish term sin agua (‘without water’), people of the Sinagua culture inhabited Arizona’s Middle Verde Valley and Flagstaff areas from about 6001400 CE Verde Valley cliff houses below the rim of Montezuma Well and grew corn, beans, and squash in scattered lo- cations. Their architecture included masonry-lined pithouses, surface pueblos, and cliff dwellings. Their pottery included some black-on-white ceramic vessels much like those produced elsewhere by the An- cestral Pueblo people but was mostly plain brown, and made using the paddle-and-anvil technique. Was Sinagua a separate culture from the sur- rounding Ancestral Pueblo, Mogollon, Hohokam, and Patayan ones? Was Sinagua a branch of one of those other cultures? Or was it a complex blending or borrowing of attributes from all of the surrounding cultures? Whatever the case might have been, today’s Hopi Indians consider the Sinagua to be ancestral to the Hopi.
    [Show full text]
  • Cliff Palace Teacher Resource
    Teacher Resource Set Title Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde National Park Developed by Laura Douglas, Education ala Carte Grade Level 3 – 4 Essential Questions How can primary sources help us learn about the past and how the people lived at Cliff Palace in what is now Mesa Verde National Park? What natural resources were used by the Ancestral Puebloan people that lived at Cliff Palace? How did the natural environment effect the way in which Ancestral Puebloan built their shelters? Why did the Ancestral Puebloan people migrate from Cliff Palace? Contextual Paragraph Mesa Verde National Park is located in Montezuma County, Colorado in the southwestern corner of the state. As of its nomination to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 it had more than 800 archaeological sites recorded or in the process of inventory. Today there are nearly 5,000 documented sites including about 600 cliff dwellings. Mesa Verde, which means, “green table” was inhabited by Ancestral Puebloans, a branch of the San Juan Anasazi Indians, from about 580 CE to 1300 CE. Today it is the most extensive and well-developed example of prehistoric cliff dwellings. For in depth information about Mesa Verde National Park visit the Colorado Encyclopedia at: https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mesa-verde-national-park. Archaeologists have identified distinct periods during Mesa Verde’s habitation based on artifacts and ruins discovered there. The Cliff Palace was constructed during the Pueblo III period. According to dendrochronology (tree-ring dating), Cliff Palace construction and refurbishment happened from 1190 CE – 1260 CE, although most was done during a 20- year span.
    [Show full text]
  • Sacred Smoking
    FLORIDA’SBANNER INDIAN BANNER HERITAGE BANNER TRAIL •• BANNERPALEO-INDIAN BANNER ROCK BANNER ART? • • THE BANNER IMPORTANCE BANNER OF SALT american archaeologySUMMER 2014 a quarterly publication of The Archaeological Conservancy Vol. 18 No. 2 SACRED SMOKING $3.95 $3.95 SUMMER 2014 americana quarterly publication of The Archaeological archaeology Conservancy Vol. 18 No. 2 COVER FEATURE 12 HOLY SMOKE ON BY DAVID MALAKOFF M A H Archaeologists are examining the pivitol role tobacco has played in Native American culture. HLEE AS 19 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SALT BY TAMARA STEWART , PHOTO BY BY , PHOTO M By considering ethnographic evidence, researchers EU S have arrived at a new interpretation of archaeological data from the Verde Salt Mine, which speaks of the importance of salt to Native Americans. 25 ON THE TRAIL OF FLORIDA’S INDIAN HERITAGE TION, SOUTH FLORIDA MU TION, SOUTH FLORIDA C BY SUSAN LADIKA A trip through the Tampa Bay area reveals some of Florida’s rich history. ALLANT COLLE ALLANT T 25 33 ROCK ART REVELATIONS? BY ALEXANDRA WITZE Can rock art tell us as much about the first Americans as stone tools? 38 THE HERO TWINS IN THE MIMBRES REGION BY MARC THOMPSON, PATRICIA A. GILMAN, AND KRISTINA C. WYCKOFF Researchers believe the Mimbres people of the Southwest painted images from a Mesoamerican creation story on their pottery. 44 new acquisition A PRESERVATION COLLABORATION The Conservancy joins forces with several other preservation groups to save an ancient earthwork complex. 46 new acquisition SAVING UTAH’S PAST The Conservancy obtains two preserves in southern Utah. 48 point acquisition A TIME OF CONFLICT The Parkin phase of the Mississippian period was marked by warfare.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Presentación. 2.Fundamentación
    1 UNIVERSIDAD VERACRUZANA INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES HISTORICO-SOCIALES INTRODUCCION A MESOMERICA Y NUEVOS DESCUBRIMIENTOS PROFR. DR. PEDRO JIMENEZ LARA I.I.H-S 1. Presentación. El presente curso pretende ofrecer una visión de los elementos y períodos culturales que identifican al México Antiguo. Las regiones son: oasisamérica, aridoamérica y mesoamérica Los horizontes que la componen son: arqueolítico, cenolítico inferior, cenolítico superior, protoneolítico, oasisamérica, aridoamérica, mesoamérica y los primeros contactos en el s. XVI: Planteamiento que se hace de esta manera para una mejor comprensión del curso y entender la evolución de los grupos asentados en territorio mexicano. 2.Fundamentación. Las área culturales del México Antiguo no solo se reduce a Mesoamérica como el período de máximo florecimiento que le antecedió a la conquista. En otros tiempos, antes de conocerse esta macroárea cultural, llegaron diversos grupos de cazadores-recolectores nómadas. El proceso evolutivo de estos grupos fue largo y lento, permitiendo avanzar e ir tocando diferentes niveles de desarrollo y los conocimientos necesarios para el cultivo y domesticación de las plantas como uno de los descubrimientos mas importantes durante esta fase que cambio el curso de la historia. Otra de las regiones es la llamada Oasisamérica localizada al sw de E.U. y norte de México, compuesta por grupos sedentarios agrícolas pero con una complejidad similar a la Mesoamericana. El área denominada mesoamérica, espacio donde interactuaron y se desarrollaron diversos grupos culturales, fue la “…sede de la mas alta civilización de la América precolombina. (Niederbeger, 11, 1996), se desarrollo en la mayor parte del territorio mexicano. Mesoamérica, definida así por Kirchhoff en 1943, es punto de referencia no solo para estudiosos del período prehispánico, en el convergen diversos especialistas amparados en diferentes corrientes ideológicas y enfoques: antropólogos, geógrafos prehistoriadores, historiadores, sociólogos, arquitectos, biólogos, sociólogos, por mencionar a algunos.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeoastronomy in the Ancient Americas
