Invertebrate Fauna of Korea

Volume 21, Number 16 Arthropoda: Arachnida: Araneae: Araneidae Araneid Spiders o.2, No. 16 Vol. 21, Araneid SpidersAraneid

Flora and Fauna of Korea

National Institute of Biological Resources Ministry of Environment National Institute of Biological Resources NIBR Ministry of Environment

ISBN 978-89-97462-69-8 Russia

CB Chungcheongbuk-do CN Chungcheongnam-do HB GB Gyeongsangbuk-do China GG Gyeonggi-do YG GN Gyeongsangnam-do GW Gangwon-do HB Hamgyeongbuk-do JG HN Hamgyeongnam-do HWB Hwanghaebuk-do HN HWN Hwanghaenam-do PB JB Jeollabuk-do JG Jagang-do JJ Jeju-do JN Jeollanam-do PN PB Pyeonganbuk-do PN Pyeongannam-do YG Yanggang-do HWB HWN GW East Sea GG GB (Ulleung-do) Yellow Sea CB CN GB

JB GN JN

JJ South Sea Invertebrate Fauna of Korea

Volume 21, Number 16 Arthropoda: Arachnida: Araneae: Araneidae Araneid Spiders

2012

National Institute of Biological Resources Ministry of Environment

Invertebrate Fauna of Korea

Volume 21, Number 16 Arthropoda: Arachnida: Araneae: Araneidae Araneid Spiders

Published by the National Institute of Biological Resources Environmental Research Complex, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu Incheon, 404-708, Republic of Korea www.nibr.go.kr

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the National Institute of Biological Resources.

ISBN : 9788997462698-96470 Government Publications Registration Number 11-1480592-000376-01

Printed by Junghaengsa, Inc. in Korea on acid-free paper

Publisher : Sang Pal Lee Project Staff : Joo-Lae Cho, Ye Eun, Sang-Hoon Han

Published on December 24, 2012

The Flora and Fauna of Korea logo was designed to represent six major target groups of the project including vertebrates, invertebrates, insects, algae, fungi, and bacteria. The book cover and the logo were designed by Jee-Yeon Koo. Preface

The adoption of the “Nagoya protocol on access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their utilization” in 2010 led to the realization of international stan- dardization in the fulfillment of the biological sovereignty and the exploration and preservation of indigenous biological organisms will play a critical role in enhancing the national development and the international competitiveness. Most developed countries had already organized the information of species inhabiting in their territories to claim their severeignty over those biological resources, but in this respect Korea was outpaced by these countries. In order to effectively secure, use and manage the indigenous biological organisms it is imperative to systematically understand them at the national level and to organize them to publish in the Flora and Fauna of Korea. Recognizing the importance of its securement and management in taking the initiative in bio- industry in future, National Institute of Biological Resources of the Ministry of Environment has been publishing the Flora and Fauna of Korea for systematic and efficient management of biological resources of our own. For the last 5 years, professional research groups consisting of relevant professors and the like conducted systematic surveys and organizations for a variety of and wide range of taxa. As a result, 65 issues of Flora and Fauna of Korea, both in Korean and in English, covering 7,709 species and two issues of world monograph covering 216 species were published and 25 issues of Flora and Fauna of Korea, both in Korean and in English, covering 1,313 species are published this year. These efforts serve not only to identify indigenous species living in Korea and to provide the scientific evidences and certifications to claim the sovereign rights over indigenous biological resources in Korea, but also provide the opportunity to prepare the framework for the biotechnological indus- trialization of biological resources. Finally I would like to express sincere appreciation for Dr. Seung-Tae Kim and Dr. Sue-Yeon Lee of Seoul National University who did not spare their efforts to publish Biological Magazine.

Sang Pal Lee President NIBR

Contents

List of Taxa 3 Introduction 6 Materials and Methods 7 Taxonomic Notes 9 1. Acusilas coccineus Simon 12 2. Alenatea fuscocolorata (Bösenberg and Strand) 13 3. Arachnura logio Yaginuma 15 4. Araneus acusisetus Zhu and Song 17 5. Araneus angulatus Clerck 18 6. Araneus ejusmodi Bösenberg and Strand 20 7. Araneus ishisawai Kishida 21 8. Araneus marmoreus Clerck 22 9. Araneus mitificus (Simon) 24 10. Araneus nordmanni (Thorell) 25 11. Araneus pentagrammicus (Karsch) 26 12. Araneus pinguis (Karsch) 27 13. Araneus rotundicornis Yaginuma 28 14. Araneus seminiger (L. Koch) 29 15. Araneus stella (Karsch) 30 16. Araneus triguttatus (Fabricius) 31 17. Araneus viperifer Schenkel 33 18. Araneus uyemurai Yaginuma 34 19. Araneus variegatus Yaginuma 35 20. Araneus ventricosus (L. Koch) 36 21. Araniella coreana Namkung 38 22. Araniella cucurbitina (Clerck) 39 23. Araniella displicata (Hentz) 40 24. Araniella yaginumai Tanikawa 42 25. Argiope amoena L. Koch 43 26. Argiope boesenbergi Levi 45 27. Argiope bruennichi (Scopoli) 46 28. Argiope minuta Karsch 48 29. Chorizopes nipponicus Yaginuma 49 30. Cyclosa argenteoalba Bösenberg and Strand 51 31. Cyclosa atrata Bösenberg and Strand 52 32. Cyclosa confusa Bösenberg and Strand 54 33. Cyclosa ginnaga Yaginuma 55 34. Cyclosa japonica Bösenberg and Strand 56 35. Cyclosa kumadai Tanikawa 57 36. Cyclosa laticauda Bösenberg and Strand 58 2 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

37. Cyclosa monticola Bösenberg and Strand 59 38. Cyclosa octotuberculata Karsch 60 39. Cyclosa okumae Tanikawa 61 40. Cyclosa omonaga Tanikawa 62 41. Cyclosa sedeculata Karsch 63 42. Cyclosa vallata (Keyserling) 64 43. Cyrtarachne bufo (Bösenberg and Strand) 66 44. Cyrtarachne inaequalis Thorell 67 45. Cyrtarachne nagasakiensis Strand 68 46. Cyrtarachne yunoharuensis Strand 69 47. Eriophora astridae (Strand) 71 48. Eriophora sachalinensis (Saito) 72 49. Gasteracantha kuhli C.L. Koch 74 50. Gibbaranea abscissa (Karsch) 75 51. Hypsosinga pygmaea (Sundevall) 77 52. Hypsosinga sanguinea (C.L. Koch) 79 53. Lariniaria argiopiformis (Bösenberg and Strand) 81 54. Larinioides cornutus (Clerck) 83 55. Larinioides sclopetarius (Clerck) 85 56. Mangora herbeoides (Bösenberg and Strand) 87 57. Neoscona adianta (Walckenaer) 89 58. Neoscona melloteei (Simon) 90 59. Neoscona multiplicans (Chamberlin) 92 60. Neoscona nautica (L. Koch) 93 61. Neoscona pseudonautica Yin, Wang, Xie and Peng 94 62. Neoscona punctigera (Doleschall) 96 63. Neoscona scylla (Karsch) 97 64. Neoscona scylloides (Bösenberg and Strand) 99 65. Neoscona semilunaris (Karsch) 100 66. Neoscona subpullata (Bösenberg and Strand) 101 67. Neoscona theisi (Walckenaer) 102 68. Neoscona tianmenensis Yin, Wang, Xie and Peng 104 69. Ordgarius sexspinosus (Thorell) 105 70. Pronoides brunneus Schenkel 107 71. Singa hamata (Clerck) 108 72. Yaginumia sia (Strand) 109 Literature Cited 111 Plates 128 Index to Korean Names 141 Index to Korean Names as Pronounced 143 Index to Scientific Names 145 3

List of Taxa

Phylum Arthropoda Latreille, 1829 Class Arachnida Cuvier, 1812 Order Aaraneae Clerck, 1757 Family Araneidae Clerck, 1757 Genus Acusilas Simon, 1895 Acusilas coccineus Simon, 1895 Genus Alenatea Song and Zhu, 1999 Alenatea fuscocolorata (Bösenberg and Strand, 1906) Genus Arachnura Vinson, 1863 Arachnura logio Yaginuma, 1956 Genus Araneus Clerck, 1757 Araneus acusisetus Zhu and Song, 1994 Araneus angulatus Clerck, 1757 Araneus ejusmodi Bösenberg and Strand, 1906 Araneus ishisawai Kishida, 1928 Araneus marmoreus Clerck, 1757 Araneus mitificus (Simon, 1886) Araneus nordmanni (Thorell, 1870) Araneus pentagrammicus (Karsch, 1879) Araneus pinguis (Karsch, 1879) Araneus rotundicornis Yaginuma, 1972 Araneus seminiger (L. Koch, 1878) Araneus stella (Karsch, 1879) Araneus triguttatus (Fabricius, 1793) Araneus viperifer Schenkel, 1963 Araneus uyemurai Yaginuma, 1960 Araneus variegatus Yaginuma, 1960 Araneus ventricosus (L. Koch, 1878) Genus Araniella Chamberlin and Ivie, 1942 Araniella coreana Namkung, 2001 Araniella cucurbitina (Clerck, 1757) Araniella displicata (Hentz, 1847) Araniella yaginumai Tanikawa, 1995 Genus Argiope Audouin, 1826 Argiope amoena L. Koch, 1878 Argiope boesenbergi Levi, 1983 Argiope bruennichi (Scopoli, 1772) Argiope minuta Karsch, 1879 Genus Chorizopes O.P.-Cambridge, 1870 Chorizopes nipponicus Yaginuma, 1963 Genus Cyclosa Menge, 1866 Cyclosa argenteoalba Bösenberg and Strand, 1906 Cyclosa atrata Bösenberg and Strand, 1906 4 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

Cyclosa confusa Bösenberg and Strand, 1906 Cyclosa ginnaga Yaginuma, 1959 Cyclosa japonica Bösenberg and Strand, 1906 Cyclosa kumadai Tanikawa, 1992 Cyclosa laticauda Bösenberg and Strand, 1906 Cyclosa monticola Bösenberg and Strand, 1906 Cyclosa octotuberculata Karsch, 1879 Cyclosa okumae Tanikawa, 1992 Cyclosa omonaga Tanikawa, 1992 Cyclosa sedeculata Karsch, 1879 Cyclosa vallata (Keyserling, 1886) Genus Cyrtarachne Thorell, 1868 Cyrtarachne bufo (Bösenberg and Strand, 1906) Cyrtarachne inaequalis Thorell, 1895 Cyrtarachne nagasakiensis Strand, 1918 Cyrtarachne yunoharuensis Strand, 1918 Genus Eriophora Simon, 1864 Eriophora astridae (Strand, 1917) Eriophora sachalinensis (Saito, 1934) Genus Gasteracantha Sundevall, 1833 Gasteracantha kuhli C.L. Koch, 1837 Genus Gibbaranea Archer, 1951 Gibbaranea abscissa (Karsch, 1879) Genus Hypsosinga Ausserer, 1871 Hypsosinga pygmaea (Sundevall, 1831) Hypsosinga sanguinea (C.L. Koch, 1844) Genus Lariniaria Grasshoff, 1970 Lariniaria argiopiformis (Bösenberg and Strand, 1906) Genus Larinioides Caporiacco, 1934 Larinioides cornutus (Clerck, 1757) Larinioides sclopetarius (Clerck, 1757) Genus Mangora O.P.-Cambridge, 1889 Mangora herbeoides (Bösenberg and Strand, 1906) Genus Neoscona Simon, 1864 Neoscona adianta (Walckenaer, 1802) Neoscona melloteei (Simon, 1895) Neoscona multiplicans (Chamberlin, 1924) Neoscona nautica (L. Koch, 1875) Neoscona pseudonautica Yin, Wang, Xie and Peng, 1990 Neoscona punctigera (Doleschall, 1857) Neoscona scylla (Karsch, 1879) Neoscona scylloides (Bösenberg and Strand, 1906) Neoscona semilunaris (Karsch, 1879) Neoscona subpullata (Bösenberg and Strand, 1906) Neoscona theisi (Walckenaer, 1841) Neoscona tianmenensis Yin, Wang, Xie and Peng, 1990 List of Taxa 5

Genus Ordgarius Keyserling, 1886 Ordgarius sexspinosus (Thorell, 1894) Genus Pronoides Schenkel, 1936 Pronoides brunneus Schenkel, 1936 Genus Singa C.L. Koch, 1836 Singa hamata (Clerck, 1757) Genus Yaginumia Archer, 1960 Yaginumia sia (Strand, 1906) 6

Introduction

Korean araneology was initiated by Embrik Strand (1876-1947), who was a German arachnologist. He described Gnaphosa koreae (current status=Gnaphosa sinensis Simon, 1880) in “Süd-und ostasiatisch Spinnen” as a new species based on the female specimen collected by Warburg, German minister from Korea in 1907. He described it’s collecting locality as only ‘von Korea’ without detail geogra- phical information and type specimen is now deposited in the Zoological Museum Hamburg (ZMH) (Paik, 1978). The studies of Korean spiders were explored by many Japanese araneologists focusing on the taxonomic description and distribution of some spiders in 1900s as well as in entomology. The first report on the Korean Araneidae was made by Kishida (1927). He recorded that Argiope bruennichi and Araneus ventricosus were distributed in Korea in the “Encyclopedia of Japanese animal”. Kambe (1932) reported that Neoscona adianta and Larinioides cornutus were natural enemies against cotton insect pests. Kambe (1933) collected Neoscona nautica and Argiope amoena around cotton fields in Mokpo. Kishida (1933) noted that Araneus seminiger was distributed in Korea in his book, “Life of spiders”. Kishida (1936a) ascertained distribution of Argiope bruennichi in Korea. Kishida (1936b) added Argiope minuta, Gasteracantha kuhli, Lariniaria argiopiformis, Neoscona scylla, and Neoscona scylloides new to Korean spider fauna in his lecture about spiders of Joseon. Kamita (1936) collected Argiope amoena from Mt. Hallasanin Jeju-do. Murada (1936) recorded Araneus ventricosus and Argiope bruennichi and described medical use of Araneus. Kishida (1937) stated that Gasteracantha kuhli was distributed inland of Korea and Jeju-do. Paik (1942) was the first Korean araneologist who reported Neoscona melloteei from Daeweonsa Temple in Mt. Jirisan. Okamoto (1945) explored about the medical use of spiders by Korean. He explained that Araneus ventricosus was used as hemorrhoids medicine, feed of chickens and snack of children. Paik (1953) collected Araniella displicata from Jeju- do. Paik and Kim (1956) presented “A list of spiders from Korea” comprising 111 species of 70 genera in 25 families and included Neoscona theisi and Cyclosa octotuberculata new to Korean spider fauna. The first taxonomic description of araneid spiders was Cyclosa japonica and Hypsosinga sanguinea by Paik (1962). Since then, the progress of the study of Korean Araneidae is to be classified into three periods based upon scientific descriptions in a broad sense. In the first period from 1962 to 1980; Namkung (1964) described 7 species of 7 genera including Acusilas coccineus from Chungju province. Nam- kung et al. (1972) described 5 species of 2 genera including Araneus angulatus in the faunistic survey from Mt. Jirisan. Paik and Namkung (1979) organized “Studies on the rice paddy spiders from Korea” putting together previous publications related to rice field spiders and described 7 species of 6 genera including Argiope bruennichi. Another 3 araneid spiders including Neoscona subpullata were described by Paik (1970, 1976), Namkung and Yoon (1980). The second period is from 1981 to 2000; a total of 12 species including Cyrtarachne nagasakiensis recorded by several araneologists, Jo (1981), Namkung and Kim (1985), Kim et al. (1988), Namkung and Kim (1994), Kim (1995, 1998), Kim and Kim (1996), Kim and Yoo (1996), the progress of study on the Korean Araneidae in this period was not noticeable. The third period is from 2001 to present; Namkung (2001) described 32 species of 13 genera including Alenatea fuscocolorata in “Spiders of Korea” based on his vast spider collections in his entire life. Another 3 species including Cyclosa ginnaga were added by Kim and Kim (2002) and Kim and Yoo (2007). The latest report on the Korean Araneidae is description of Araneus rotundicornis by Lee et al. (2012). Korean Aranidae is arranged as 72 species belonging to 21 genera currently. 7

Materials and Methods

This work describes seventy-two araneid spiders collected from Korean mainland and islands from 1989 to 2010. Examined materials were the specimens collected by the authors. In the case of Arac- hnura logio Yaginuma, 1956, Araneus seminiger (L. Koch, 1878) and Cyrtarachne yunoharuensis Strand, 1918 which were not collected by the authors or could not loaned from research institutions, descriptions are made according to original description into the format of this work for the completion. In the case of one of the both genders collected only, descriptions were limited to the collected gender. Spiders are collected by many of the same methods used for insects; hand picking, sweeping, beating, shifting and pitfall trapping. The spiders used in this work are preserved in 85% ethyl alcohol and most of the taxonomic and morphologic characters in the keys and descriptions were observed under stereoscopic dissecting microscope. Female and male body, female epigynum, and left palp of palp with some distinctive characters are described and illustrated. Main taxonomic characters and terminology of them are shown in Fig. 1. Key of the genera and species was organized with easily observed taxonomic characters in which those of male and female were combined. Changes of the scientific names of each species and

Claw 1st Leg Anterior laterial eye Anterior median eye Ta

2nd Leg Mt

Palp Posterior median eye Posterior laterial eye Chelicera Ti C Pa

Eye Fe Carapace Chelicera Fang Endite Median groove Co Tr Labium

Sternum

3rd Leg Epigastric plate Epigastric furrow Epigynum

Muscle impression Folium Spinneret

Anal tubercle A B 4th Leg

Fig. 1. External features of araneid spiders. A. Dorsal view (Co coxa, Tr trochanter, Fe femur, Pa patella, Ti tibia, Mt metatarsus, Ta tarsus); B. Ventral view; C. Eye area (from the above). 8 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders synonymies are listed. The present synonymies used a condensed format with reference to each paper given in the bibliography. The original name is given along with the author and initial page of taxonomic accounts. Repetition of authors is avoided and authors are chronologically arranged. In the synonymies, spiders from faunistic studies without reliable taxonomic information were excluded. The order of families, taxonomic names and Korean names mainly follow Platnick’s Catalog ver. 12.0 (2011) and Bibliographic Check list of Korean Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) ver. 2010 (Namkung et al., 2009). 9

Taxonomic Notes

Phylum Arthropoda Latreille, 1829 Jeol-ji-dong-mul-mun (절지동물문)

An arthropod is an invertebrate animal belonging to phylum Arthropoda having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and jointed appendages. The arthropod body plan is a bilateral symmetry and consists of repeated segments, the segments usually grouped in two or three rather distinct regions, each with paired segmented appendages. A chitinous exoskeleton, which is periodically shed and renewed as the animal grows. Phylum Arthropoda include the insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and others. Members of the Arthropoda are the most species-rich members of all ecological guilds in most environments.

Class Arachnida Cuvier, 1812 Geo-mi-gang (거미강)

The arachnids that comprise the class Arachnida have bodies founded on eighteen segments or somites, often protected by tergites above and sternites below, connected by softer pleural membrane. Of these somites, six form the cephalothorax (=prosoma) and twelve the abdomen (=ophisthosoma). These two parts may be united across their whole breadth or may be jointed by a narrow waist or pedicel. The cephalothorax carries six parts of limbs or appendages. The chelicerae are the only ones in front of the mouth. They are followed by a pair of pedipalpi and four pairs of legs. Usually there are no appendages on the abdomen, but spiders (Araneae) have abdominal spinnerets. Class Aachnida is classified as eleven major orders including scorpions, spiders, and harvestmens and others. Most arachnids are predators but some mites are parasites or herbivores.

