Western National Parks Association Tucson, Arizona At the Confluence of Change: A History of Tonto National Monument Nancy L. Dallett Western National Parks Association Tucson, Arizona Copyright© 2008 by Nancy L. Dallett Published by Western National Parks Association The net proceeds from WNPA publications support educational and research programs in the national parks. To receive a free catalogue, featuring hundreds of publications, email:
[email protected] or visit our online store at www.wnpa.org. Written by Nancy L. Dallett Edited by Melissa Urreiztieta Designed by Simpson & Convent Cover photograph: Lower Cliff Dwelling by Adriel Heisey Printed by Friesens Printed in Canada contents List of Illustrations 7 Acknowledgments 8 Introduction 1 1 Chapter One: Reclamation. Conservation, and Preservation: Three Currents Converge 17 Chapter Tw-a: One Land, Many Peoples 45 Chapter Three: The Early Years of Tonto National Monument: The Forest Service Era, 1807-1833 67 Chapter Four: The National Park Service Takes Over, 1 833-1 853 87 Chapter Five: A Time of Transition: Mission· BB, 1854-1866 147 Chapter Six: Taking Control: Fences, Science, and Surveys, 1867-1885 171 6 • CONTENTS Chapter Seven: Reclamation, Conservation, and Preservation Revisited: A Mission F.leborn, 1 BBB-2006 1 81 Epilogue 221 Appendix A: American Antiquities Act 223 Appendix B: Tonto National Monument Proclamations 225 Appendix C: Tonto National Monument Custodians and Superintendents 229 Appendix C: Tonto National Monument Visitors Per Year 231 References 233 Index 247 illustrations