    Journal of Archaeological Research, Vol. 11, No. 2, June 2003 ((CC 2003) Archaeoastronomy in the Ancient Americas Anthony F. Aveni11 Since its popular resurgence in the 1960s, the interdisciplinary field of archaeoas- tronomy, which seeks evidence from the written as well as the unwritten record to shed light on the nature and practice of astronomy and timekeeping in ancient civ- ilizations, has made ever-increasing significant use of the ararchaeological record.d. Thiss esessaybrieflytouchesesontheoriginandd historyy ofofthesesedevelopments,, discussess the methodology of archaeoastronomy, and assesses its contributions via the dis- cussssioionn ofof seselelectcted casese ststudieiess atat sisitetess inin Nortrth,h, Soututh,h, andd Mesosoamerericica.a. Spececifiifi-- cally, archaeology contributes significantly to clarifying the role of sky events in site planning. The rigorous repetition of axial alignments of sites and individual oddly shaped and/or oriented structures can be related to alterations in the calen- darr often initiated by crcrososs-cultururalal contact. TTogetherer withh evevidencee acquirired frfrom other forms of the ancient record, archaeology also helps clarify the relationship between functional and symbolic astronomical knowledge. In state-level societies, it offers graphic evidence that structures that served as chronographic markers also functioned as performative stages for seasonally timed rituals mandated by cosmic connections claimed by the rulership. KEY WORDS: archaeoastronomy; archaeology; architecture; orientation (alignment). HISTORICAL AND THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE Mostst ancicientt cicivivililizazatitionss paidid sosome atattetentntioionn toto whatat goeses on inin ththee skskyy.. Thee periodic cycles of the sun, moon, and planets are the most pristine, predictable, and consequently, the most reliable natural phenomena on which to anchor the counting of the days and the making of the calendar.
    [Show full text]
  • Archeology of the Funeral Mound, Ocmulgee National Monument, Georgia
    1.2.^5^-3 rK 'rm ' ^ -*m *~ ^-mt\^ -» V-* ^JT T ^T A . ESEARCH SERIES NUMBER THREE Clemson Universii akCHEOLOGY of the FUNERAL MOUND OCMULGEE NATIONAL MONUMENT, GEORGIA TIONAL PARK SERVICE • U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 3ERAL JCATK5N r -v-^tfS i> &, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fred A. Seaton, Secretary National Park Service Conrad L. Wirth, Director Ihis publication is one of a series of research studies devoted to specialized topics which have been explored in con- nection with the various areas in the National Park System. It is printed at the Government Printing Office and may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Price $1 (paper cover) ARCHEOLOGY OF THE FUNERAL MOUND OCMULGEE National Monument, Georgia By Charles H. Fairbanks with introduction by Frank M. Settler ARCHEOLOGICAL RESEARCH SERIES NUMBER THREE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR • WASHINGTON 1956 THE NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM, of which Ocmulgee National Monument is a unit, is dedi- cated to conserving the scenic, scientific, and his- toric heritage of the United States for the benefit and enjoyment of its people. Foreword Ocmulgee National Monument stands as a memorial to a way of life practiced in the Southeast over a span of 10,000 years, beginning with the Paleo-Indian hunters and ending with the modern Creeks of the 19th century. Here modern exhibits in the monument museum will enable you to view the panorama of aboriginal development, and here you can enter the restoration of an actual earth lodge and stand where forgotten ceremonies of a great tribe were held.
    [Show full text]
  • Pinworm Infection at Salmon Ruins and Aztec Ruins: Relation to Pueblo III Regional Violence
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Karl Reinhard Papers/Publications Natural Resources, School of 12-2019 Pinworm Infection at Salmon Ruins and Aztec Ruins: Relation to Pueblo III Regional Violence Karl Reinhard Morgana Camacho Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natresreinhard Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Environmental Public Health Commons, Other Public Health Commons, and the Parasitology Commons This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Natural Resources, School of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Karl Reinhard Papers/ Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. ISSN (Print) 0023-4001 ISSN (Online) 1738-0006 Korean J Parasitol Vol. 57, No. 6: 627-633, December 2019 ▣ BRIEF COMMUNICATION https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.6.627 Pinworm Infection at Salmon Ruins and Aztec Ruins: Relation to Pueblo III Regional Violence 1 2, Karl J Reinhard , Morgana Camacho * 1School of Natural Resource Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA; 2Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Abstract: The study of coprolites has been a theme of archaeology in the American Southwest. A feature of archaeopar- asitology on the Colorado Plateau is the ubiquity of pinworm infection. As a crowd parasite, this ubiquity signals varying concentrations of populations. Our recent analysis of coprolite deposits from 2 sites revealed the highest prevalence of infection ever recorded for the region. For Salmon Ruins, the deposits date from AD 1140 to 1280.
    [Show full text]