Order Araneae Clerck, 1757 Geo-mi-mok (거미목)

The spiders of the order Araneae have the cephalothorax and abdomen united by a narrow cylindrical pedicel with eight legs. The carapace is uniform and bears six or eight eyes. The abdomen carries a group of six or four spinnerets. The chelicerae are pointed and contain poison glands. The pedipalpi are leg-like and carry the copulatory organ in males. Respiration is by book lungs or tracheae or both. Spiders produce silk threads and spin distinct webs which vary widely in size, 10 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders shape and the amount of sticky thread used in web builders. Though hunting spiders also produce silk threads, most of them do not spin webs like web builders. A herbivorous species was described, but all other known species are predators, mostly preying on insects and on other spiders, although a few large species also take birds and lizards.

Family Araneidae Clerck, 1757 Wang-geo-mi-gwa (왕거미과)

The common orb-weavers of the spider family Araneidae are a large family comprising more than 168 genera and 3,020 species occurring worldwide (Platnick, 2011). Araneid spiders are small to large (3.0-30.0 mm) araneomorph spiders with three tarsal claws belonging to entelegyne without cribellum. Cephalic region of carapace usually separated from thoracic region by oblique depression. Eight eyes are in two rows with lateral eyes widely separated from median eyes. Chelicera is strong and well developed with lateral condyle and two rows of marginal teeth. Abdomen is often, but varies greatly, globose with various dorsal pattern and humps. Legs are usually furnished with numerous spines and trchobothria present on all leg segments except femora and tarsi, sustentaculum on tarsi IV. Female epigyne is completely or partially sclerotized, frequently with a scape. Male palp is complex; femur often with basal tubercle, patella often with two macrosetae, paracymbium that is fused to the cymbium usually a sclerotized hook- shaped, median apophysis present. Araneids present obvious case of sexual dimorphism among all of the orb-weaver family, with males being normally 1/3 to 1/4 the size of females. Araneid spiders are a diverse group of sticky orb weavers occupying a wide range of habitats often found in gardens, fields and forests. Some genera have reduced webs or have entirely abandoned web building. Type genus: Araneus Clerck, 1757.

Key to the genera of family Araneidae

1. Carapace with many horn-shaped tubercles ······························································Ordgarius - Carapace without horn-shaped tubercles ················································································2 2. Margin of female abdomen with 3 pairs of spine-shaped tubercles·······················Gasteracantha - Margin of female abdomen without any tubercle····································································3 3. Head region heavily expanded, both lateral eyes far apart from the median eyes ·····Chorizopes - Head region not expanded, both lateral eyes not apart from the median eyes·························4 4. Front of female abodomen heavily bifurcate, back extended like a tail ······················Arachnura - Front of female abodomen not bifurcate, back not extended like a tail ····································5 5. Abdomen bird drop-shaped····················································································Cyrtarachne - Abdomen almost round··········································································································6 6. Abdominal dorsum with many small and large hump-shaped tubercles ·······················Cyclosa - Abdominal dorsum without hump-shaped tubercles······························································7 7. Dorsum of female abdomen with yellow, black and white horizontal stripe pattern intersected by turns like a tiger pattern ···························································································Argiope - Dorsum of female abdomen without horizontal stripe pattern················································8 Aaraneae: Araneidae: Acusilas 11

8. Abdominal dorsum with thick longitudinal band pattern·······················································9 - Abdominal dorsum without longitudinal band pattern ························································10 9. Anterior median eyes largest, longitudinal stripe indistinct, scape absent················Hypsosinga - Posterior median eyes largest, longitudinal stripe distinct, scape present ·························Singa 10. Abdominal dorsum yellow, 3-4 pairs of small and black spot patterns at the posterior part······ ·····································································································································Araniella - Abdominal dorsum otherwise, without spot at the posterior part ·········································11 11. Abdomen much longer than wide, thick and yellowish brown longitudinal band stripe stretched at center from the front to back·······················································································Larinia - Abdomen wider than long without longitudinal band stripe ················································12 12. Tibiae of 3rd leg with about 8 trichobothria ·································································Mangora - Tibiae of 3rd leg without trichobothrium···············································································13 13. Median apophysis at tegulum of male palp protruded in lateral view, bifurcated distally ········· ··································································································································Larinioides - Median apophysis at tegulum of male palp not protruded, not bifurcated ····························14 14. Body reddish brown without any distinct pattern ························································Acusilas - Body colour variable with various patterns···········································································15 15. Anterior part of abdominal dorsum looks like separated and sclerotized, horizontal stripe patterns forming layers in lower part ············································································Gibbaranea - Abdominal dorsum not separated, no horizontal stripe patterns forming layers ···················16 16. Head region totally black and covered with white hairs············································Yaginumia - Head region not totally black with white hairs······································································17 17. Dorsum of female abdomen with a pair of conspicuous horn-shaped tubercles at both shoulders ··············································································································································18 - Dorsum of female abdomen without or inconspicuous horn-shaped tubercles at both shoulders ··············································································································································19 18. Scape of female epigynum long and thin, tapered distally··········································Eriophora - Scape of female epigynum short and thick, scooped distally ······································Pronoides 19. Abdomen with a large and yellow spot on the center of venter ····································Alenatea - Abdomen without any spot on the venter ·············································································20 20. Cervical groove of carapace markedly furrowed horizontally ······································Araneus - Cervical groove of carapace markedly furrowed longitudinally··································Neoscona

Genus Acusilas Simon, 1895 Ip-wang-geo-mi-sok (잎왕거미속)

Carapace longer than wide. Head region higher than thoracic region, demarcated by a prominent median groove. Both eye rows recurved, eyes circled with black, anterior median eyes closer to anterior lateral eyes than to each other. Chelicera with 4 teeth on promargin, 3 teeth on retromargin, two condyles prolateral and retrolaterally. Abdomen cylindrical, longer than wide without distinct pattern on dorsum, muscle impressions distinct. Female epigynum; scape absent, a characteristic transverse rim present, weakly sclerotized, more or less transparent. Male palp; median apophysis 12 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders is slender, triangular and with distal hook, conductor is fused to the tegulum, embolus spiriform. Construct incomplete orb web with only a section of the web. Spiders in a retreat constructed with a small dead leaf in the web. Type species: Acusilas coccineus Simon, 1895.

1. Acusilas coccineus Simon, 1895 (Figs. 2, 3, Pl. 1) Ga-rang-ip-wang-geo-mi (가랑잎왕거미)

Acusilas coccineus Simon, 1895, p. 785; Uyemura, 1939, p. 142; Yaginuma, 1960, p. 59; Namkung, 1964, p. 37; Yaginuma, 1971, p. 59; Murphy and Murphy, 1983, p. 117; Hu, 1984, p. 88; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 116; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 75; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 112; Yin et al., 1997, p. 109; Song et al., 1999, p. 230; Namkung, 2001, p. 256; 2003, p. 257; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 177; Shin, 2007, p. 163; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 90; Kuntner et al., 2008, p. 176; Schmidt and Scharff, 2008, p. 18; Tanikawa, 2009, p. 461. Acusilas gentingensis Murphy and Murphy, 1983, p. 12.

Female: Body length 8.0-11.0 mm. Carapace reddish brown, longer than wide. Cervical furrow deeply furrowed and longitudinal median groove deep and short. Chelicerae reddish brown with 4 promarginal teeth and 3 retromarginal teeth. Sternum reddish brown. Legs reddish brown, stout and well developed, covered with spines and hairs. Abdomen long and cylindrical, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum reddish brown tinged with dark gray broadly, 4 pairs of muscle impressions distinct. Female epigynum; scape absent, thick median septum present, surface membraneous and transparent. Male: Body length 5.0-6.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Carapace blackish brown. Legs with annulations. Male palp; median apophysis projecting downward, hook-shaped with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Taiwan. KOREA: GW. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀ (Mt. Seolaksan, Gangwon- do: 2.ix.1991); 2♀♀, 3♂♂ (Mt. Jeombongsan, Gang- won-do: 16.viii.2006). Fig. 2. Distribution of Acusilas coccineus. ECOLOGY: Construct irregular orb web with dead leaf for retreat under the tree and between bushes. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Alenatea 13

A C

Fig. 3. Acusilas coccineus. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp.

Genus Alenatea Song and Zhu, 1999 Meok-wang-geo-mi-sok (먹왕거미속)

Carapace longer than wide, yellowish brown to grayish brown. Both eye rows recurved. Median groove longitudinal. Chelicera with 4 teeth on promargin, 3 teeth on retromargin. Abdomen wider than long, or as wide as long, color and markings on dorsum of abdomen greatly varied, posterior part with a folium, large and yellow spot on the center of venter. Female epigynum; scape with a membraneous hood, genital opening situated at lateral margin between dorsal and ventral plates, copulatory duct long and coiled. Male palp; terminal apophysis large, embolus long and flagelliform. Construct small orb web and do not rest at the center of web during daytime. Spider founded under a leaf or between twigs around the web. Type species: Aranea fuscocolorata Bösenberg and Strand, 1906.

2. Alenatea fuscocolorata (Bösenberg and Strand, 1906) (Fig. 4) Meok-wang-geo-mi (먹왕거미)

Aranea fuscocolorata Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 224; Strand, 1918, p. 95. Agalenatea angulopicta Yaginuma and Archer, 1959, p. 37. Agalenatea arcopicta Yaginuma and Arche, 1959, p. 37; Yin et al., 1997, p. 112. Agalenatea davidi Yin et al., 1997, p. 113. 14 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

A C

Fig. 4. Alenatea fuscocolorata. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp.

Agalenatea fuscocolorata Yin et al., 1997, p. 113. Alenatea fuscocolorata Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 178; Shin, 2007, p. 166; Song et al., 1999, p. 235; 2001, p. 183; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 77; 2009, p. 455. Alenatea fuscocoloratus Namkung, 2003, p. 256. Araneus angulopictus Schenkel, 1953, p. 53; Hu, 1984, p. 89. Araneus arcopictus Schenkel, 1953, p. 50; Zhu et al., 1985, p. 69. Araneus davidi Schenkel, 1963, p. 172. Araneus fuscocoloratus Chikuni, 1989b, p. 70; Grasshoff, 1986, p. 118; Lee, 1966, p. 39; Yaginuma, 1960, p. 52; Yaginuma, 1971, p. 52; 1986b, p. 187. Araneus fuscoloratus Nakatsudi, 1942a, p. 306; Namkung, 2001, p. 253. Catheistela fuscocolorata Yaginuma and Archer, 1959, p. 36. Neoscona angulopictus Zhang, 1987, p. 83. Neoscona fuscocolorata Hu, 1984, p. 93; Ma and Tu, 1987, p. 51; Yaginuma, 1955, p. 19; Zhang, 1987, p. 85. Neoscona fuscolorata Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 105.

Female: Body length 5.0-7.0 mm. Carapace yellowish brown, longer than wide. Cervical furrow blackish brown and distinct, median groove longitudinal and darker. Chelicerae dark red. Sternum brown, central part yellow. Legs yellowish brown with dark brownish annulations, middle of femora to tarsi darker, covered with spines and hairs. Abdomen longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum with butterfly-shaped marking anteriorly with black folium behind and yellowish white spots alongside, coloration variable. Abdominal venter with large and quadrate yellow marking. Female epigynum; scape short and ligulate with scooped tip. Male: Body length 4.0-5.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; terminal apophysis long with pointed tip, median apophysis thick with hook-shaped tip. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Arachnura 15

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Taiwan. KOREA: GW, JB, JJ. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♂(Cheolweon, Gangwon-do: 13.vi.1997); 1♀(Mt. Geumhaksan, Gangwon- do: 7.vii.1998); 1♀ (Mt. Bangtaesan, Gangwon-do: 25.vi.2010); 2♀♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 10.vi.2008); 1♀(Eorimok, Jeju-do: 24.vii.1993). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web between low twigs. Spiders usually founded in twigs and bottom of leaves around web.

Genus Arachnura Vinson, 1863 Gin-kko-ri-wang-geo-mi-sok (긴꼬리왕거미속)

Carapace longer than wide. Head region narrower anteriorly. Lateral eyes not contiguous. Legs short and robust with rigid setae. Abdomen markedly elongated with prominent shoulder humps, tapering tail-like tubercle extended posteriorly. Spinnerets situated a third of the total length of the abdomen. Female epigynum; scape absent, simple and somewhat transparent. Male palp; terminal and median apophysis present. Construct a widely spaced orb web in low vegetation. Upper sectors of the web without sticky spirals appearing unfinished. Type species: Arachnoura scorpionoides Vinson, 1863.

3. Arachnura logio Yaginuma, 1956 (Fig. 5) Gin-kko-ri-wang-geo-mi (긴꼬리왕거미)

Arachnura logio Yaginuma, 1956a, p. 1; 1960, p. 66; 1971, p. 66; Hu, 1984, p. 101; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 116; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 77; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 99; Yin et al., 1997, p. 121; Song et al., 1999, p. 236; Kim and Yoo, 2007, p. 93; Shin, 2007, p. 169; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 42; Kim et al., 2008, p. 66; Tanikawa, 2009, p. 423.

Female: Body length 25.0-28.0 mm. Carapace light greenish brown with brownish margin, longer than wide. Head region slightly raised, separated with thoracic region by transverse median groove, covered with whitish setae. Legs greenish brown with annulations, long and well developed. Abdo- men much longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum with conical hump on the shoulder, tail-shaped with 2 pairs of lateral tubercles posteriorly, anterior ones large. Spinnrets situated middle of the venter. Female epigynum; scape absent, thick median septum present, surface membraneous and transparent. Male: Body length 1.5-1.8 mm, Males similar to females, much smaller than females. Carapace and abdomen dark blackish brown. Abdomen ovoid with lighter posterior part. Male palp; median apophysis with hook-shaped tip long projecting downward.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan. KOREA: JN. 16 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

A D

Fig. 5. Arachnura logio. A. female body; B. male body; C. female epigynum; D. male palp (cited from A, B. Chikuni, 1989; C, D. Tanikawa, 2009).

ECOLOGY: Construct orb web with incomplete upper part in coniferous forests and coppices. Spiders founded at hub of the web.

Genus Araneus Clerck, 1757 Wang-geo-mi-sok (왕거미속)

Carapace moderately convex, setose. Median groove transverse. Both eye rows recurved, lateral eyes on a prominent tubercle close together. Legs very hairy and spiny. Abdomen shield-shaped or ovoid to spherical, setose, variable often with anterior humps, widest anteriorly. Female epigynum; scape long, often wrinkled, about twice the length of the rest of the underlying structure, annulate, with round tip. Male palp; patella with 1 or 2 long and strong curved spines, distinct hook-shaped large terminal apophysis near the tip directed anteroventrally, subterminal apophysis often smaller, median apophysis always with one or several spines, or teeth. Construct large orb web and do not rest at the center of web during daytime. Spider founded in a silken retreat constructed with leaves around web. Type species: Araneus angulatus Clerck, 1757. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Araneus 17

Key to the species of genus Araneus 1. Abdominal dorsum with folium pattern ·················································································2 - Abdominal dorsum without folium pattern ··········································································11 2. Abdomen with hump-shaped protuberances at shoulders······················································3 - Abdomen without protuberance at shoulders ··························································A. viperifer 3. Abdomen circle-shaped ··········································································································4 - Abdomen shield-shaped ·········································································································5 4. Female epigynal scape wide and short···································································A. acusisetus - Female epigynal scape thick and long ····································································A. angulatus 5. Female epigynal scape long and curved ··································································A. ishisawai - Female epigynal scape long and straight·················································································6 6. Female epigynal scape very short without wrinkle ···········································A. rotundicornis - Female epigynal scape long and wrinkled ··············································································7 7. Female epigynal scape wrinkled to the end·············································································8 - Female epigynal scape wrinkled to the middle ·······································································9 8. Folium pattern on abdominal dorsum enclosed with wide band pattern··············A. nordmanni - Folium pattern on abdominal dorsum enclosed with complex spot patterns··········A. variegates 9. Female epigynal scape beak-shaped ·······································································A. seminiger - Female epigynal scape wide scoop-shaped ···········································································10 10. Folium pattern on abdominal dorsum enclosed with white stripe ··························A. uyemurai - Folium pattern on abdominal dorsum enclosed with black stripe ························A. ventricosus 11. Abdomen with horn-shaped protuberances at shoulders ··············································A. stella - Abdomen without protuberance ···························································································12 12. Abdomen with 2-3 pair of black spots at end ··························································A. mitificus - Abdomen without spot ·········································································································13 13. Abdominal dorsum with 3-4 wide transverse band patterns································A. triguttatus - Abdominal dorsum without band pattern·············································································14 14. Abdominal dorsum white with 3-4 thin transverse stripes···························A. pentagrammicus - Abdominal dorsum otherwise colored without stripe ···························································15 15. Abdominal dorsum yellow with complex marble patterns ···································A. marmoreus - Abdominal dorsum otherwise colored with large and small spot patterns ····························16 16. Abdominal dorsum black with large spot patterns ··················································A. ejusmodi - Abdominal dorsum red with large and small spot patterns scattered ························A. pinguis

4. Araneus acusisetus Zhu and Song, 1994 (Fig. 6) Eo-ri-meok-wang-geo-mi (어리먹왕거미)

Araneus acusisetus Zhu and Song in Zhu et al., 1994, p. 27; Yin et al., 1997, p. 143; Song et al., 1999, p. 236; Tanikawa, 2001a, p. 83; Namkung, 2003, p. 255; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 82; 2009, p. 455. Araneus fuscocoloratoides Namkung, 2002, pp. 254, 620.

Female: Body length 5.0-6.0 mm. Carapace light yellowish brown, longer than wide. Head region and lateral sides with black markings and whitish hair. Median groove slender and longitudinal. 18 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

C A

Fig. 6. Araneus acusisetus. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp.

Chelicerae dark yellowish brown. Sternum brown with yellowish brown hairs, shield-shaped. Legs yellowish brown with dark brownish annulations and long spines. Abdomen lozenge-shaped, wider than long. Abdominal dorsum with folium which anterior part wide and posterior part narrow. A pair of yellow markings in front of spinnerets. Female epigynum; as long as wide, broad and ligulate projecting upward. Male: Body length 3.5-4.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis large and horn-shaped.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan. KOREA: GW. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀, 1♂(Mt. Geumhaksan, Gangwon-do: 7.vii.1998). ECOLOGY: Construct small orb web between trees and bushes. Spiders usually founded in the bottom of leaves around web.

