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Teacher Resource Set Title Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde National Park Developed by Laura Douglas, Education ala Carte Grade Level 3 – 4 Essential Questions How can primary sources help us learn about the past and how the people lived at Cliff Palace in what is now Mesa Verde National Park? What natural resources were used by the Ancestral Puebloan people that lived at Cliff Palace? How did the natural environment effect the way in which Ancestral Puebloan built their shelters? Why did the Ancestral Puebloan people migrate from Cliff Palace? Contextual Paragraph Mesa Verde National Park is located in Montezuma County, Colorado in the southwestern corner of the state. As of its nomination to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 it had more than 800 archaeological sites recorded or in the process of inventory. Today there are nearly 5,000 documented sites including about 600 cliff dwellings. Mesa Verde, which means, “green table” was inhabited by Ancestral Puebloans, a branch of the San Juan Anasazi Indians, from about 580 CE to 1300 CE. Today it is the most extensive and well-developed example of prehistoric cliff dwellings. For in depth information about Mesa Verde National Park visit the Colorado Encyclopedia at: https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mesa-verde-national-park. Archaeologists have identified distinct periods during Mesa Verde’s habitation based on artifacts and ruins discovered there. The Cliff Palace was constructed during the Pueblo III period. According to dendrochronology (tree-ring dating), Cliff Palace construction and refurbishment happened from 1190 CE – 1260 CE, although most was done during a 20- year span. A comprehensive account of the history of the Cliff Palace is available at: https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cliff-palace. (This article is leveled for 4th, 8th, and 10th grade readers.) Mesa Verde Cliff Palace has over 150 individual rooms, towers as high as 4-stories and more than 20 underground ceremonial chambers known as kivas. At its peak, it was the home of 100 Ancestral Puebloans. Because of its size, it is thought that Cliff Palace was a social, administrative site with high ceremonial usage. These cliff dwellings were constructed of sandstone, wooden beams and mortar. Many of the walls were decorated with pink, brown, red, yellow and white earthen plasters. Unfortunately, the wall decorations have been the first thing to erode. 1 Teacher Resource Set Contextual Paragraph (continued) The people who lived at Cliff Palace were farmers who worked fields on the mesa tops. They used dry-land farming techniques to grow corn, squash and beans. Ancestral Puebloans got water from the nearby seep springs and the Mancos River, which is located several miles away from Cliff Palace. Archeologists have documented farming terraces and dams built in natural drainages and water diversion systems. The people who once lived in this area efficiently captured and stored the small amount of available water needed to meet their needs. Resource Set Cliff Palace, 1899 Fewkes Canyon Example of chinking Overview of Cliff Map of Mesa Verde Chapin Mesa, map, Seep Spring at Cliff Palace Palace from across National Park Mesa Verde NP the canyon On December 18th, Residents of Cliff The Ancestral Pueblo Cliff Palace is the Map of Mesa Verde Map of Chapin Mesa 1888, two cowboys, Palace carried water people shaped each largest cliff dwelling in National Park by the National Park Richard Wetherill and to the dwelling from sandstone block using North America. Service, US Charlie Mason, were several nearby harder stones Constructed from Department of the riding across the springs. Although collected from nearby sandstone bricks and Interior mesa top looking for there is a small seep river beds. The mortar a mortar of clay, ash, stray cattle. These located near the between the blocks is and water, these ranchers from the entrance of Cliff a mixture of local soil, buildings have been Mancos Valley may Palace, it is unknown water and ash. Fitted standing for more than have been the first if it supplied enough in the mortar are tiny 800 years as a white men to see what water for all of the pieces of stone called testament to the they called "Cliff people who lived here. "chinking." Chinking architectural skills of Palace." Over the next The closest spring stones filled the gaps Ancestral Pueblo 18 years, these same today is in Fewkes within the mortar and people. men, as well as Canyon near Sun added structural various exploring and Temple. stability to the walls. tourist parties made expeditions into Mesa Verde. 