5. Araneus angulatus Clerck, 1757 (Fig. 7) Mo-seo-ri-wang-geo-mi (모서리왕거미)

Araneus angulatus Clerck, 1757, p. 22; Simon, 1895, p. 829; Kulczyn’ski, 1911, p. 59, pl. 2; Fage, 1921, p. 175; Simon, 1929, pp. 677, 755; Nakatsudi, 1942b, p. 11; Tullgren, 1952, p. 162; Locket and Millidge, 1953, p. 127; Saito, 1959, p. 85; Wiehle, 1963, p. 265; 1967, p. 199; Azheganova, 1968, p. 75; Tysch- chenko, 1971, p. 193; Miller, 1971, p. 207; Levi, 1971, p. 142; Loksa, 1972, p. 74; Namkung et al., 1972, p. 93; Palmgren, 1974, p. 17; Punda, 1975, p. 31; Roberts, 1985, p. 206; Zhang, 1987, p. 63; Hu and Wu, 1989, p. 82; Heimer and Nentwig, 1991, p. 72; Thaler, 1991, p. 50; Roberts, 1995, p. 317; Mcheidze, 1997, p. 268; Yin et al., 1997, p. 158; Roberts, 1998, p. 330; Song et al., 1999, p. 237; Aaraneae: Araneidae: Araneus 19

Namkung, 2001, p. 240; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 179; Namkung, 2003, p. 243; Trotta, 2005, p. 163; Almquist, 2005, p. 137; Sestáková et al., 2009, p. 51. Araneus virgatus Clerck, 1757, p. 41. Aranea angulata Linnaeus, 1758, p. 620; Reimoser, 1930, p. 13; Wiehle, 1931, p. 52; Drensky, 1943, p. 240; Archer, 1951a, p. 31; Zamaraev, 1964, p. 355. Aranea cruciata Walckenaer, 1802, p. 190. Epeira angulata Walckenaer, 1805, p. 57; Hahn, 1834, p. 19; 1836, p. 1; C.L. Koch, 1844, p. 77; Black- wall, 1864, p. 360; Menge, 1866, p. 47; Emerton, 1884, p. 299; Chyzer and Kulczyn’ski, 1891, p. 128; Keyserling, 1892, p. 114; McCook, 1894, p. 186; Becker, 1896, p. 12; Bösenberg, 1901, p. 25; Emerton, 1902, p. 164. Epeira cruciata Walckenaer, 1805, p. 57. Epeira eremita C.L. Koch, 1835, p. 131. Epeira quercetorum C.L. Koch, 1837b, p. 3. Epeira pinetorum C.L. Koch, 1837b, p. 3; 1844, p. 95. Epeira regia Simon, 1874, p. 54. Epeira spinivulva Simon, 1874, p. 61.

Female: Body length 12.0-15.0 mm. Carapace light yellowish brown, covered with white hairs, longer than wide. Center of head region, cervical furrow, radial furrow and median groove dark yellowish brown. Chelicerae yellowish brown. Legs yellow with annulations. Abdomen shield- shaped, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum light brown with dark brownish folium, brownish laterally. Abdominal venter dark yellow with balck marking in the center. Female epigynum; scape thick and long with scooped tip. Male: Body length 10.0-12.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; terminal apophysis long with pointed tip, median apophysis with bifurcated tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Russia, Europe (Palearctic). KOREA: JN, JJ.

B C A

Fig. 7. Araneus angulatus. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp. 20 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀, 1♂(Mt. Jirisan, Jeollanam-do: 27.vii.1988). ECOLOGY: Very rare spiders founded in the forests of high mountain.

6. Araneus ejusmodi Bösenberg and Strand, 1906 (Fig. 8) No-rang-mu-nui-wang-geo-mi (노랑무늬왕거미)

Araneus ejusmodi Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 229; Yaginuma, 1954, p. 26; 1960, p. 55; 1971, p. 55; Yin, 1978, p. 1; Wang, 1981, p. 102; Zhu, 1983, p. 20; Hu, 1984, p. 92; Guo, 1985, p. 55; Zhu et al., 1985, p. 73; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 99; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 69; Feng, 1990, p. 57; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 45; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 87; Song et al., 1993, p. 870; Zhao, 1993, p. 229; Yin et al., 1997, p. 136; Song et al., 1999, p. 238; Namkung, 2001, p. 251; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 179; Namkung, 2003, p. 253; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 86; 2009, p. 457. Lithyphantes dubius Dönitz and Strand in Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 380; Paik, 1942, p. 101. Agalenatea ejusmodi Yaginuma and Archer, 1959, p. 37. Araneus pachygnathoides Schenkel, 1963, p. 167. Aranea ejusmodi Song, 1980, p. 92.

Female: Body length 6.0-8.0 mm. Carapace black, longer than wide. Head region round and raised. Cervical furrow, radial furrow and median groove distinct. Chelicerae and sternum black. Legs yellow to yellowish brown, tip of femora and tibiae I and II darker, tip of each segment III and IV dark yellowish brown. Abdomen long spherical, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum black with 3 yellowish curved patterns longitudinally. Female epigynum; scape absent, median septum present, sclerotized. Male: Body length 5.0-6.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Abdo- minal pattern indistinct. Male palp; terminal apophysis slender with pointed tip, median apophysis large with hook-shaped tip.

B C

Fig. 8. Araneus ejusmodi. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Araneus 21

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Taiwan, Russia. KOREA: GW, JB. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀(Mt. Geonbongsan, Gangwon-do: 20.viii.1997); 2♀♀, 1♂(Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 10.vi.2008); 1♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 20.viii.2008); 1♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 17.ix.2008); 1♀(Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 18.vi.2010). ECOLOGY: Construct small orb web between trees and bushes in the mountains. Spiders usually founded in the bottom of leaves around web.

7. Araneus ishisawai Kishida, 1928 (Fig. 9) Bu-seok-wang-geo-mi (부석왕거미)

Araneus ishisawai Kishida, 1920, p. 474; Yaginuma, 1957, p. 55; Namkung et al., 1972, p. 93; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 63; Namkung, 2001, p. 243; 2003, p. 245; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 83; 2009, p. 455; Marusik, 2009, p. 97. Catheistela ishisawai Yaginuma and Archer, 1959, p. 36. Araneus seensis Oliger, 1991, p. 141.

Female: Body length 18.0-20.0 mm. Carapace light yellowish brown, covered with white hairs, center and margin brown, longer than wide. Center of head region with dark brownish stripe longitudinally. Chelicerae dark yellowish brown with 4 promarginal teeth and 2 retormarginal teeth. Sternum dark brown with yellow longitudinal stripe at center. Legs yellowish brown with brownish annulations and many spines. Abdomen light yellowish brown to yellowish red and shield-shaped, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum with pointed hump with yellowish white folium. Female epigynum; scape long and wrinkled with scooped tip. Male: Body length 10.0-12.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females.

B C A

Fig. 9. Araneus ishisawai. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp. 22 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

Both sides of thoracic region with dark brown band. Male palp; terminal apophysis long and curved with pointed tip, median apophysis thick with blunt tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, Russia. KOREA: GW, JB. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 3♀♀, 1♂(Mt. Jeombongsan, Gangwon-do: 28.vii.1999); 1♀(Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 20.viii.2008). ECOLOGY: Construct large orb web vertically between trees and bushes in high mountain.

8. Araneus marmoreus Clerck, 1757 (Figs. 10, 11) Ma-bul-wang-geo-mi (마불왕거미)

Araneus marmoreus Clerck, 1757, p. 29; Simon, 1929, pp. 682, 758; Locket and Millidge, 1953, p. 130; Yaginuma, 1957, p. 54; Braendegaard, 1958, p. 34; Saito, 1959, p. 86; Azheganova, 1968, p. 76; Grasshoff, 1968, p. 7; Tyschchenko, 1971, p. 196; Miller, 1971, p. 211; Levi, 1971, p. 156; Loksa, 1972, p. 87; Bakhvalov, 1974, p. 111; Palmgren, 1974, p. 22; Punda, 1975, p. 36; Paik, 1976, p. 83; Gertsch, 1979, p. 90; Oliger, 1981, p. 5; Legotai and Sekerskaya, 1982, p. 50; Roberts, 1985, p. 208; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 94; Song, 1987, p. 164; Zhang, 1987, p. 69; Zhu, Tu and Hu, 1988, p. 57; Lego- tai and Sekerskaya, 1989, p. 226; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 65; Hu and Wu, 1989, p. 90; Heimer and Nent- wig, 1991, p. 74; Roberts, 1995, p. 318; Agnarsson, 1996, p. 62; Mcheidze, 1997, p. 272; Yin et al., 1997, p. 174; Roberts, 1998, p. 332; Song et al., 1999, p. 239; Yoo and Kim, 2002, p. 28; Namkung, 2001, p. 244; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 180; Paquin and Dupérré, 2003, p. 44; Dondale et al., 2003, p. 221; Namkung, 2003, p. 246; Almquist, 2005, p. 141; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 81; 2009, p. 452; Sestáková et al., 2009, p. 101. Araneus babel Clerck, 1757, p. 30. Araneus pyramidatus Clerck, 1757, p. 34. Aranea raji Scopoli, 1763, p. 394; Reimoser, 1930, p. 13; Wiehle, 1931, p. 75; Muma, 1943, p. 85; Drensky, 1943, p. 242; Mikulska, 1953, p. 12. Aranea marmorea Fabricius, 1775, p. 434; Zamaraev, 1964, p. 360; Song, 1980, p. 40. Aranea betulae Sulzer, 1776, p. 254. Aranea aurantio-maculata De Geer, 1778, p. 222. Aranea aurantia Olivier, 1789, p. 200. Aranea pyramidata Olivier, 1789, p. 206. Aranea reticulata Roemer, 1789, p. 33. Aranea scalaris Panzer, 1793, p. 4. Aranea regalis Panzer, 1797: hft. 40. Aranea melittagria Walckenaer, 1802, p. 191. Epeira melittagria Walckenaer, 1805, p. 59. Fig. 10. Distribution of Araneus marmor- Epeira scalaris Walckenaer, 1805, p. 60; Hahn, 1834, p. eus. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Araneus 23

Fig. 11. Araneus marmoreus. A. female body; B. female epigynum.

27; Blackwall, 1864, p. 331. Dysdera lutea Risso, 1826, p. 162. Epeira marmorea Sundevall, 1833, p. 241; C.L. Koch, 1838, p. 63; Menge, 1866, p. 50; Thorell, 1870, p. 9; Emerton, 1884, p. 307; McCook, 1894, p. 143; Becker, 1896, p. 20; Bösenberg, 1901, p. 24; Emerton, 1902, p. 168. Epeira pyramidata Sundevall, 1833, p. 242; C.L. Koch, 1844, p. 107; Menge, 1866, p. 51. Epeira jenisoni C.L. Koch, 1834, p. 127; 1844, p. 126. Epeira bohemica C.L. Koch, 1838, p. 59. Epeira graduata Walckenaer, 1841, p. 48. Epeira conspicellata Walckenaer, 1841, p. 58. Epeira insularis Hentz, 1847, p. 470; Keyserling, 1864, p. 91; Emerton, 1884, p. 309; Keyserling, 1892, p. 170. Epeira obesa Hentz, 1847, p. 471. Epeira flava Giebel, 1867, p. 429. Epeira annulipes Giebel, 1869a, p. 250. Epeira marmorea pyramidata Thorell, 1870, p. 10; Bösenberg, 1901, p. 24. Epeira marmorea principalis Chyzer and Kulczyn’ski, 1891, p. 130. Aranea tusigia Chamberlin, 1919, p. 254. Araneus marmoreus pyramidatus Simon, 1929, pp. 682, 758; Hu and Wu, 1989, p. 91. Aranea gigas Comstock, 1940, pp. 118, 489. Epeira raji Kaston, 1948, p. 257. Aranea tusigia Archer, 1951a, p. 32.

Female: Body length 17.0-22.0 mm. Carapace light yellow, longer than wide. Center of head 24 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders region with dark brown stripe longitudinally. Cervical furrow and median groove distinct. Chelicerae yellowish brown. Endites, labium and sternum dark brown. Legs yellow with many spines, tip of each segment with reddish brown annulations. Abdomen spherical, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum yellow with yellowish brown and complex folium folium. Abdominal venter with blackish brown stripe longitudinally at center, lateral side yellow. Female epigynum; scape long and wrinkled with scooped tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Mongolia, Russia, Europe, America (Holarctic). KOREA: GW. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀ (Mt. Taebaeksan, Gangwon-do: 29.viii.1994); 2♀♀ (Mt. Jeombongsan, Gangwon-do: 17.vii.2000). ECOLOGY: Construct small orb web vertically between shrubs and bushes in the mountains.

9. Araneus mitificus (Simon, 1886) (Fig. 12) Mi-nyeo-wang-geo-mi (미녀왕거미)

Epeira mitifica Simon, 1886, p. 150; Workman, 1896, p. 39. Aranea mitifica Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 221. Araneus mitificus Simon, 1909, p. 109; Saito, 1939, p. 19; Saito, 1959, p. 87; Lee, 1966, p. 40; Hu, 1984, p. 95; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 100; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 66; Feng, 1990, p. 58; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 46; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 89; Barrion and Litsinger, 1995, p. 638; Yin et al., 1997, p. 139; Song et al., 1999, p. 239; Namkung, 2001, p. 246; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 181; Namkung, 2003, p. 248; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 85; 2009, p. 457. Zilla nawazi Dyal, 1935, p. 186.

B C A

Fig. 12. Araneus mitificus. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Araneus 25

Zygiella nawazi Roewer, 1942, p. 886. Afraranea mitifica Yaginuma and Archer, 1959, p. 37. Araneus mitifica Tikader, 1963, p. 43; Tikader and Bal, 1981, p. 53; Tikader, 1982, p. 233; Gajbe, 2007, p. 524. Araneus nawazi Levi, 1974a, p. 271.

Female: Carapace reddish brown, longer than wide. Median groove V-shaped and distinct. Chelicerae and sternum reddish brown. Legs light yellow to yellowish green, tip of each segment with dark brown annulations. Abdomen spherical and slightly flat, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum with V-shaped dark black marking, anterio-lateral side blackish brown, posterior part bluish green with 2 yellow transverse stripe and 4 black spots horizontally, 2 pairs of muscle impressions distinct. Female epigynum; scape absent, sclerotized. Male: Body length 5.0-6.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; terminal apophysis thick and curved with pointed tip, median apophysis with hook-shaped tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Philippines, India. KOREA: GN, JN. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀, 1♂ (Changweon, Gyeongsangnam-do: 1.x.2009); 1♀ (Geojedo Island, Gyeongsangnam-do: 2.ix.2009); 3♀♀ (Wando Island, Jeollanam-do: 2.x.1992); 1♀ (Wando Island, Jeollanam-do: 2.ix.2009). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web between trees in the mountains and fields. Spiders usually founded in the tent-like retreat behind the leaves around web.

10. Araneus nordmanni (Thorell, 1870) (Fig. 13) Ban-ya-wang-geo-mi (반야왕거미)

Epeira angulata C.L. Koch, 1844, p. 77; Westring, 1861, p. 23. Epeira nordmanni Thorell, 1870, p. 4; 1873, p. 544; Dahl, 1883, p. 28; Emerton, 1884, p. 301; Chyzer and Kulczyn’ski, 1891, p. 128; McCook, 1894, p. 184; Emerton, 1894, p. 403; Bösenberg, 1901, p. 27; Emerton, 1902, p. 163. Epeira silvatica Emerton, 1884, p. 300; Keyserling, 1892, p. 117; McCook, 1894, p. 188; Emerton, 1902, p. 164. Araneus nordmanni Petrunkevitch, 1911, p. 307; Saito, 1934a, p. 333; Comstock, 1940, p. 484; Kaston, 1948, p. 250; Saito, 1959, p. 87; Wiehle, 1963, p. 271; Yaginuma and Nishikawa, 1969, p. 74; Levi, 1970, p. 109; Tyschchenko, 1971, p. 194; Levi, 1971a, p. 150; Namkung et al., 1972, p. 93; Palmgren, 1974, p. 19; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 95; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 65; Izmailova, 1989, p. 56; Heimer and Nentwig, 1991, p. 72; Roberts, 1995, p. 317; Mcheidze, 1997, p. 267; Roberts, 1998, p. 331; Yoo and Kim, 2002, p. 28; Namkung, 2001, p. 248; Levi, 2002, p. 544; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 182; Paquin and Dupérré, 2003, p. 44; Dondale et al., 2003, p. 219; Namkung, 2003, p. 250; Almquist, 2005, p. 142; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 81; 2009, p. 452; Sestáková et al., 2009, p. 72. Aranea nordmanni Wiehle, 1931, p. 58. Aranea darlingtoni Archer, 1951a, p. 25. Aranea pseudomelaena Archer, 1951a, p. 26. 26 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

B C A

Fig. 13. Araneus nordmanni. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp.

Female: Body length 10.0-14.0 mm. Carapace grayish brown with grayish whit hairs, both sides dark brown, longer than wide. Cervical furrow and median groove deep and distinct. Chelicerae, endites, labium and sternum dark brown. Legs yellowish brown, each segment with broad annulations and black spines. Abdomen shield-shaped, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum with hump on the shoulder and dark brown folium, anterior part and margin of folium yellowish white. Abdomi- nal venter and lateral sides dark brown. Spinnerets with a pair of yellowish brown spots in front and yellowish brown lateral stripe. Female epigynum; scape long and wrinkled with scooped tip. Male: Body length 5.0-7.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; terminal apophysis thick and long with pointed tip, median apophysis curved with hook- shaped tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, Russia, Europe, America (Holarctic). KOREA: JN. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 2♀, 1♂(Mt. Jirisan, Jeollanam-do: 27.vii.1988). ECOLOGY: Rare and construct small orb web under the trees and bushes in high mountains.

11. Araneus pentagrammicus (Karsch, 1879) (Fig. 14) Seon-nyeo-wang-geo-mi (선녀왕거미)

Miranda pentagrammica Karsch, 1879, p. 72. Aranea pentagrammica Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 219. Catheistela pentagrammica Yaginuma and Archer, 1959, p. 36. Araneus pentagrammicus Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 100; Zhang, 1987, p. 70; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 66; Feng, 1990, p. 61; Yin et al., 1997, p. 180; Song et al., 1999, p. 240; 2001, p. 193; Namkung, 2001, p. 247; Aaraneae: Araneidae: Araneus 27

B C

Fig. 14. Araneus pentagrammicus. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp.

Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 182; Namkung, 2003, p. 249; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 84; 2009, p. 455. Araneus pentagrammica Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 91.

Female: Body length 9.0-11.0 mm. Carapace yellowish brown with green laterally, longer than wide. Chelicerae yellowish brown. Sternum yellow, shield-shaped. Legs bluish green with dark brown tip of each segment and many spines. Abdomen spherical, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum with whitish green twig-shaped pattern at center, 3-4 pairs of muscle impressions distinct, several turbid blue transverse patterns, abdominal sides dark green. Female epigynum; scape long and wrinkled with blunt tip. Male: Body length 5.5-6.5 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; terminal apophysis very long with pointed tip, median apophysis with blunt tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Taiwan. KOREA: JB. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀, 2♂♂ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 2.ix.2009). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web between broadleaf trees and made tent-like retreat with leaves around web.

12. Araneus pinguis (Karsch, 1879) (Fig. 15) Jeom-wang-geo-mi (점왕거미)

Epeira pinguis Karsch, 1879, p. 68. Aranea pinguis Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 226. Araneus pinguis Yaginuma, 1957, p. 55; 1969, p. 19; Song et al., 1981, p. 83; Hu, 1984, p. 95; Yagi- 28 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

B A

Fig. 15. Araneus pinguis. A. female body; B. female epigynum.

numa, 1986a, p. 95; Song, 1987, p. 165; Yoshikura, 1987, p. 298; Zhang, 1987, p. 70; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 64; Yin et al., 1997, p. 181; Song et al., 1999, p. 240; Namkung, 2001, p. 245; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 183; Namkung, 2003, p. 247; Marusik and Crawford, 2006, p. 173; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 82; 2009, p. 454. Araneus quadratus Zhang, 1987, p. 74.

Female: Body length 17.0-22.0 mm. Carapace yellow with brown pattern at center, longer than wide. Radial furrow and median groove distinct. Chelicerae yellow. Sternum yellow with lighter center. Legs yellow with trochanters and tip of each segment brown. Abdomen spherical and convex, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum light yellow or light red with yellowish white spots. Abdominal venter brown centrally, both sides yellowish white, 4 pairs of black spots. Female epigynum; scape long and wrinkled with blunt and scooped tip, projecting forward in lateral view.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, Mongolia, Russia. KOREA: GW. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀(Mt. Seolaksan, Gangwon-do: 15.ix.1994). ECOLOGY: Rare and construct small orb web between shrubs in high mountains.

13. Araneus rotundicornis Yaginuma, 1972 (Fig. 16) Deung-ppul-wang-geo-mi (등뿔왕거미)

Araneus rotundicornis Yaginuma, 1972, p. 55; 1986a, p. 97; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 64; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 77; 2009, p. 450; Lee et al., 2012, p. 311. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Araneus 29

Fig. 16. Araneus rotundicornis. A. female body; B. female epigynum.

Female: Body length 8.0-9.0 mm. Carapace yellowish brown, longer than wide. Cervical and radial furrow blackish brown and distinct, median groove transverse. Chelicerae blackish brown with 4 promarginal teeth and 3 retromarginal teeth. Enidte and sternum dark yellowish. Labium blackish brown. Legs yellowish brown with darker annulations, posterior part of femora to tarsi darker. Abdomen grayish brown and wider than long. Abdominal dorsum with a pair of conical humps on the shoulder, blackish butterfly-shaped marking between humps, folium with three to four transverse blackish gray streaks, five pairs of muscle impressions distinct. Female epigynum; scape short and ligulate with scooped tip projecting forward in lateral view.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan. KOREA: CB. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀(Mt. Weolaksan, Cungcheongbuk-do: 15.viii.2006). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web between shrubs and bushes in the mountains.

14. Araneus seminiger (L. Koch, 1878) (Fig. 17) I-kki-wang-geo-mi (이끼왕거미)

Aranea seminigra Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 235. Araneus mongolicus Saito, 1959, p. 87; Yaginuma, 1961, p. 82. Araneus seminiger Namkung, 1964, p. 37; Ono, 2002, p. 58; Namkung, 2003, p. 251; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 78; 2009, p. 450. Araneus tartaricus Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 94; Namkung, 2001, p. 249; Yoo and Kim, 2002, p. 28; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 184. Araneus miyashitai Tanikawa, 2001a, p. 77. 30 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

Fig. 17. Araneus seminiger. A. female body; B. female epigynum.

Female: Body length 18.0-23.0 mm. Carapace bluish green, longer than wide. Cervical, radial furrow and median groove distinct with black margin. Sternum yellowish brown, inverted triangle- shaped, central spot and margin black, thinly white haired. Legs bluish green with black annulations. Abdomen large and convex, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum bluish green with a pair of humps anteriorly and black folium. Abdominal venter black. A pair of yellowish white spots and 2 pairs of yellowish white spots situated in the front and on either side of spinnerets respectively. Female epigynum; scape long and wrinkled with scooped tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Russia. KOREA: JJ. ECOLOGY: Ultra rare. Construct orb web in dense forest with low temperature and high humidity. Spiders founded in the barks and lichens.

15. Araneus stella (Karsch, 1879) (Fig. 18) Ppul-wang-geo-mi (뿔왕거미)

Epeira stella Karsch, 1879, p. 69. Araneus tsuno Yaginuma, 1972, p. 53; Shinkai, 1977, p. 327; Zhou et al., 1983, p. 154; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 97; Marusik, 1989, p. 42; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 64; Yin et al., 1997, p. 183; Namkung, 2001, p. 250; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 185; Song et al., 1999, p. 241. Araneus maculifrons Oliger, 1983, p. 303. Araneus stella Ono, 2002, p. 59; Namkung, 2003, p. 252; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 78; 2009, p. 450. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Araneus 31

BC A

Fig. 18. Araneus stella. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp (cited from Namkung, 2001).

Female: Body length 10.0-13.0 mm. Carapace yellowish brown with slightly black margin, longer than wide. Chelicerae, endites, labium and sternum yellowish brown. Legs yellowish brown without annulation. Abdomen shield-shaped, narrowed posterioly, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum with a pair of horn-shaped humps, grayish brown with 2 white spots at anterior part, yellowish brown with 4-5 gray bands at posterior part, varied in color and patterns. Female epigynum; scape long and wrinkled with scooped tip. Male: Body length 9.0-10.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Cervical furrow and median groove distinct. Male palp; terminal apophysis thick and long with pointed tip, median apophysis short and thick with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Russia, Europe (Palearctic). KOREA: JB. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀, 1♂(Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 2.ix.2009). ECOLOGY: Construct relatively small orb web between trees and bushes in the mountain valleys.

16. Araneus triguttatus (Fabricius, 1793) (Fig. 19) Bang-ul-wang-geo-mi (방울왕거미)

Araneus triguttata Fabricius, 1793, p. 419. Araneus agalena Walckenaer, 1802, p. 197. Araneus drypta Walckenaer, 1802, p. 198. Araneus myabora Walckenaer, 1802, p. 198. Epeira drypta Walckenaer, 1805, p. 59. Epeira agalena Walckenaer, 1805, p. 59; 1841, p. 36; Blackwall, 1864, p. 334, pl. 24; Menge, 1866, p. 65. 32 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

B A

Fig. 19. Araneus triguttatus. A. female body; B. female epigynum.

Epeira myabora Walckenaer, 1805, p. 59. Epeira aurantiaca C.L. Koch, 1836a, p. 134. Epeira triguttata Walckenaer, 1841, p. 39; Simon, 1874, p. 88; Chyzer and Kulczyn’ski, 1891, p. 131; Becker, 1896, p. 27; Bösenberg, 1901, p. 38; O.P.-Cambridge, 1909, p. 110. Atea aurantiaca C.L. Koch, 1844, p. 141. Epeira signata Blackwall, 1850, p. 341. Epeira youngii O.P.-Cambridge, 1871, p. 461. Epeira camelina Simon, 1870, p. 310. Epeira mayo McCook, 1894, p. 179. Araneus triguttatus Lessert, 1910, p. 323; Simon, 1929, pp. 697, 763; Locket and Millidge, 1953, p. 143; Miller, 1971, p. 210; Yaginuma, 1971, p. 55; Tyschchenko, 1971, p. 196; Loksa, 1972, p. 79; Namkung et al., 1972, p. 93; Levi, 1973, p. 492; Roberts, 1985, p. 210; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 185; Almquist, 2005, p. 145; Sestáková et al., 2009, p. 129. Aranea triguttata Wiehle, 1931, p. 115; Drensky, 1943, p. 245; Zamaraev, 1964, p. 357. Conaranea triguttata Archer, 1951b, p. 7. Conepeira mayo Archer, 1951b, p. 16; Levi and Field, 1954, p. 450. Atea triguttata Heimer and Nentwig, 1991, p. 80; Roberts, 1995, p. 323; Bellmann, 1997, p. 112; Roberts, 1998, p. 336.

Female: Body length 4.5-6.0 mm. Carapace light reddish brown, longer than wide. Chelicerae light brown with 4 promarginal teeth and 2 retromarginal teeth. Sternum light reddish brown. Legs light reddish brown with annulations. Abdomen longer than wide or as long as wide. Abdominal dorsum light brown a pair of humps on the shoulder, 2 thick and darker transverse bands at middle, 2 thin and darker transverse bands at the rear. Female epigynum; scape long and convolutionary with scooped tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, Europe (Palearctic). Aaraneae: Araneidae: Araneus 33

KOREA: JN. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀(Mt. Jirisan, Jeollanam-do: 2.ix.1989). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web between broadleaf trees and shrubs in the mountains.

17. Araneus viperifer Schenkel, 1963 (Fig. 20) Dang-wang-geo-mi (당왕거미)

Araneus viperifer Schenkel, 1963, p. 165; Ohno and Yaginuma, 1967, p. 37; Nishikawa, 1969, p. 58; Yaginuma, 1971, p. 129; Suganami, 1971, p. 24; Shinkai, 1977, p. 375; 1978, p. 91; Yin et al., 1997, p. 152; Song et al., 1999, p. 242; Tanikawa, 2001a, p. 66; Namkung, 2001, p. 252; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 189. Araneus tsurusakii Namkung, 2003, p. 254.

Female: Body length 4.0-6.0 mm. Carapace yellowish brown, covered with white hairs, longer than wide. Cervical and radial furrow distinct and median groove transverse. Chelicerae yellowish brown with 4 promarginal teeth and 3 retromarginal teeth. Sternum yellowish brown with brown margin, heart-shaped. Legs light yellowish brown with many fine white hairs and brown spines. Abdomen shield-shaped and convex, longer than wide, pointed and raised posteriorly. Abdominal dorsum with broad and light brown folium and 2 pairs of muscle impressions. Abdominal venter with large and quadrate white marking. Spinnerets brown with 2 pairs of white spots. Female epigynum; scape long and convolutionary with paddle-shaped tip, spine-shaped tubercle projected laterally. Male: Body length 3.0-4.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male

A C

Fig. 20. Araneus viperifer. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp. 34 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders palp; median apophysis slender and long with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan. KOREA: GG. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀, 2♂♂ (Kwangreung Gyeonggi-do: 13.viii.2000); 1♀ (Kwangreung Gyeonggi-do: 23.ix.2000). ECOLOGY: Construct orb between broadleaf trees in the mountains and grasslands.

18. Araneus uyemurai Yaginuma, 1960 (Fig. 21) Tam-ra-san-wang-geo-mi (탐라산왕거미)

Araneus uyemurai Yaginuma, 1960, append. 3; 1986a, p. 92; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 63; Namkung et al., 1994, p. 67; Namkung, 2001, p. 240; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 186; Namkung, 2003, p. 242; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 78; 2009, p. 452. Araneus ventricosus uyemurai Uyemura, 1961, p. 97.

Female: Body length 17.0-20.0 mm. Carapace dark brown, longer than wide. Posterior part of head region, cervical furrow and margin of thoracic region black, covered with white hairs. Cheli- cerae dark brown. Sternum dark brown with central yellow stripe. Legs yellowish brown with dark brown annulations and many long spines. Abdomen brown, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum with a pair of humps on the shoulder, folium surrounded with white line, 4 pairs of muscle impressions distinct. Abdominal venter black. Two pairs of white spots in the front of spinnerets.

A B

Fig. 21. Araneus uyemurai. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Araneus 35

Female epigynum; scape long and wrinkled with paddle-shaped tip. Male: Body length 11.0-13.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; terminal apophysis long with pointed tip, median apophysis thick and short with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, Russia. KOREA: JJ. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀, 1♂(Mt. Hallasan, Jeju-do: 19.viii.1992). ECOLOGY: Construct large orb web between trees in the mountain valleys.

19. Araneus variegatus Yaginuma, 1960 (Fig. 22, Pl. 3) Bi-dan-wang-geo-mi (비단왕거미)

Araneus variegatus Yaginuma, 1960, append. 4; 1971, p. 54; Yin, 1978, p. 3; Namkung and Yoon, 1980, p. 19; Hu, 1984, p. 98; Zhang, 1987, p. 71; Zhu et al., 1988, p. 59; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 66; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 47; Yin et al., 1997, p. 193; Song et al., 1999, p. 241; Namkung, 2001, p. 242; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 187; Namkung, 2003, p. 244; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 83. Aranea variegata Song, 1980, p. 96. Araneus variegata Hu, 2001, p. 446.

Female: Body length 15.0-18.0 mm. Carapace brown, covered with white hairs, longer than wide. Cervical furrow and median groove distinct, radial furrow indistinct. Head region with central yellow stripe and yellow margin. Chelicerae dark brown. Sternum long shield-shaped, yellow centrally with dark brown margin. Legs yellowish brown with dark brown annulations at tip of

B C

Fig. 22. Araneus variegatus. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp. 36 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders each segment and femora. Abdomen yellowish brown, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum with a pair of humps on the shoulder and dark brown and complex folium. Abdominal venter dark brown, large and red marking at center surrounded with 2-3 pairs of yellowish brown spots. Female epigynum; scape not long with paddle-shaped tip. Male: Body length 9.0-10.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; terminal apophysis curved with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Russia. KOREA: GW. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀, 1♂ (Mt. Seolaksan, Gangwon-do: 20.viii.2006); 1♀ (Mt. Jeombongsan, Gangwon-do: 10.ix.2006). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web between trees in the mountains and corner of construction.

20. Araneus ventricosus (L. Koch, 1878) (Fig. 23, Pl. 4) San-wang-geo-mi (산왕거미)

Epeira ventricosa L. Koch, 1878, p. 739; Kulczyn’ski, 1901, p. 328. Epeira senta Karsch, 1879, p. 70. Araneus ventricosa Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 213. Aranea pia Chamberlin, 1924, p. 19. Araneus ventricosus Saito, 1933, p. 54; Yaginuma, 1957, p. 55; Saito, 1959, p. 97; Uyemura, 1961, p. 86; Schenkel, 1963, p. 152; Paik and Namkung, 1979, p. 42; Oliger, 1981, p. 4; Yin et al., 1983, p. 34; Hu, 1984, p. 97; Guo, 1985, p. 59; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 92; Song, 1987, p. 166; Yoshikura, 1987, p. 151; Zhang, 1987, p. 72; Song, 1988, p. 128; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 62; Yin et al., 1990, p. 39; Feng, 1990, p. 59; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 47; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 88; Song et al., 1993, p. 870; Zhao, 1993, p. 231; Yin et al., 1997, p. 195; Song et al., 1997, p. 1710; Song et al., 1999, p. 241; Hu, 2001, p. 447; Song et al., 2001, p. 194; Namkung, 2001, p. 238; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 188; Namkung, 2003, p. 241; Shin, 2007, p. 146; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 78; 2009, p. 452. Aranea piata Roewer, 1942, p. 820. Cathaistela ventricosa Archer, 1958, p. 16.

Female: Body length 20.0-30.0 mm. Carapace grayish brown to dark brown, longer than wide. Head region covered with grayish white hairs. Cervical and radial furrow distinct, median groove transverse. Chelicerae blackish brown. Sternum blackish yellow, heart-shaped, yellowish brown marking at center. Legs stout and well developed with dark brown annulations and many spines. Abdomen brown to blackish brown, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum with a pair of humps on the shoulder, folium surrounded with black line, varied in color and patters. Female epigynum; scape long and wrinkled with paddle-shaped tip. Male: Body length 15.0-20.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; terminal apophysis with pointed tip, median apophysis with hook-shaped tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Russia. KOREA: GW, GG, CB, GN, JJ. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Araniella 37

B C A

Fig. 23. Araneus ventricosus. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp.

SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀, 1♂(Daejin, Gangwon-do: 30.vii.1992); 3♀♀ (Daejin, Gangwon-do: 20.viii. 1997); 21♀(Mt. Maebongsan, Gangwon-do: 22.viii.1997); 5♀♀ (Hongcheon, Gangwon-do: 1.ix.1997); 2♀♀, 1♂(Goseong, Gangwon-do: 2.vi.1998); 1♀(Goseong, Gangwon-do: 7.vii.1998); 17♀♀ (Chorwon, Gangwon-do: 18.ix.1998); 1♀(Yeoncheon, Gyeonggi-do: 29.viii.2009); 1♂(Yeoncheon, Gyeonggi-do: 15.viii.1997); 1♀ (Goesan, Chungcheongbuk-do: 27.ix.1992); 7♀♀ (Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do: 28.viii.2006); 2♀♀ (Geojedo Island, Gyeongsangnam-do: 2.ix.2009); 1♀, 1♂(Gapado Island, Jeju-do: 23.vii.1993); 2♀♀ (Jongdalri, Jeju-do: 10.vi.2001). ECOLOGY: Frequently founded species, construct large orb in the mountains and plains or around houses.

Genus Araniella Chamberlin and Ivie, 1942 Kkot-wang-geo-mi-sok (꽃왕거미속)

Carapace flat and longer than wide. Posterior median eyes largest. Chelicera small and weak with 3-4 promarginal and 3 retromarginal teeth. Legs long with many spines. Abdomen longer than wide and oval, bright green or yellowish green without folium pattern, usually with paired black spots often surrounded by white in the rear half. Female epigynum; scape short and wrinkled. Male palp; patella with 3 long spines, terminal apophysis small, median apophysis hook- shaped, paracymbium with knob, conductor large. Construct small orb web between the shrubs or trees. Type species: Epeira displicata Hentz, 1847. 38 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

Key to the species of genus Araniella

1. Either side of abdomen with 4 pairs of black spots ···················································A. displicata - Either side of abdomen with 3 pairs of black spots ···································································2 2. Female epigynal scape short without wrnikles at base···········································A. cucurbitina - Female epigynal scape long with wrnikles at base ····································································3 3. Female epigynal scape penciliform··············································································A. coreana - Female epigynal scape T-shaped·············································································A. yaginumai

21. Araniella coreana Namkung, 2001 (Fig. 24) Go-ryeo-kkot-wang-geo-mi (고려꽃왕거미)

Araniella coreana Namkung, 2001, p. 278; 2003, p. 280.

Female: Body length 6.0-8.0 mm. Carapace yellowish white with brown margin, longer than wide. Cervical and radial furrow, median groove brown. Chelicerae dark brown. Sternum yellowish brown with dark brown margin. Legs reddish brown with long spines, tip of each segment reddish brown. Abdomen ovoid, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum yellowish white, 3 pairs of muscle impressions and 3 pairs of posterio-lateral black spots distinct. Abdominal venter with large, quadrate and grayish brown marking at center, a pair of silvery white spots at front and rear of central marking. Spinnerets brown, a pair of small and yellowish white spots at front and retrolateral side. Female epigynum; scape short with scooped tip. Male: Body length 4.0-4.5 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis long with pointed tip.

B C A

Fig. 24. Araniella coreana. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Araniella 39

DISTRIBUTION: Korea endemic. KOREA: GG. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀, 1♂(Kwangreung, Gyeonggi-do: 23.viii.2000). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web between shrubs and bushes in the mountains and fields. Spiders founded in the bottom of leaves around web in the daytime.

22. Araniella cucurbitina (Clerck, 1757) (Fig. 25) Cham-kkot-wang-geo-mi (참꽃왕거미)

Araneus cucurbitinus Clerck, 1757, p. 44; Charitonov, 1926, p. 116; Simon, 1929, pp. 695, 762; Millidge and Locket, 1952, p. 65; Tullgren, 1952, p. 170; Locket and Millidge, 1953, p. 144; Chrysanthus, 1955, p. 301; Tyschchenko, 1971, p. 198; Miller, 1971, p. 210; Loksa, 1972, p. 82; Izmailova, 1972, p. 51; Bakhvalov, 1974, p. 110; Locket et al., 1974, p. 65; Wunderlich, 1975, p. 42; Blanke, 1976, p. 77; 1980, p. 97; Tikader and Bal, 1981, p. 56; Tikader, 1982, p. 236; Legotai and Sekerskaya, 1982, p. 50; 1989, p. 226; Mcheidze, 1997, p. 274. Araneus cucurbitinus typicus Kulczyn’ski, 1905b, p. 232; Lessert, 1910, p. 318. Aranea cucurbitina Linnaeus, 1758, p. 620; Reimoser, 1929, p. 85; Wiehle, 1931, p. 106; Drensky, 1943, p. 244; Zamaraev, 1964, p. 357. Aranea frischii Scopoli, 1763, p. 395. Aranea octopunctata Linnaeus, 1767, p. 1030. Aranea viridispunctata De Geer, 1778, p. 233. Aranea depressa Razoumowsky, 1789, p. 245. Epeira cucurbitina Walckenaer, 1805, p. 63; Sundevall, 1833, p. 245; Blackwall, 1864, p. 342; Kulczyn’ski, 1885, p. 21; Becker, 1896, p. 25; Bösenberg, 1901, p. 31; Kulczyn’ski, 1901, p. 333.