2 Teacher Resource Set No laws protected the Fewkes Canyon is Similar construction The massive alcove This map shows cliff This map shows the sites at the time, and named after Jesse techniques were used that houses Cliff dwellings and mesa different cliff dwellings earlier visitors often Walter Fewkes. In at other nearby Palace is 89 feet deep top dwellings and around Chapin Mesa removed artifacts or 1909, Jesse Walter Ancestral Puebloan and 59 feet high. identifies which are and the distances defaced the sites. Fewkes of the sites, such as visible from the road between each, as well Protection for the Smithsonian Hovenweep and and which are open to as clearly marked dwellings came with Institution excavated Lowry Pueblo. the public. Also places to view the the establishment of and stabilized Cliff included are distances ruins. Mesa Verde National Palace. to each, as well as Park in 1906. facilities available at Mesa Verde. https://www.nps.gov/ https://www.nps.gov/ https://www.nps.gov/ https://www.nps.gov/ https://www.nps.gov/c https://www.nps.gov/ meve/learn/historycult meve/learn/historycult meve/learn/historycult meve/learn/education/ arto/app/#!/maps/alph meve/planyourvisit/upl ure/cd_cliff_palace_di ure/cp_cliff_palace_fe ure/images/cp_chinkin images/ag_cliffpalace. acode/MEVE oad/map_chapin.pdf scovery.htm Image 1 wkes.htm g.jpg jpg 3 Teacher Resource Set Cliff Palace floor Mural 30, Cliff Cliff dwelling View of wall painting Sandal woven from Shell necklace plan Palace, Mesa Verde courtyard with kiva in Cliff Palace Tower yucca plant National Park entrances Report to the Mural 30, on the third While kivas were used Ancestral Puebloans Sandals woven from The Ancestral Superintendent of the floor of a rectangular for different purposes, used layers of colorful yucca fiber were Puebloans were Mesa Verde National tower at Cliff Palace, their roofs served as a plaster to decorate typical footwear of the artists and traders – Park and J. Walter is painted in red central courtyard. their walls. Designs Mesa Verde people. trading with a network Fewkes, in charge of against a white wall. Doors bordering the were often painted on Yucca fibers were of tribes to bring shells excavation and The mural includes courtyard were small with a yucca brush or boiled or soaked and such as these from repairs of ruins to the geometric shapes that because people were fingers using paint then pounded to the Gulf of California Secretary of the are thought to portray shorter then than they made from a expose the inner to wear as ornamental Interior 1909. the landscape. This are today, and combination of fibers. These fibers jewelry. mural is similar to because the smaller colored pigments were also used to murals inside other entryways kept rooms mixed with water. produce rope, snares, cliff dwellings, warmer at night, mats, baskets, belts, including Spruce Tree especially during and much more. House and Balcony winter months. House. Connected rooms Scholars have To enter the kiva, one This painting was The large green fruit Due to extensive fanned out around suggested that the red must climb a ladder found inside a room at of the yucca plants trading as well as these plazas, creating band at the bottom down into the earth. Cliff Palace, and were used as food local production, many a housing unit. One symbolizes the earth Some scholars includes triangles and the yucca roots different types of room, typically facing while the lighter theorize that this possibly representing were used as soap or jewelry have been onto the plaza, portion of the wall served as a reminder mountains, and shampoo. found at Mesa Verde contained a hearth. symbolizes the sky. of where Ancestral geometrical designs sites. Other trade Family members most The top of the red Puebloans believed common to Ancestral items found in the cliff likely gathered here. band, forms a horizon they came from. It Puebloan art. dwellings include Other rooms located line that separates the also provided the Macaw feathers from off the hearth were two. There are also possibility for people Central America, most likely storage triangular peaks, to be cleansed by turquoise from New rooms, with just a perhaps mountains on ritual smoke as they Mexico, and copper small opening. Cliff the horizon line. The entered the kiva. bells from Mexico. Palace features some rectangular element in unusual structures, the sky might relate to like a circular tower, clouds, rain, or the and archaeologists sun and moon. The are not certain as to dotted lines might the exact use of the represent cracks in tower. the earth. 4 Teacher Resource Set https://www.nps.gov/p https://www.nps.gov/ https://www.nps.gov/ https://www.nps.gov/ https://www.nps.gov/ https://www.nps.gov/ arkhistory/online_book meve/learn/education/ meve/learn/education/ meve/learn/education/ meve/learn/education/ meve/learn/education/ s/reports/meve/1909a. classrooms/lp_the- images/ag_courtyardk images/ag_wallpaintin artifactgallery_sandal. images/ag_necklace.j jpg dirt-on-ancestral- iva.jpg g.jpg htm pg puebloan-plaster.htm Cliff Palace, Mesa Cliff Palace, Mesa Cliff Palace from the Kiva diagram "Dismantled towers, Rocky Mountain Verde, CO Verde south and turrets broken," PBS Colorado Cliff Palace in the Experience “Living Mesa Verde, CO West: Water” Cliff Palace, Mesa Cliff Palace, Mesa Reports to the Kivas were gathering "Dismantled towers, After settling in Verde, CO, 1911.
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