A C

Fig. 25. Araniella cucurbitina. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp. 40 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

Miranda cucurbitina C.L. Koch, 1838, p. 53; Menge, 1866, p. 69. Epeira squamosa Seidel, 1849, p. 110. Epeira cossoni Simon, 1885, p. 23. Araneus cossoni Kulczyn’ski, 1905b, p. 235. Araniella cucurbitina Chamberlin and Ivie, 1942, p. 76; Archer, 1951b, p. 4; Levi, 1974b, p. 298; Palm- gren, 1974, p. 36; Punda, 1975, p. 36; Blanke, 1982, p. 289; Roberts, 1985, p. 216; Ransy, 1987, p. 25; Hu and Wu, 1989, p. 95; Heimer and Nentwig, 1991, p. 78; Roberts, 1995, p. 328; Yin et al., 1997, p. 207; Roberts, 1998, p. 340; Song et al., 1999, p. 260; Hu, 2001, p. 452; Namkung, 2001, p. 279; Melero and Anadón, 2002, p. 170; Namkung, 2003, p. 281; Almquist, 2005, p. 149.

Female: Body length 5.0-6.0 mm. Carapace lusterous, yellowish brown, longer than wide. Head region slightly raised. Chelicerae and sternum yellowish brown. Legs yellowish brown with indistinct annulations. Abdomen ovoid, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum yellow with light green folium, 3 pairs of posterio-laterial black spots distinct. Abdominal venter green, yellow or brown stripe laterally. Female epigynum; scape short and wrinkled with scooped. Male: Body length 4.0-5.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis thick with hook-shaped tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Russia, Europe (Palearctic). KOREA: GW, CB. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀, 1♂(Mt. Gariwangsan, Gangwon-do: 1.vii.2009); 1♀(Yeongdong, Chuong- cheongbuk-do: 29.v.2009). ECOLOGY: Very rare species, construct orb web between shrubs and bushes in the mountains.

23. Araniella displicata (Hentz, 1847) (Fig. 26, Pl. 2) Gak-si-kkot-wang-geo-mi (각시꽃왕거미)

Epeira displicata Hentz, 1847, p. 476; Emerton, 1884, p. 313; Keyserling, 1893, p. 219; Kulczyn’ski, 1901, p. 333; Emerton, 1902, p. 172. Epeira ornata Blackwall, 1850, p. 342. Epeira decipiens Fitch, 1855, p. 219. Epeira westringii Thorell, 1856, p. 106; Westring, 1861, p. 49; Hansen, 1882, p. 21; Bösenberg, 1901, p. 31. Epeira sexpunctata Keyserling, 1885, p. 530; 1892, p. 200. Epeira alba Keyserling, 1885, p. 530. Epeira cucurbitina Chyzer and Kulczyn’ski, 1891, p. 131; McCook, 1894, p. 150. Araneus croaticus Kulczyn’ski, 1905b, p. 233. Araneus displicatus Kulczyn’ski, 1905b, p. 237; Nakatsudi, 1942b, p. 11; Millidge and Locket, 1952, p. 63; Tullgren, 1952, p. 172; Schenkel, 1953, p. 50; Loksa, 1972, p. 82; Hu, 1984, p. 91; Guo, 1985, p. 53; Zhu et al., 1985, p. 72; Song, 1987, p. 162; Zhang, 1987, p. 67; Izmailova, 1989, p. 53; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 44; Zhao, 1993, p. 229. Araneus displicatus westringi Millidge and Locket, 1952, p. 63; Locket and Millidge, 1953, p. 149; Loksa, 1972, p. 82. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Araniella 41

B C A

Fig. 26. Araniella displicata. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp.

Araneus cucurbitinus Petrunkevitch, 1911, p. 287. Araneus cucurbitinus displicatus Tyschchenko, 1971, p. 198. Aranea displicata Wiehle, 1931, p. 109; Drensky, 1943, p. 245; Jong, 1947, p. 511. Araniella displicata Chamberlin and Ivie, 1942, p. 76; Archer, 1951b, p. 4; Shear, 1967, p. 9; Levi, 1974b, p. 294; Palmgren, 1974, p. 36; Punda, 1975, p. 36; Blanke, 1982, p. 288; Roberts, 1985, p. 216; Ransy, 1987, p. 25; Hu and Wu, 1989, p. 97; Heimer and Nentwig, 1991, p. 78; Breene et al., 1993, p. 107; Roberts, 1995, p. 329; Tanikawa, 1995, p. 56; Buckle and Roney, 1995, p. 977; Yin et al., 1997, p. 208; Song et al., 1997, p. 1711; Roberts, 1998, p. 342; Kim, 1998, p. 2; Song, Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 260; Hu, 2001, p. 453; Song et al., 2001, p. 197; Namkung, 2001, p. 277; Levi, 2002, p. 544; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 190; Paquin and Dupérré, 2003, p. 45; Dondale et al., 2003, p. 193; Namkung, 2003, p. 279; Almquist, 2005, p. 151; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 65; 2009, p. 441. Aranea displicata westringi Zamaraev, 1964, p. 358. Araniella displicata octopunctata Chamberlin and Ivie, 1942, p. 76.

Female: Body length 6.0-10.0 mm. Carapace yellowish brown to light reddish brown, longer than wide. Head region rather large and convex. Cervical and radial furrow distinct. Chelicerae dark reddish brown. Sternum yellow. Legs yellowish brown, tip of each segment darker. Abdomen ovoid, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum yellow, pale green folium pattern visible, 4 pairs of posterio-lateral black spots distinct. Abdominal venter dark brown, a pair of wgite speckles behind epigastric furrow. Female epigynum; scape broad and wrinkled with scooped tip. Male: Body length 4.0-5.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis slender and long with hook-shaped tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Mongolia, Russia, America, Europe (Holarctic). KOREA: GW, GB, JB. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 9♀♀, 3♂♂ (Mt. Bangtaesan, Gangwon-do: 27.v.2010); 1♀, 1♂ (Okdong, 42 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

Gyeongsangbuk-do: 21.v.1993); 1♂(Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 21.v.2010). ECOLOGY: Construct small orb web vertically between trees and bushes in high mountains.

24. Araniella yaginumai Tanikawa, 1995 (Fig. 27) Bu-ri-kkot-wang-geo-mi (부리꽃왕거미)

Araniella yaginumai Tanikawa, 1995, p. 52; Chang and Chang, 1996, p. 143; Kim, 1998, p. 4; Marusik and Koponen, 2000, p. 56; Namkung, 2001, p. 280; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 190; Kim and Cho, 2002, p. 253; Namkung, 2003, p. 282; Hou et al., 2007, p. 14; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 65; 2009, p. 441.

Female: Body length 5.0-7.0 mm. Carapace light reddish brown, longer than wide. Head region and thoracic region with lighter margin. Cervical and radial furrow, median groove distinct. Che- licerae dark reddish brown. Sternum convex and heart-shaped, yellowish white with dark brown margin and dark brown hairs. Legs light reddish brown with brown hairs, tip of each segment dark reddish brown. Abdomen ovoid, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum yellowish white, 2 pairs of muscle impressions and 3 pairs of posterio-laterial black spots distinct. Abdominal venter grayish brown with 4 quadrate and yellowish white markings at center. Spinnerets brown, 2 pairs of yellowish white spots at front and retrolateral side. Female epigynum; scape short and wrinkled with scooped tip. Male: Body length 4.0-5.5 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; two terminal apophysis rostriform, median apophysis slender and long with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Russia. KOREA: GW, GB, JB. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀ (Mt. Gariwangsan, Gangwon-do: 12.iv.2009); 1♀ (Mt. Sobaek, Gyeong-

B C

Fig. 27. Araniella yaginumai. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Argiope 43 sangbuk-do: 29.v.2008); 1♂ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 10.vi.2008). ECOLOGY: Construct small orb web between shrubs and bushes in the mountains and fields.

Genus Argiope Audouin, 1826 Ho-rang-geo-mi-sok (호랑거미속)

Carapace longer than wide, covered with silvery hairs. Anterior eye row straight and posterior eye row distinctly procurved, anterior lateral eyes smaller, lateral eyes on a conspicuous tubercle and close together. Chelicera small and weak, provided with small condyle. Legs long and strong. Female abdomen shield-shaped or long ovoid, distinctively marked with transverse black stripes and alternative white and yellow stripes between like wasp-like coloration. Female epigynum; thin or thick median septum present, scape broad if present. Male palp; terminal apophysis absent, median apophysis usually L-shaped, conductor and embolus thick and long. Males much smaller than females with an elongate brownish abdomen. Construct orb web with stabilimentum constructed by silk threads. Stablimentum varied in the form of vertical band or X-shaped in adults and zigzag- shaped in juveniles. Type species: Aranea lobata Pallas, 1772.

Key to the species of genus Argiope

1. Female abdomen long oval with about 13 transverse stripes, much longer than wide················· ································································································································A. bruennichi - Female abdomen shield-shaped with more than 2 thick transverse band patterns, slightly longer than wide ·································································································································2 2. Female abdomen with 2 thick transverse band patterns at middle and posterior part, 2 circular patterns at middle part ··························································································A. boesenbergi - Female abdomen with 3 thick transverse band patterns, circular pattern absent ·······················3 3. Anterior transverse pattern on female abdomen thick, median septum of female epigynum thick ·····································································································································A. amoena - Anterior transverse pattern on female abdomen thin, median septum of female epigynum thin···· ·····································································································································A. minuta

25. Argiope amoena L. Koch, 1878 (Fig. 28, Pl. 7) Ho-rang-geo-mi (호랑거미)

Argiope amoena L. Koch, 1878, p. 735; Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 199; Strand, 1918, p. 95; Hiki- chi, 1977, p. 154; Yin, 1978, p. 3; Song, 1980, p. 98; Wang, 1981, p. 99; Levi, 1983, p. 280; Hu, 1984, p. 102; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 113; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 79; Feng, 1990, p. 64; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 49; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 83; Yin et al., 1997, p. 72; Song et al., 1999, p. 260; Hu, 2001, p. 431; Namkung, 2001, p. 271; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 191; Kim and Cho, 2002, p. 254; Namkung, 2003, p. 273; Shin, 2007, p. 152; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 46; 2009, p. 425. 44 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

A D

Fig. 28. Argiope amoena. A. female body; B. male body; C. female epigynum; D. male palp.

Coganargiope amoena Kishida, 1936, p. 18; Nakatsudi, 1942a, p. 304. Argiope davidi Schenkel, 1963, p. 136.

Female: Body length 20.0-25.0 mm. Carapace flat and dark brown, longer than wide, covered with fine and grayish white hairs. Cervical and radial furrow, median groove distinct. Chelicerae dark brown. Sternum with yellow stripe at center and dark brown margin. Legs grayish brown with black annulations, spines well developed. Abdomen shield-shaped, straight anteriorly, broad and slightly pointed posteriorly, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum with 3 yellow and 3 dark brown transverse bands by turns. Female epigynum; scape absent, lower part of median septum much broad. Male: Body length 5.0-8.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females with indistinct pattern. Male palp; median apophysis with slender and pointed spur projecting downward.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan. KOREA: Throughout Korean Peninsula. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀(Yeoncheon, Gyeonggi-do: 20.viii.2009); 1♀(Songgye, Chungcheongbuk- do: 5.vii.1994); 2♀♀ (Dangjin, Chungcheongnam-do: 18.vii.2007); 1♂ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk- do: 30.vii.2010). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web with X-shaped stabilimentum between trees and bushes at sunny places in the mountains and grasslands. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Argiope 45

26. Argiope boesenbergi Levi, 1983 (Fig. 29) Re-bi-ho-rang-geo-mi (레비호랑거미)

Argiope boesenbergi Levi, 1983, p. 279; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 113; Hu and Li, 1987, p. 265; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 79; Feng, 1990, p. 63; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 50; Namkung et al., 1994, p. 69; Yin et al., 1997, p. 73; Song et al., 1999, p. 261; Hu, 2001, p. 432; Namkung, 2001, p. 272; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 192; Namkung, 2003, p. 274; Shin, 2007, p. 154; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 46; 2009, p. 425.

Female: Body length 15.0-18.0 mm. Carapace yellowish brown, longer than wide, covered with white hairs. Cervical and radial furrow, median groove distinct. Chelicerae dark yellowish brown. Sternum black with thick yellowish white stripe at center. Legs blackish brown with yellow annulations. Abdomen shield-shaped, straight anteriorly, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum with black transverse pattern cutted like a round at center and black band posteriorly. Abdominal venter with broad black pattern surrounded with yellow stripe. Female epigynum; scape absent, lower part of median septum slightly broad. Male: Body length 4.0-6.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females with indistinct pattern. Male palp; median apophysis with slender and pointed spur heading downward.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Taiwan. KOREA: JJ. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀, 2♂♂ (Bukjeju, Jeju-do: 20.viii.1992); 1♀ (Aradong, Jeju-do: 20.viii.1992). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web with X-shaped stabilimentum between shrubs and bushes in the mountains and grasslands.

C B A

Fig. 29. Argiope boesenbergi. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp. 46 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

27. Argiope bruennichi (Scopoli, 1772) (Fig. 30, Pls. 5, 6) Gin-ho-rang-geo-mi (긴호랑거미)

Aranea brunnichii Scopoli, 1772, p. 125. Aranea speciosa Pallas, 1773, p. 732. Aranea senoculata Lepechin, 1774, p. 316. Aranea fasciata Fabricius, 1775, p. 433; Olivier, 1789, p. 198. Aranea zebra Sulzer, 1776, p. 254. Aranea formosa Cyrillus, 1787, p. 7. Aranea pulchra Razoumowsky, 1787, p. 372. Aranea caspia Gmelin, 1789, p. 2959. Aranea phragmitis Rossi, 1790, p. 128. Segestria pulchra Risso, 1826, p. 160. Argiope fasciata Audouin, 1826, p. 329. Miranda transalpina C.L. Koch, 1835, p. 128. Epeira speciosa Krynicki, 1837, p. 76; Eichwald, 1841, p. 241. Nephila transalpina C.L. Koch, 1838, p. 33. Epeira fasciata Walckenaer, 1841, p. 104. Epeira fasciata var. Argiope Walckenaer, 1841, p. 105. Nephila fasciata C.L. Koch, 1844, p. 159. Argiope bruennichi Thorell, 1873, p. 518; Simon, 1874, p. 31; Chyzer and Kulczyn’ski, 1891, p. 117; Becker, 1896, p. 5; Bösenberg, 1901, p. 20; Kolosváry, 1931, p. 1075; Wiehle, 1931, p. 14; Drensky, 1943, p. 222; Bristowe, 1945, p. 829; Locket and Millidge, 1953, p. 168; Cloudsley-Thompson, 1956, p. 74; Crome and Crome, 1961a, p. 444; 1961b, p. 190; Azheganova, 1968, p. 70; Levi, 1968, p. 334; Tyschchenko, 1971, p. 190; Miller, 1971, p. 201; Loksa, 1972, p. 110; Bakhvalov, 1974, p. 108; Yin, 1978, p. 3; Paik and Namkung, 1979, p. 42; Song, 1980, p. 97; Wang, 1981, p. 98; Legotai and Seker- skaya, 1982, p. 50; Levi, 1983, p. 282; Hu, 1984, p. 103; Roberts, 1985, p. 222; Zhu et al., 1985, p. 76; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 114; Song, 1988, p. 130; Legotai and Sekerskaya, 1989, p. 225; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 78; Hu and Wu, 1989, p. 98; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 82; Heimer and Nentwig, 1991, p. 80; Zhao, 1993, p. 234; Roberts, 1995, p. 338; Mcheidze, 1997, p. 252; Bjørn, 1997, p. 214; Levy, 1998, p. 358; Yin et al., 1997, p. 75; Roberts, 1998, p. 350; Song et al., 1999; p. 261; 2001, p. 199; Namkung, 2001, p. 274; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 193; Kim and Cho, 2002, p. 254; Namkung, 2003, p. 276; Alm- quist, 2005, p. 155; Nessler et al., 2007, p. 2337; Uhl et al., 2007, p. 400; Shin, 2007, p. 156; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 45; Kim et al., 2008, p. 182; Tanikawa, 2009, p. 425; Uhl et al., 2010, p. 77. Argiope bruennichi orientalis Strand, 1907b, p. 416. Argiope brunnichii africana Strand, 1906a, p. 618. Argiope brunnichii Spassky, 1925, p. 15. Miranda zabonica Chamberlin, 1924, p. 17. Argiope brunnichi Saito, 1959, p. 100. Argiope bruennichii Zhang, 1987, p. 75; Feng, 1990, p. 65; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 50; Hu, 2001, p. 433.

Female: Body length 20.0-25.0 mm. Carapace brown, longer than wide, covered with silvery white hairs. Cervical and radial furrow distinct, median groove transverse. Chelicerae dark brown. Ster- num black with thick yellowish white stripe at center. Legs yellowish brown with blackish yellow Aaraneae: Araneidae: Argiope 47

B A

Fig. 30. Argiope bruennichi. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp.

annulations. Abdomen long spindle-shaped, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum yellow with about 13 black transverse stripes. Female epigynum; scape long and broad, rostriform. Male: Body length 8.0-12.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females with indistinct pattern. Male palp; median apophysis with slender and pointed spur curving upward.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Mongolia, Russia, Europe (Palearctic). KOREA: GW, GG, CB, GB, JB. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 2♀♀, 2♂♂ (Mt. Maebongsan, Gangwon-do: 21.viii.1997); 2♀♀ (Mt. Mae- bongsan, Gangwon-do: 20.ix.1998); 1♀(Yeongwol, Gangwon-do: 29.viii.2009); 1♀(Paju, Gyeonggi- do: 20.v.1997); 2♂♂ (Mt. Cheonwangsan, Seoul: 06.viii.1997); 1♀ (Mt. Songni, Chungcheongbuk- do: 25.ix.1990); 8♂♂ (Mt. Sobaek, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 18.viiI.2007); 1♀ (Mt. Sobaek, Gyeongsang- buk-do: 28.ix.2007); 8♀♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 20.viii.2008); 1♀(Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk- do: 17.ix.2008); 1♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 23.ix.2008); 2♀♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 23.ix.2009); 2♀♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 19.ix.2010); 1♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 11.x.2010); 2♂♂ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 13.viii.2009). ECOLOGY: Frequently founded species, construct orb web with zigzag-shaped stabilimentum spirally in juveniles and band-shaped stabilimentum vertically between bushes in the mountains, fields, rice fields and uplands with humid environment. 48 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

28. Argiope minuta Karsch, 1879 (Fig. 31) Kko-ma-ho-rang-geo-mi (꼬마호랑거미)

Argiope minuta Karsch, 1879, p. 67; Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 194; Saito, 1933, p. 51; 1959, p. 100; Hikichi, 1977, p. 154; Yin, 1978, p. 4; Paik and Namkung, 1979, p. 43; Song, 1980, p. 99; Wang, 1981, p. 100; Levi, 1983, p. 298; Hu, 1984, p. 105; Guo, 1985, p. 61; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 113; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 79; Feng, 1990, p. 67; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 51; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 84; Song et al., 1993; p. 871, Okuma et al., 1993, p. 19; Yin et al., 1997, p. 77; Song et al., 1999, p. 261; Namkung, 2001, p. 273; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 194; Kim and Cho, 2002, p. 255; Namkung, 2003, p. 275; Shin, 2007, p. 158; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 47; 2009, p. 427. Coganargiope minuta Nakatsudi, 1942a, p. 305. Argiope shillongensis Sinha, 1952, p. 75; Tikader and Biswas, 1981, p. 36; Tikader, 1982, p. 117.

Female: Body length 8.0-12.0 mm. Carapace yellow with blackish brown marking covered with white hairs, longer than wide. Cervical and radial furrow, median groove brown. Chelicerae yellowish brown. Sternum black with large yellowish marking at center. Legs yellowish brown with black annulations. Abdomen shield-shaped, straight anteriorly, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum yellow with one thin transverse stripe anteriorly, and 2 broad and reddish brown transverse bands posteriorly, covered with silver scale patterns. Abdominal venter black with 3 pairs of white spots. Female epigynum; scape absent, median septum narrow. Male: Body length 4.0-5.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females with indistinct pattern. Male palp; median apophysis with thick and bifurcated spur.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Taiwan, Bangladesh. KOREA: Throughout Korean Peninsula.

B C

Fig. 31. Argiope minuta. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Chorizopes 49

SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀ (Chorwon, Gangwon-do: 3.vi.1992); 4♀♀ (Mt. Maebongsan, Gangwon- do: 22.viii.1997); 2♀♀ (Goseong, Gangwon-do: 21.viii.1998); 1♀(Geojedo Island, Gyeongsangnam- do: 17.ix.2009); 5♀♀, 2♂♂ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 13.viii.2009); 3♀♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 17.ix.2010). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web with X-shaped stabilimentum between trees and bushes in the mountains and fields.

Genus Chorizopes O.P.-Cambridge, 1870 Meo-ri-wang-geo-mi-sok (머리왕거미속)

Carapace longer than wide, often broadest anteriorly with highly convex and round head region, thoracic region descending sharply behind. Legs short and slender. Abdomen longer than wide, overlapping anteriorly on the carapace, provided with a few paired or unpaired conical or blunt tubercles posteriorly. Female epigynum; simple with or without a short blunt scape. Male palp; terminal apophysis present, median apophysis with dorsal spur. Live without a web in the leaf litter and hunt another webbing spiders. Type species: Chorizoopes frontalis O.P.-Cambridge, 1870.

29. Chorizopes nipponicus Yaginuma, 1963 (Fig. 32, Pl. 8) Meo-ri-wang-geo-mi (머리왕거미)

Chorizopes nipponicus Yaginuma, 1963, p. 9; 1986a, p. 122; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 85; Yin et al., 1990, p. 55; Yin et al., 1997, p. 217; Song et al., 1999, p. 262; Namkung, 2001, p. 292; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 195; Namkung, 2003, p. 294; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 42; 2009, p. 422.

Female: Body length 3.5-4.5 mm. Carapace brown, longer than wide. Head region large, markedly raised and thoracic region small. Chelicerae blackish brown. Sternum triangle-shaped, light brown with darker margin. Legs yellowish brown with brown annulations, few spines. Abdomen long and broad, quadrate with 4 conical tubercles caudally, longer than wide. Abdomi- nal dorsum dark brown with broad folium containing several pairs of white spots. Abdominal venter yellowish brown. Female epigynum; scape absent, spermatheca visible. Male: Body length 2.5-3.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis slender and long with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan. KOREA: GW, GG, GB, JB. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀(Goseong, Gangwon-do: 7.vii.1998); 3♀♀ (Chorwon, Gangwon-do: 28.vii. 2009); 1♀, 1♂ (Icheon, Gyeonggi-do: 29.v.2009); 1♀ (Mt. Sobaek, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 18.vii.2007); 1♀, 1♂ (Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do: 22.vii.2008); 1♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 17.viii.2010); 2♀♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 30.vii.2010). 50 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

D A C

Fig. 32. Chorizopes nipponicus. A. female body; B. female body, lateral view; C. female epigynum; D. male palp.

ECOLOGY: Spiders found wandering between trees and bushes and hunt another webbing spiders.

Genus Cyclosa Menge, 1866 Meon-ji-geo-mi-sok (먼지거미속)

Carapace longer than wide, convex. Head region narrow, projecting forward. Both eye rows recurved, posterior median eyes close together, median eyes on a low blackish elevation, lateral eyes close together on the prominent tubercles. Median groove distinct and U-shaped. Chelicera with 4 promarginal and 3 retromarginal teeth. Abdomen longer than wide, extended posteriorly with one to eight conical protuberances, abdominal tubercle in male reduced. Female epigynum; scape small and weak varied in the form of straight, wrinkled, bent, pointed or circular. Male palp; only one spine on patella. Construct orb web with stabilimentum constructed by debris and egg sacs. Spider founded in the stabilimentum easily overlooked. Type species: Aranea conica Pallas, 1772.

Key to the species of the genus Cyclosa

1. Abdomen globular, slightly longer than wide ·····························································C. vallata - Abdomen otherwise shaped, longer than wide ·······································································2 2. Abdominal dorsum with more than 3 humps ·········································································3 - Abdominal dorsum without hump ·························································································6 Aaraneae: Araneidae: Cyclosa 51

3. Abdominal dorsum with 3 humps··········································································C. monticola - Abdominal dorsum with more than 4 humps ·········································································4 4. Abdominal dorsum with 4 humps ·········································································C. sedeculata - Abdominal dorsum with more than 6 humps ·········································································5 5. Abdominal dorsum with 6 humps···········································································C. laticauda - Abdominal dorsum with 8 humps··································································C. octotuberculata 6. Abdomen cylindrical with caudal tubercles ·································································C. atrata - Abdomen oval without caudal tubercles·················································································7 7. Abdominal dorsum with silvery pattern·················································································8 - Abdominal dorsum without silvery pattern ··········································································11 8. Female epigynal scape wrinkled to the end·············································································9 - Female epigynal scape wrinkled to the middle······································································10 9. Abdomen with narrow end, female epigynal scape gently narrowed ·······················C. kumadai - Abdomen with broad end, female epigynal scape sharply narrowed·························C. okumae 10. Abdominal dorsum black anteriorly, female epigynal scape long with narrowed tip ··················· ····························································································································C. argenteoalba - Abdominal dorsum black marginally, female epigynal scape long with broaden tip····C. ginnaga 11. Abdomen with pointed end ·····················································································C. omonaga - Abdomen with blunted end ··································································································12 12. Abdominal dorsum with a pair of black angular patterns on the shoulder ················C. confusa - Abdominal dorsum with a pair of black angular patterns below the middle·············C. japonica

30. Cyclosa argenteoalba Bösenberg and Strand, 1906 (Fig. 33) Eun-meon-ji-geo-mi (은먼지거미)

Cyclosa argenteoalba Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 202; Hu, 1984, p. 106; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 121; Song, 1987, p. 168; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 86; Feng, 1990, p. 70; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 92; Tanikawa, 1992, p. 65; Zhao, 1993, p. 236; Yin et al., 1997, p. 256; Song et al., 1997, p. 1711; Song et al., 1999, p. 263; Namkung, 2001, p. 299; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 196; Kim and Cho, 2002, p. 256; Namkung, 2003, p. 301; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 64; 2009, p. 439. Cyclosa kiangsica Schenkel, 1963, p. 139; Yin, 1978, p. 7; Song, 1980, p. 110; Hu, 1984, p. 107; Guo, 1985, p. 61; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 99. Cyclosa kingsica Wang, 1981, p. 101. Cyclosa argenteoalbe Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 54.

Female: Body length 6.0-7.0 mm. Carapace dark brown, longer than wide, central part convex. Cervical furrow deep and radial furrow indistinct. Chelicerae blackish brown. Sternum grayish brown, covered with white hairs. Legs yellowish brown with dark brown annulations. Abdomen bulky and short, longer than wide, round posteriorly. Abdominal dorsum silvery white with black markings at anterior part and lateral margin, highly varied in pattern. Female epigynum; scape long and smooth, rostriform. Male: Body length 4.0-5.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis with pointed tip. 52 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

A B

Fig. 33. Cyclosa argenteoalba. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Taiwan, Russia. KOREA: GN, JB, JJ. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀ (Hansando Island, Gyeongsangnam-do: 20.vii.1993); 4♀♀, 1♂ (Chang- weon, Gyeongsangnam-do: 27.viii.2010); 3♀♀ (Changweon, Gyeongsangnam-do: 1.x.2009); 1♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 20.viii.2008); 2♀♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 17.ix.2010); 2♀♀ (Donnaeko, jeju-do: 17.ix.2010). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web vertically between tree twigs in the mountains and grasslands.

31. Cyclosa atrata Bösenberg and Strand, 1906 (Figs. 34, 35, Pl. 9) Ul-do-meon-ji-geo-mi (울도먼지거미)

Cyclosa atrata Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 204; Strand, 1918, p. 95; Saito, 1934b, p. 318; Matsu- yama, 1957, p. 9; Saito, 1959, p. 97; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 121; Feng, 1990, p. 71; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 95; Tanikawa, 1992, p. 45; Yin et al., 1997, p. 228; Song et al., 1999, p. 263; Namkung, 2001, p. 301; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 196; Kim and Cho, 2002, p. 256; Namkung, 2003, p. 303; Lee et al., 2004, p. 99; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 60; 2009, p. 437. Cyclosa otrata Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 58.

Female: Body length 7.0-11.0 mm. Carapace dark brown, longer than wide. Head region and thoracic region well separated by deeply depressed cervical furrow. Chelicerae, endites, labium and sternum dark brown. Legs yellowish brown with black annulations. Abdomen expanded cau- Aaraneae: Araneidae: Cyclosa 53 dally, a pair of swollen tubercles retrolaterally, posterior part slightly curved upward, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum dark brown with silvery white stripe and 2 pairs of silvery spots, vary in pattern and color. Abdominal venter dark brown. Spinnerets situated at one third of abdomen. Female epigynum; scape broad with projected tip like projection. Male: Body length 4.0-5.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis thick and long with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Russia. KOREA: GW, GG, GN, JB. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♂ (Goseong, Gangwon-do: 21.viii.1998); 1♀ (Mt. Cheonggyesan, Seoul: 9.ix.1997); 1♂ (Geojedo Island, Gyeongsangnam-do: 2.ix.2009); 2♀♀ (Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do: 10.vi.2008); 1♂ (Mt. Nae- jangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 10.vi.2008); 1♂ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 20.viii.2008). ECOLOGY: Construct incomplete orb web vertically under the bushes in the mountains and fields. Fig. 34. Distribution of Cyclosa atrata.

D B

E A C

Fig. 35. Cyclosa atrata. A. female body; B. female body, variation; C. female body, lateral view; D. male body; E. female epigynum; F. male palp. 54 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

B A

Fig. 36. Cyclosa confusa. A. female body; B. female epigynum.

32. Cyclosa confusa Bösenberg and Strand, 1906 (Fig. 36) Baek-ryeong-seom-meon-ji-geo-mi (백령섬먼지거미)

Cyclosa confusa Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 209, Tanikawa, 1992, p. 34; Kim and Kim, 1996, p. 45; Yin et al., 1997, p. 236; Song et al., 1999, p. 264; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 60; 2009, p. 435. Cyclosa insulana Chikuni, 1989b, p. 84.

Female: Body length 6.0-8.0 mm. Carapace yellowish brown with dark brown margin, longer than wide. Cervical furrow dark brown. Chelicerae dark brown. Sternum yellowish brown with white pattern. Legs yellow with brown annulations. Abdomen convex and elliptical, longer than wide, slightly pointed caudally. Abdominal dorsum with yellowish brown pattern surrounded with white at center, dark brown oattern and silver X-shaped stripe laterally. Female epigynum; scape with slender and hook-shaped tip. Male: Body length 4.0-5.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller than females. Abdomen small and ovoid. Male palp; median apophysis thick and long with hook-shaped tip, curved upward.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Taiwan. KOREA: GN. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 2♀♀ (Geojedo Island, Gyeongsangnam-do: 2.ix.2009). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web with weakly decorated dust band vertically between trees and bushes in the warmer sites of shores and islands. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Cyclosa 55

B A

Fig. 37. Cyclosa ginnaga. A. female body; B. female epigynum.

33. Cyclosa ginnaga Yaginuma, 1959 (Fig. 37) Jang-eun-meon-ji-geo-mi (장은먼지거미)

Cyclosa ginnaga Yaginuma, 1959, p. 12; 1960, p. 67; Lee, 1966, p. 52; Yaginuma, 1971, p. 67; Hu, 1984, p. 107; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 121; Zhang and Zhu, 1987, p. 33; Zhang, 1987, p. 77; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 55; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 97; Tanikawa, 1992, p. 71; Yin et al., 1997, p. 233; Song, Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 264; Song et al., 2001, p. 200; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 197; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 64; 2009, p. 439.

Female: Body length 3.5-5.0 mm. Carapace light brown, longer than wide. Head region black with dark brown margin. Cervical furrow and median groove distinct. Chelicerae and sternum dark brown. Legs light brown with darker annulations. Abdomen long and cylindrical, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum silver with 3 pairs of black markings at anterior, middle and posterior, respectively, varied in marking. Female epigynum; scape long and wrinkled with blunt tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Russia. KOREA: JB. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 2♀♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 10.vi.2008). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web between trees in the mountains and grasslands. 56 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

34. Cyclosa japonica Bösenberg and Strand, 1906 (Fig. 38) Bok-meon-ji-geo-mi (복먼지거미)

Cyclosa japonica Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 211; Saito, 1939, p. 12; Yaginuma, 1958b, p. 71; Saito, 1959, p. 98; Yaginuma, 1960, p. 67; Paik, 1962, p. 75; Yaginuma, 1971, p. 67; 1986a, p. 119; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 86; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 56; Tanikawa, 1992, p. 38; Yin et al., 1997, p. 241; Song et al., 1999, p. 264; Namkung, 2001, p. 298; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 198; Kim and Cho, 2002, p. 265; Namkung, 2003, p. 300; Shin, 2007, p. 146; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 60; 2009, p. 437. Cyclosa insulana Lee, 1966, p. 51; Hu, 1984, p. 107; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 55; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 96.

Female: Body length 5.0-6.0 mm. Carapace dark brown, longer than wide. Head region and cervical furrow black. Chelicerae blackish brown. Sternum dark brown with yellowish white pattern horizontally at anterior part. Legs yellow with dark brown annulations. Abdomen ovoid, blunt caudally, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum with yellowish brown pattern surrounded with white at center, black laterally, covered with silver scale patterns. Abdominal venter dark brown with darker center. Female epigynum; scape broad and wrinkled with pointed tip. Male: Body length 4.0-5.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis thick and long with hook-shaped tip, curved upward.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Taiwan, Russia. KOREA: GN. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 5♀♀, 2♂♂ (Geojedo Island, Gyeongsangnam-do: 20.vii.1993); 4♀♀, 1♂ (Geojedo Island, Gyeongsangnam-do: 20.ix.1993).

B D

A C

Fig. 38. Cyclosa japonica. A. female body; B. female body, variation; C. female epigynum; D. male palp. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Cyclosa 57

ECOLOGY: Construct orb web with stabilimentum and prey sediments vertically between trees or high places of tree in the mountains.

35. Cyclosa kumadai Tanikawa, 1992 (Fig. 39) Eo-ri-jang-eun-meon-ji-geo-mi (어리장은먼지거미)

Cyclosa kumadai Tanikawa, 1992, p. 74; Namkung, 2001, p. 300; Namkung, 2003, p. 302; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 64; 2009, p. 439. Cyclosa ginnaga Chikuni, 1989b, p. 86.

Female: Body length 7.0-8.0 mm. Carapace dark brown, longer than wide. Median groove U- shaped and deeply depressed. Chelicerae blackish brown. Sternum brown and pentagonal. Legs yellow with dark brown annulations. Abdomen long and cylindrical, convex anteriorly and narrow posteriorly, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum silvery white with irregular blackish brown pattern laterally. Abdominal venter with irregular dark gray patterns. Varied in color and pattern. Female epigynum; scape broad and wrinkled with blunt tip. Male: Body length 5.0-7.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis thick and long with hook-shaped tip, curved upward.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan. KOREA: JB.

B C

Fig. 39. Cyclosa kumadai. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp. 58 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 2♀♀, 1♂(Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 10.vi.2008). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web vertically between trees in the mountains.

36. Cyclosa laticauda Bösenberg and Strand, 1906 (Fig. 40) Yeo-seot-hok-meon-ji-geo-mi (여섯혹먼지거미)

Cyclosa laticauda Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 209; Saito, 1939, p. 12; 1959, p. 98; Namkung, 1964, p. 38; Lee, 1966, p. 52; Hu, 1984, p. 108; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 119; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 87; Tanikawa, 1992, p. 20; Yin et al., 1997, p. 245; Song et al., 1999, p. 271; Namkung, 2001, p. 296; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 199; Kim and Cho, 2002, p. 265; Namkung, 2003, p. 298; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 58; 2009, p. 434.

Female: Body length 8.0-10.0 mm. Carapace light brown, longer than wide. Margin of thoracic region brown. Cervical furrow brown and median groove distinct. Chelicerae dark brown. Sternum yellowish brown with yellowish white patterns at anterior and mid-posterior part. Legs yellowish brown with brown annulations. Abdomen long and elliptical, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum with a pair of tubercles anteriorly and 4 tubercles caudally. Abdominal venter white. Spinnerets circled with black. A pair of black markings behind epigynum. Female epigynum; scape broad and wrinkled with blunt tip expanding narrowly. Male: Body length 6.0-7.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis thick and long with bifurcated tip, curved upward.

B C

Fig. 40. Cyclosa laticauda. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Cyclosa 59

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, Taiwan. KOREA: GW, CB, CN, GN. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀ (Inje, Gangwon-do: 24.vi.1997); 1♂ (Cheongyang, Chungcheongbuk-do: 21.viii.1995); 1♀ (Geumsan, Chungcheongnam-do: 8.xi.1995); 2♀♀ (Tongyeong, Gyeongsangnam- do: 14.vii.1993). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web with longitudinal dust band vertically between trees and bushes in the mountains.

37. Cyclosa monticola Bösenberg and Strand, 1906 (Fig. 41) Set-hok-meon-ji-geo-mi (셋혹먼지거미)

Cyclosa monticola Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 210; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 119; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 87; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 57; Tanikawa, 1992, p. 24; Yin et al., 1997, p. 246; Song et al., 1999, p. 271; Namkung, 2001, p. 295; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 199; Namkung, 2003, p. 297; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 58; 2009, p. 435. Cyclosa laticauda Zhang, 1987, p. 78; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 87; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 56; Feng, 1990, p. 73; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 97.

Female: Body length 8.0-9.0 mm. Carapace yellowish brown, longer than wide. Head region and posterior part of thoracic region dark brown. Cervical furrow brown and median groove dark

Fig. 41. Cyclosa monticola. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp. 60 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders brown and distinct. Chelicerae dark brown. Sternum dark brown with complex yellow pattern. Legs yellowish brown, each segment with dark brown annulations. Abdomen long and elliptical, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum with broad yellow band longitudinally and 3 tubercles caudally. Abdominal venter black with yellow spots. Female epigynum; scape broad and wrinkled with blunt tip expanding narrowly. Male: Body length 6.0-7.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis thick and long with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Taiwan, Russia. KOREA: Throughout Korean Peninsula. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀, 1♂ (Geumsan, Chungcheongnam-do: 8.xi.1995); 1♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 10.vi.2008). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web with longitudinal dust band vertically between trees and bushes in the mountains.

38. Cyclosa octotuberculata Karsch, 1879 (Fig. 42, Pl. 10) Yeo-deolp-hok-meon-ji-geo-mi (여덟혹먼지거미)

Cyclosa octotuberculata Karsch, 1879, p. 74; Simon, 1895, p. 779; Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 208; Saito, 1939, p. 12; 1959, p. 98; Lee, 1966, p. 51; Paik and Namkung, 1979, p. 44; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 119; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 84; Feng, 1990, p. 74; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 57; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 94; Tanikawa, 1992, p. 16; Yin et al., 1997, p. 247; Song et al., 1997, p. 1713; Song et al., 1999, p. 271; Namkung, 2001, p. 294; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 200; Kim and Cho, 2002, p. 266; Namkung, 2003, p. 296; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 56; 2009, p. 433. Cyclosa ocutotuberculata Nakatsudi, 1942a, p. 306. Cyclosa octotubenculata Hu, 1984, p. 109.

Female: Body length 12.0-15.0 mm. Carapace dark brown, longer than wide. Head region with white hairs. Cervical and radial furrow white. Chelicerae blackish brown. Sternum dark brown with yellow pattern. Legs yellowish brown with dark brown annulations. Abdomen long and elliptical, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum with 2 tubecles anteriorly and 6 tubercles caudally, yellowish white X-shaped pattern, and brown and yellow pattern in complexity, varied in color. Spinnerets situated middle of the venter. Female epigynum; scape broad and wrinkled with blunt tip expanding narrowly. Male: Body length 7.0-8.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis thick and long with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Taiwan. KOREA: GW, GG, CN, GN, JB, JJ. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀ (Mt. Bangtaesan, Gangwon-do: 22.vii.2010); 1♂ (Pocheon, Gyeonggi-do: 20.v.1997); 2♀♀ (Geumsan, Chungcheongnam-do: 5.vi.1995); 8♀♀ (Geumsan, Chungcheongnam- do: 8.v.1997); 1♀, 2♂♂ (Namhae, Gyeongsangnam-do: 11.vi.1991); 2♂♂ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk- do: 10.vi.2008); 4♀♀, 1♂(Sincheon, Jeju-do: 9.vi.2001). Aaraneae: Araneidae: Cyclosa 61

A C

Fig. 42. Cyclosa octotuberculata. A. female body; B. female body, lateral view; C. female epigynum; D. male palp.

ECOLOGY: Construct orb web with longitudinal dust band made by prey sediments, dusts, molting sheathes, egg sacs vertically between trees in the mountains and grasslands.

39. Cyclosa okumae Tanikawa, 1992 (Fig. 43) Hae-an-meon-ji-geo-mi (해안먼지거미)

Cyclosa okumae Tanikawa, 1992, p. 68; Kim and Yoo, 1996, p. 30; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 201; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 64; 2009, p. 439.

Female: Body length 2.5-3.0 mm, Carapace dark brown, longer than wide. Cervical furrow and median groove distinct. Chelicerae blackish brown. Legs light yellowish brown with dark brown annulations. Abdomen elliptical, convex anteriorly and narrow posteriorly, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum silver, anterior part with black arched band, black spots mid-laterally, irregular black band caudally. Female epigynum; scape broad and wrinkled with blunt tip expanding narrowly.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan. KOREA: GN. 62 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

Fig. 43. Cyclosa okumae. A. female body; B. female epigynum.

SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 2♀♀ (Tongyeong, Gyeongsangnam-do: 14.vii.1993). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web between trees in the mountains near the shores.

40. Cyclosa omonaga Tanikawa, 1992 (Fig. 44) Seom-meon-ji-geo-mi (섬먼지거미)

Cyclosa omonaga Tanikawa, 1992, p. 30; Kim, 1995, p. 80; Yin et al., 1997, p. 243; Song et al., 1999, p. 271; Namkung, 2001, p. 297; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 201; Namkung, 2003, p. 299; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 58; 2009, p. 435. Cyclosa insulana Chikuni, 1989b, p. 84; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 55. Cyclosa japonica Feng, 1990, p. 72.

Female: Body length 4.5-8.0 mm. Carapace light brown with dark brown margin, longer than wide. Cervical furrow and median groove distinct. Chelicerae dark brown. Legs light yellowish brown with dark brown annulations. Abdomen elliptical, convex in the middle and narrow posteriorly, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum silvery brown with broad and light reddish brown band longitudinally divergenting in the middle like tree twig. Female epigynum; scape broad and wrinkled with blunt tip expanding narrowly. Male: Body length 3.0-4.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis thick and long with pointed tip. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Cyclosa 63

B C

Fig. 44. Cyclosa omonaga. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan. KOREA: GN. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 3♀♀ (Changweon, Gyeongsangnam-do: 1.x.2009); 1♀, 1♂ (Changweon, Gyeongsangnam-do: 27.viii.2010). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web between trees in the mountains.

41. Cyclosa sedeculata Karsch, 1879 (Fig. 45) Net-hok-meon-ji-geo-mi (넷혹먼지거미)

Cyclosa sedeculata Karsch, 1879, p. 74; Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 207; Yin, 1978, p. 7; Song, 1980, p. 112; Hu, 1984, p. 110; Guo, 1985, p. 63; Zhu et al., 1985, p. 77; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 119; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 85, Feng, 1990, p. 75, Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 58, Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 93, Tanikawa, 1992, p. 77; Yin et al., 1997, p. 262; Song et al., 1999, p. 272; Namkung, 2001, p. 293; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 202; Kim and Cho, 2002, p. 266; Namkung, 2003, p. 295; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 64; 2009, p. 439. Cyclosa sediculata Saito, 1939, p. 13.

Female: Body length 4.0-5.0 mm. Carapace dark reddish brown, longer than wide. Head region convex. Chelicerae dark reddish brown. Sternum brown with grayish white hairs. Legs yellow with brown annulations. Abdomen yellowish brown, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum with complex and dark brown pattern, posterior broad with 4 tubercles caudally. Abdominal venter 64 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

A C

Fig. 45. Cyclosa sedeculata. A. female body; B. female body, lateral view; C. female epigynum; D. male palp.

with 2 yellow spots in the middle and a pair of yellow patterns laterally. Spinnerets encircled with black. Female epigynum; scape absent, rim sclerotized. Male: Body length 3.0-4.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan. KOREA: GW, GG, CB, JB. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀ (Whacheon, Gangwon-do: 3.vii.1997); 1♀ (Mt. Godaesan, Gangwon-do: 6.vii.1997); 1♀, 1♂ (Mt. Bangtaesan, Gangwon-do: 27.v.2010); 4♀♀ (Icheon, Gyeonggi-do: 21.vi. 1993); 2♀♀ (Mt. Worak, Chungcheongbuk-do: 28.iv.2006); 1♀ (Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do: 28.viii.2006); 1♀, 1♂ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 10.vi.2008); 2♀♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk- do: 21.v.2010); 1♀, 1♂(Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 20.v.2011). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web with longitudinal dust band made by prey sediments and dusts vertically between trees and bushes in the mountains.

42. Cyclosa vallata (Keyserling, 1886) (Fig. 46) Nok-du-meon-ji-geo-mi (녹두먼지거미)

Epeira vallata Keyserling, 1886, p. 149. Cyclosa vallata Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 203; Chrysanthus, 1971, p. 23; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 121; Aaraneae: Araneidae: Cyclosa 65

A B C

Fig. 46. Cyclosa vallata. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp.

Chikuni, 1989b, p. 85; Tanikawa, 1990, p. 2; 1992, p. 57; Yin et al., 1997, p. 255; Song et al., 1999, p. 272; Namkung, 2001, p. 302; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 202; Namkung, 2003, p. 304; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 61; 2009, p. 439.

Female: Body length 4.0-6.0 mm. Carapace dark brown, longer than wide. Anterior part of head region light yellowish brown. Chelicerae dark brown. Sternum brown with yellowish white transverse pattern anteriorly and small spots retrolaterally. Legs yellowish brown, tip of each segment brown. Abdomen spherical, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum yellowish brown with irregular and dark brown folium. Female epigynum; scape absent, sclerotized. Male: Body length 3.0-4.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis hook-shaped tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Taiwan, Australia, New Guinea (Oriental). KOREA: GN, JB. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀, 2♂♂ (Geojedo Island, Gyeongsangnam-do: 2.iv.2009); 1♀, 1♂ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 20.viii.2008); 2♀♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 30.vii.2010). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web with bead-shaped dust band at the center made by prey sediments and egg sacs vertically between shrubs and bushes in the shores and islands. 66 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

Genus Cyrtarachne Thorell, 1868 Sae-ttong-geo-mi-sok (새똥거미속)

Carapace convex and simple without hairs. Lateral eyes close together and subequal in size. Abdomen wider than long, overlapping on the carapace, strongly convex and large, beautiful markings or sigillae on dorsum, leathery. Female epigynum; with or without a scape, varied in shape. Male palp; median apophysis large, conductor and embolus varied in shape. Males much smaller than females with different body color. Construct webs with few radii and with viscid droplets on the silky threads in grassy vegetation. Type species: Cyrtogaster grubii Keyserling, 1864.

Key to the species of genus Cyrtarachne

1. Female abdomen with thick and white transverse band pattern at anterior part ························· ····························································································································C. nagasakiensis - Female abdomen without transverse band pattern ···································································2 2. Female abdomen with black eyeball-shaped pattern at both shoulders, reddish on the whole ···· ···························································································································C. yunoharuensis - Female abdomen with large circular pattern at both shoulders, coloration otherwise ···············3 3. Circular pattern on the shoulders simple, dark grayish white in general··························C. bufo - Circular pattern on the shoulders complex, yellowish brown in general ··················C. inaequalis

43. Cyrtarachne bufo (Bösenberg and Strand, 1906) (Fig. 47) Min-sae-ttong-geo-mi (민새똥거미)

Poecilopachys bufo Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 241. Cyrtarachne bufo Yaginuma, 1958a, p. 265; Namkung and Kim, 1985, p. 23; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 109; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 82; Feng, 1990, p. 76; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 59; Yin et al., 1997, p. 268; Song et al., 1999, p. 272; Namkung, 2001, p. 286; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 203; Namkung, 2003, p. 288; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 48; 2009, p. 427.

Female: Body length 8.0-10.0 mm. Carapace yellowish brown, wider than long. Head region convex roundly. Chelicerae dark yellowish brown. Anterior margin of sternum curved posteriorly. Legs light reddish brown. Abdomen spherical with narrow posterior part, wider than long. Abdo- minal dorsum yellowish white with round protuberances on the shoulder, irregular circle marking with white annulations on the protuberance. Large three muscle impressions anteriorly and 2 in the middle distinct. Female epigynum; scape broad with scooped tip. Male: Body length 1.5-2.5 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females without abdominal pattern. Male palp; median apophysis thick with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Taiwan. KOREA: JB, GB. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 2♀♀, 1♂(Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 30.vii.2010); 1♀, 1♂(Daegu: 23.iv. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Cyrtarachne 67

A B D

Fig. 47. Cyrtarachne bufo. A. female body; B. male body; C. female epigynum; D. male palp.

1998). ECOLOGY: Construct small simple orb web vertically between broadleaf trees and silver grasses in the mountains.

44. Cyrtarachne inaequalis Thorell, 1895 (Fig. 48, Pl. 11) Keun-sae-ttong-geo-mi (큰새똥거미)

Cyrtarachne inaequalis Thorell, 1895, p. 201; Tikader, 1961, p. 548; Song, 1980, p. 113; Hu, 1984, p. 113; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 109; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 82; Feng, 1990, p. 77; Yin et al., 1997, p. 272; Song et al., 1999, p. 279; Namkung, 2001, p. 285; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 204; Namkung, 2003, p. 287; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 48; 2009, p. 427. Cyrtarachne inaquolis Yin, 1978, p. 8. Cyrtarachne inequalis Tikader and Biswas, 1981, p. 29; Tikader, 1982, p. 143.

Female: Body length 10.0-13.0 mm. Carapace brown, wider than long. Head region convex. Chelicerae yellowish brown. Sternum yellow. Legs light yellow without pattern or spine. Abdomen spherical with narrow posterior part, wider than long. Abdominal dorsum yellowish with round protuberances on the shoulder, irregular circle marking with grayish white annulations on the protuberance. Three muscle impressions anteriorly, 2 in the middle and 2 posteriorly distinct. Female epigynum; scape broad with scooped tip. Male: Body length 2.0-2.5 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females without abdominal pattern. Male palp; median apophysis very thick with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Taiwan, India. KOREA: GW, CB, GB, GN, JB. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 2♀♀ (Mt. Maebongsan, Gangwon-do: 22.viii.1997); 1♀ (Goesan, Chung- 68 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

A B C

Fig. 48. Cyrtarachne inaequalis. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp.

cheongbuk-do: 23.ix.1995); 2♀♀ (Okdong, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 21.viii.1993); 1♂ (Geojedo Island, Gyeongsangnam-do: 2.ix.2009); 1♀, 1♂(Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 20.viii.2008). ECOLOGY: Construct small simple orb web vertically between broadleaf trees and silver grasses in the mountains.

45. Cyrtarachne nagasakiensis Strand, 1918 (Fig. 49) Huin-tti-sae-ttong-geo-mi (흰띠새똥거미)

Cyrtarachne nagasakiensis Strand, 1918, p. 81; Jo, 1981, p. 77; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 82; Feng, 1990, p. 79; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 60; Yin et al., 1997, p. 274; Song et al., 1999, p. 279; Hu, 2001, p. 457; Tani- kawa, 2001b, p. 88; Namkung, 2001, p. 287; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 205; Namkung, 2003, p. 289; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 49; 2009, p. 428. Cyrtarachne niger Yaginuma, 1960, append. 5. Cyrtarachne bengalensis Hu and Li, 1987, p. 267.

Female: Body length 5.0-7.0 mm, male 1.0-1.5.0 mm. Carapace reddish brown with dark brown reticulated pattern, wider than long. Chelicerae dark reddish brown. Sternum reddish brown. Legs yellowish brown without pattern or spine. Abdomen broad and elliptical, wider than long. Abdo- minal dorsum with broad and white transverse band surrounded with gold posteriorly. Three pairs of muscle impressions anteriorly, a pair of impressions in the middle large and distinct. Female epigynum; scape absent, rim sclerotized. Male: Body length 1.0-1.5.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females without abdominal pattern. Male palp; median apophysis thick with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, India. KOREA: JN. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Cyrtarachne 69

A BC

Fig. 49. Cyrtarachne nagasakiensis. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp.

SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀ (Goheung, Jeollanam-do: 10.viii.1995); 1♂ (Yeongam, Jeollanam-do: 29.vii.1997). ECOLOGY: Rare and mainly founded in silver grass forests, construct orb web horizontally between bushes.

46. Cyrtarachne yunoharuensis Strand, 1918 (Fig. 50) Bulg-eun-sae-ttong-geo-mi (붉은새똥거미)

Cyrtarachne yunoharuensis Strand, 1918, p. 81; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 110; Zhang, 1986, p. 49; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 82; Feng, 1990, p. 78; Yin et al., 1997, p. 276; Song et al., 1999, p. 279; Tanikawa, 2001b, p. 87; Namkung, 2001, p. 288; 2003, p. 290; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 49; 2009, p. 428 Cyrtarachne indutus Yaginuma, 1960, append. 4. Cyrtarachne nigra Zhang, 1986, p. 50. Cyrtarachne induta Yin et al., 1997, p. 273; Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 279.

Female: Body length 5.0-7.0 mm. Carapace light reddish brown and convex, wider than long. Chelicerae dark reddish brown. Sternum reddish brown. Legs yellowish brown. Abdomen elliptical, wider than long. Abdominal dorsum red with 6 pairs of white markings, eyeball-shaped marking on the mid-lateral white marking. Three muscle impressions anteriorly, 2 in the middle large and 2 posteriorly distinct. Abdominal venter red. Female epigynum; scape absent, rim sclerotized. Male: Body length 1.5-2.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females without abdominal pattern. Male palp; median apophysis curved with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan. KOREA: Southern part of Korean Peninsula. 70 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

A B C

Fig. 50. Cyrtarachne yunoharuensis. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp (cited from Namkung, 2001).

ECOLOGY: Ultra rare. Construct simple orb web horizontally between trees and bushes in the mountains and fields.

Genus Eriophora Simon, 1864 Eo-kkae-wang-geo-mi-sok (어깨왕거미속)

Carapace longer than wide, convex with horny outgrowths. Median groove transverse. Both eye row recurved, lateral eyes close together on the prominent tubercles. Chelicera strong with condyle. Legs with two or more trichobothria on metatarsus IV. Abdomen longer than wide, sub- spherical or shield-shaped with shoulder humps; venter with black trapezoid patches surrounded by white. Female epigynum; scape distinctively long, tip of scape reaching more than halfway to spinnerets. Male palp; patella with two spines and paramedian apophysis, subterminal apophysis absent. Construct orb web in the shrubs and usually founded under the leaves attached to the web during daytime. Type species: Epeira ravilla C.L. Koch, 1844.

Key to the species of genus Eriophora

1. Protuberances at both shoulders on abdomen conspicuous, scape of female epigynum very long····· ·····································································································································E. astridae - Protuberances at both shoulders on abdomen not conspicuous, scape of female epigynum not long ·····················································································································E. sachalinensis Aaraneae: Araneidae: Eriophora 71

47. Eriophora astridae (Strand, 1917) (Fig. 51) Eo-kkae-wang-geo-mi (어깨왕거미)

Aranea astridae Strand, 1917, p. 71. Aranea sagana Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 233. Zilla sagana Yaginuma, 1955, p. 22. Araneus astridae Yaginuma, 1956b, p. 26. Zilla astridae Yaginuma, 1960, p. 58; Lee, 1966, p. 42; Yaginuma, 1971, p. 58; Hu, 1984, p. 128; Yagi- numa, 1986a, p. 106; Yin et al., 1987, p. 62; Kim et al., 1988, p. 146; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 74; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 104; Yin et al., 1997, p. 397; Kim, Kim and Lee, 1999, p. 75; Song et al., 1999, p. 310. Eriophora migra Zhu and Song in Zhu et al., 1994, p. 40; Yin et al., 1997, p. 289; Song et al., 1999, p. 280. Eriophora sagana Tanikawa, 2000, p. 22; Namkung, 2001, p. 305; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 206; Namkung, 2003, p. 307. Eriophora astridae Zhang et al., 2006, p. 2; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 65; 2009, p. 441.

Female: Body length 9.0-10.0 mm. Carapace light yellowish brown, longer than wide. Head region with white hairs sparsely. Front of median groove with dark brown spot. Chelicerae dark yellowish brown. Sternum dark brown, heart-shaped, pointed posteriorly. Legs yellowish brown with dark brown annulations. Abdomen long and shield-shaped, tubercles on the shoulder projecting prolaterally, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum yellowish brown, covered with white scale patterns, anterior part dark brown with folium, folium variable. Abdominal venter yellowish brown with dark brown pattern at center. Female epigynum; scape slender and markedly long.

B C A

Fig. 51. Eriophora astridae. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp. 72 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

Male: Body length 5.0-7.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis slender and long with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Taiwan. KOREA: JB. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 11.x.2010); 1♀, 1♂ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 20.v.2011). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web vertically between tree twigs in the mountain sides.

48. Eriophora sachalinensis (Saito, 1934) (Fig. 52, Pl. 12) Buk-wang-geo-mi (북왕거미)

Argiope sachalinensis Saito, 1934a, p. 332. Araneus tokachianus Saito, 1934b, p. 326; Saito, 1959, p. 90. Zilla sachalinensis Yaginuma, 1955, p. 21; 1960, p. 57; Namkung, 1964, p. 38; Arita, 1970, p. 27; Yagi- numa, 1971, p. 57; 1977, p. 386; Nishikawa, 1977a, p. 365; Wang and Zhu, 1982, p. 44; Hu, 1984, p. 128; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 105; Yin et al., 1987, p. 63; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 74; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 105; Yin et al., 1997, p. 402; Song et al., 1997, p. 1718; Kim et al., 1999, p. 76; Song et al., 1999, p. 310. Zilla tokachianus Yaginuma, 1955, p. 21. Zilla flavomaculata Yaginuma, 1955, p. 22; Yaginuma, 1960, p. 57; Yaginuma, 1971, p. 57. Araneus sachalinensis Saito, 1959, p. 110; Levi, 1983, p. 262. Araneus pineus Yin et al., 1990, p. 43; Yin et al., 1997, p. 189; Song et al., 1999, p. 240. Eriophora flava Zhu and Song in Zhu et al., 1994, p. 37; Yin et al., 1997, p. 288; Song et al., 1999, p. 280. Eriophora sachalinensis Tanikawa, 2000, p. 23; Namkung, 2001, p. 304; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 206; Namkung, 2003, p. 306; Zhang et al., 2006, p. 9; Marusik and Crawford, 2006, p. 175; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 67; 2009, p. 441.

Female: Body length 7.0-9.0 mm. Carapace yellowish brown, longer than wide. Cervical, radial furrow and median groove dark brown. Chelicerae dark brown. Sternum black, convex and shield- shaped. Legs yellowish brown with dark brown annulations and dense spines. Abdomen long and shield-shaped, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum brown without tubercle on the shoulder, white pattern at anterio-middle, posterior folium distinct. Abdominal venter black. Spinnerets with a pair of white spots prolaterally. Female epigynum; scape inverted triangle-shaped with blunt tip. Male: Body length 4.0-5.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis slender and long with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Russia. KOREA: GW, CB, GB, JB, JJ. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 2♀♀, 1♂ (Mt. Geonbongsan, Gangwon-do: 20.viii.1997); 1♂ (Mt. Bangtae- san, Gangwon-do: 27.v.2010); 1♀ (Goesan, Chungcheongbuk-do: 29.vi.1995); 2♀♀ (Mungyeong, Aaraneae: Araneidae: Gasteracantha 73

B A C

Fig. 52. Eriophora sachalinensis. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp.

Gyeongsangbuk-do: 110.vi.1991); 2♀♀, 1♂ (Mt. Sobaek, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 29.v.2008); 2♂♂ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 10.vi.2008); 1♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 20.viii.2008); 2♀♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 21.v.2010); 4♀♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 18.vi.2010); 5♀♀ (Mt. Hallasan, Jeju-do: 6.vi.2001). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web vertically between tree twigs in the mountain sides.

Genus Gasteracantha Sundevall, 1833 Ga-si-geo-mi-sok (가시거미속)

Carapace wider than long, subquadrate. Head region much elevated in the middle. Median eyes usually subequal in size. Female abdomen much wider than long, large subquadrate with 6 spines, male abdomen without spines, median spines often longest, transversely oblong or narrowed laterally, integument horny, impressed with large sigilla on dorsum. Spinnerets projected on a thick flange in the form of a ring. Female epigynum; scape absent. Male palp; median apophysis and embolus varied in shape. Construct orb web decorated with some small silk balls along the viscid spiral in the open space between the branches of shrub or tree. Type species: Aranea cancriformis Linnaeus, 1758. 74 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

49. Gasteracantha kuhli C.L. Koch, 1837 (Fig. 53, Pl. 13) Ga-si-geo-mi (가시거미)

Gasteracantha kuhlii C.L. Koch, 1837a, p. 20; Fox, 1938, p. 365; Nakatsudi, 1943, p. 162; Tikader and Biswas, 1981, p. 34; Tikader, 1982, p. 59; Hu, 1984, p. 114; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 111; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 83; Feng, 1990, p. 83; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 62; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 101; Zhao, 1993, p. 238; Barrion and Litsinger, 1995, p. 559; Kim and Cho, 2002, p. 267; Kim and Park, 2007, p. 119; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 52; 2009, p. 429. Plectana acuminata Walckenaer, 1841, p. 159. Gasteracantha annulipes C.L. Koch, 1844, p. 52. Plectana leucomelas Doleschall, 1859, p. 42. Gasteracantha annamita Simon, 1886, p. 148. Gasteracantha leucomelaena Thorell, 1887, p. 231; Saito, 1939, p. 10; 1959, p. 112. Gasteracantha leucomelas Simon, 1904, p. 282; Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 239; Sherriffs, 1934, p. 87. Gasteracantha kuhli Dahl, 1914, p. 262; Yin et al., 1997, p. 97; Song et al., 1999, p. 281; 2001, p. 204; Namkung, 2001, p. 289; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 207; Namkung, 2003, p. 291; Shin, 2007, p. 160. Gasteracantha nabona Chamberlin, 1924, p. 22.

Female: Body length 6.0-8.0 mm. Carapace blackish brown and convex, wider than long. Che- licerae black. Sternum black with brown horseshoe-shaped marking. Legs yellowish brown, femora dark brown. Abdomen chitinous and sclerotized with 2 pairs of spine tubercles laterally and a pair of ones posteriorly. Abdominal dorsum white with several pairs of black patterns. Female epigynum; scape absent, sclerotized and indistinct.

A B D

Fig. 53. Gasteracantha kuhli. A. female body; B. male body; C. female epigynum; D. male palp. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Gibbaranea 75

Male: Body length 3.0-4.0 mm. Males smaller than females. Abdomen with a pair of protuberances posteriorly, spine absent. Male palp; median apophysis securiform.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Philippines, India. KOREA: GW, GG, GN, JJ. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 3♀♀, 1♂ (Mt. Maebongsan, Gangwon-do: 22.viii.1997); 8♀♀ (Chuncheon, Gangwon-do: 8.ix.2006); 2♀♀ (Yangpyeong Gyeonggi-do: 12.viii.1990); 1♀ (Changweon, Gyeong- sangnam-do: 1.x.2009); 1♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 20.viii.2008); 4♀♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 17.ix.2008); 1♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 13.viii.2009); 1♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 23.ix.2009); 2♀♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 30.vii.2010); 2♀♀, 1♂ (Mt. Naejang- san, Jeollabuk-do: 11.x.2010). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web with very fine silk threads vertically between tree twigs in the mountain side.

Genus Gibbaranea Archer, 1951 Cheung-cheung-wang-geo-mi-sok (층층왕거미속)

Carapace longer than wide. Median eyes on light brown elevation, posterior median eyes largest encircled with black, lateral eyes small and close together. Chelicera of male with strongly developed promarginal tooth. Abdomen longer than wide with a pair of latero-dorsal tubercles, a narrow, white transverse dorsal band between the tubercles. Femora of females with ventral spines. Female epigynum; scape short with tip slightly expanded. Male palp; terminal and median apophysis transverse and boat-shaped, conductor irregular flap, embolus with very short spur alongside. Construct horizontal orb web in the bushes around marshy habitats. Spider founded under the leaf around web. Type species: Aranea bituberculata Walckenaer, 1802.

50. Gibbaranea abscissa (Karsch, 1879) (Figs. 54, 55) Cheung-cheung-wang-geo-mi (층층왕거미)

Epeira abscissa Karsch, 1879, p. 69. Aranea abscissa Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 225. Araneus abscissa Saito, 1934b, p. 328; 1959, p. 85. Atea abcissa Yaginuma and Archer, 1959, p. 40. Araneus abscissus Yaginuma, 1960; p. 53, Namkung, 1964, p. 37; Yaginuma, 1971, p. 53; 1972, p. 53; 1986a, p. 97; Song, 1987, p. 158; Zhu et al., 1988, p. 53; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 67. Gibbaranea abscissus Yin et al., 1997, p. 303; Song et al., 1999, p. 282; 2001, p. 205; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 208. Gibbaranea abscissa Namkung, 2001, p. 257; 2003, p. 258; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 76; 2009, p. 450. 76 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

A C

Fig. 54. Gibbaranea abscissa. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp.

Female: Body length 8.0-10.0 mm. Carapace yellowish brown, longer than wide. Thoracic region slightly lighter. Chelicerae and endites brown. Labium slightly black with white tip. Sternum yellowish brown. Legs light yellowish brown with brown annulations. Abdomen yellowish brown, longer than wide, both shoulders slightly protuberanced, terraced folium behind shoulder. Female epigynum; scape short and thick with scooped tip. Male: Body length 6.0-8.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Russia. KOREA: GB, GN, JB. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♂ (Mt. Sobaek, Gyeongsang- buk-do: 29.v.2008); 1♀ (Jinyeong, Gyeongsangnam- do: 10.v.2008); 1♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 20.v.2011); 1♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 20.vi. 2010). ECOLOGY: Construct small orb web between trees and bushes in watersides of the mountains and grasslands. Spiders founded in the bottom of leaves around Fig. 55. Distribution of Gibbaranea abscis- web. sa. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Hypsosinga 77

Genus Hypsosinga Ausserer, 1871 Nop-eun-ae-wang-geo-mi-sok (높은애왕거미속)

Carapace light to dark brownish without hairs. Head region raised and broad. Eyes encircled with black, posterior median eyes largest, median eye area usually black, lateral eyes smallest. Coxa I without hook. Abdomen longer than wide, dorsally with 2 longitudinal black bands indis- tinctly separated by light area or with a pair of black markings with variation. Female epigynum; scape absent, flat with depressions, usually with septum. Male palp; patella with 2 long spines, tegulum with spur, embolus long. Construct small orb web in grasslands, mountain sides or rice fields. Type species: Singa sanguinea C.L. Koch, 1844.

Key to the species of genus Hypsosinga

1. Carapace blackish brown, female abdominal sublateral bands blackish brown and thin ············· ···································································································································H. pygmaea - Carapace black, female abdominal sublateral bands reddish brown and thick·········H. sanguinea

51. Hypsosinga pygmaea (Sundevall, 1831) (Fig. 56) Neok-jeom-ae-wang-geo-mi (넉점애왕거미)

Theridion pygmaeum Sundevall, 1831, p. 14; 1832, p. 121. Micryphantes anthracinus C.L. Koch, 1837b, p. 11. Phrurolithus trifasciatus C.L. Koch, 1839, p. 116. Singa trifasciata C.L. Koch, 1844, p. 151; Ohlert, 1867, p. 26. Singa anthracina C.L. Koch, 1844, p. 154. Epeira nigrifrons Westring, 1851, p. 36. Epeira trifasciata Westring, 1851, p. 59. Epeira anthracina Blackwall, 1864, p. 357. Epeira herii Blackwall, 1864, pl. 27. Singa heerii Menge, 1866, p. 84. Singa pygmaea Thorell, 1870, p. 26; Simon, 1874, p. 128; Chyzer and Kulczyn’ski, 1891, p. 135; Becker, 1896, p. 46; Bösenberg, 1901, p. 53; Wiehle, 1931, p. 47; Drensky, 1943, p. 232; Locket and Millidge, 1953, p. 155; Yaginuma, 1960, p. 59; 1962, p. 32; 1965b, p. 363; Chu and Okuma, 1970, p. 70; Yagi- numa, 1971, p. 59; Miller, 1971, p. 206; Loksa, 1972, p. 101; Palmgren, 1974, p. 11; Yin, 1978, p. 6; Paik and Namkung, 1979, p. 48; Song, 1980, p. 108; Qiu, 1981, p. 17; Wang, 1981, p. 104; Hu, 1984, p. 130; Guo, 1985, p. 72; Zhu et al., 1985, p. 87; Song, 1987, p. 177; Hu and Wu, 1989, p. 108; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 71; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 108; Zhao, 1993, p. 260. Singa (Hypsosinga) pygmaea Zamaraev, 1964, p. 354. Hyposinga pygmaea Ausserer, 1871, p. 823. Singa abbreviata Karsch, 1873, p. 120. Singa aenea Kroneberg, 1875, p. 5. Singa maculata Thorell, 1875a, p. 81; 1875b, p. 13. 78 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

Singa variabilis Emerton, 1884, p. 322; McCook, 1894, p. 233; Emerton, 1902, p. 187; Kaston, 1948, p. 240. Singa grammica Simon, 1884, p. 328. Microneta distincta Banks, 1892, p. 48; 1916, p. 77. Araneus pygmaea Lessert, 1910, p. 337. Aranea (Singa) theridiformis Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 236. Aranea (Singa) linyphiformis Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 237. Linyphia bicolor Banks, 1906, p. 97. Pronous laevisternis Simon, 1909, p. 113. Singa cubana Banks, 1909b, p. 162. Linyphia banksi Petrunkevitch, 1911, p. 246. Araneus varians Petrunkevitch, 1911, p. 323. Singa melania Chamberlin and Ivie, 1947, p. 64. Araneus itemvarians Bonnet, 1955, p. 523. Singa pygmea Namkung, 1964, p. 39. Hypsosinga pygmaea Azheganova, 1968, p. 87; Bakhvalov, 1974, p. 109; Levi, 1975, p. 273; Levy, 1984, p. 129; Roberts, 1985, p. 218; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 107; Zhang, 1987, p. 80; Marusik, 1989, p. 43; Feng, 1990, p. 100; Heimer and Nentwig, 1991, p. 84; Okuma et al., 1993, p. 25; Roberts, 1995, p. 331; Levi, 1995, p. 169; Barrion and Litsinger, 1995, p. 611; Yin et al., 1997, p. 309; Roberts, 1998, p. 343; Song et al., 1999, p. 282; Hu, 2001, p. 460; Song et al., 2001, p. 207; Namkung, 2001, p. 282; Levi, 2002, p. 541; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 209; Paquin and Dupérré, 2003, p. 47; Dondale et al., 2003, p. 282; Namkung, 2003, p. 284; Almquist, 2005, p. 164; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 53; 2009, p. 431. Hypsosinga variabilis Levi, 1972, p. 242. Hypsosinga pigmaea Mcheidze, 1997, p. 257.

Female: Body length 4.0-5.0 mm. Carapace brown, longer than wide. Head region and thoracic furrow with black marking. Chelicerae dark brown. Sternum black. Legs relatively short, yellowish brown, tip of tarsi darker. Abdomen elliptical, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum yellowish

A B C

Fig. 56. Hypsosinga pygmaea. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Hypsosinga 79 white with dark brown band on either side longitudinally, 4 pairs of muscle impressions distinct, varied in color and pattern. Female epigynum; scape absent, rim sclerotized. Male: Body length 2.5-3.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis slender and long with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Mongolia, Russia (Holarctic). KOREA: GG, CN. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 3♀♀, 1♂ (Suwon, Gyeonggi-do: 29.vii.1998); 3♀♀, 1♂ (Suwon, Gyeonggi- do: 11.viii.2009); 1♀(Geumsan, Chungcheongnam-do: 22.vi.1994). ECOLOGY: Construct small orb web in the mountains and rice fields.

52. Hypsosinga sanguinea (C.L. Koch, 1844) (Fig. 57, Pl. 14) San-jja-ae-wang-geo-mi (산짜애왕거미)

Singa sanguinea C.L. Koch, 1844, p. 155; Bösenberg, 1901, p. 52; Wiehle, 1931, p. 49; Nakatsudi, 1942b, p. 12; Drensky, 1943, p. 232; Tullgren, 1952, p. 162; Locket and Millidge, 1953, p. 155; Yaginuma, 1960, p. 59; Paik, 1962, p. 76; Yaginuma, 1965b, p. 363; 1971, p. 59; Miller, 1971, p. 206; Loksa, 1972, p. 103; Palmgren, 1974, p. 11; Hu, 1984, p. 130; Guo, 1985, p. 72. Singa (Hypsosinga) sanguinea Zamaraev, 1964, p. 354. Epeira sanguinea O.P.-Cambridge, 1873, p. 552. Theridion hilgendorfi Karsch, 1879, p. 63; Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 148. Singa atra Kulczyn’ski, 1885, p. 23. Araneus sanguineus Simon, 1929, pp. 703, 707, 767. Hypsosinga sanguinea Azheganova, 1968, p. 87; Izmailova, 1972, p. 55; Levi, 1972, p. 242; Ono, 1981, p. 4; Roberts, 1985, p. 218; Zhu et al., 1985, p. 77; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 107; Song, 1987, p. 169; Zhang, 1987, p. 81; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 76; Feng, 1990, p. 99; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 72; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 109; Heimer and Nentwig, 1991, p. 84; Oliger, 1993, p. 65; Zhao, 1993, p. 237; Roberts, 1995, p. 331; Mcheidze, 1997, p. 258; Yin et al., 1997, p. 310; Roberts, 1998, p. 344; Song, Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 291; Hu, 2001, p. 460; Song et al., 2001, p. 208; Namkung, 2001, p. 283; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 210; Namkung, 2003, p. 285; Almquist, 2005, p. 166; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 54; 2009, p. 431.

Female: Body length 3.0-5.0 mm. Carapace reddish brown to blackish brown, longer than wide. Chelicerae deep reddish brown. Sternum dark reddish brown. Legs relatively short, tip of femora I and II dark reddish brown. Abdomen elliptical, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum varied in color and pattern; reddish brown to black with yellowish white stripe longitudinally at center, yellowish white stripes at center and both sides, light reddish with a pair of black and large spots. Abdominal venter black with white stripe. Female epigynum; scape absent, rim sclerotized. Male: Body length 2.5-3.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis slender and straight with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: China, Japan, Mongolia, Russia, Europe (Palearctic). KOREA: GW, GG, GB. 80 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

D B

A C E

Fig. 57. Hypsosinga sanguinea. A. female body; B, C. female body, variation; D. female epigynum; E. male palp.

SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀, 2♂♂ (Goseong, Gangwon-do: 21.viii.1998); 2♀♀ (Chorwon, Gangwon- do: 28.vii.2009); 1♀(Suwon, Gyeonggi-do: 24.vii.2009); 1♀(Suwon, Gyeonggi-do: 11.ix.2009); 2♀♀ (Suwon, Gyeonggi-do: 25.ix.2009); 1♀ (Yangpyeong, Gyeonggi-do: 28.v.1993); 15♀♀, 6♂♂ (Mt. Sobaek, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 29.v.2008). ECOLOGY: Construct small orb web vertically in the mountains, grasslands and rice fields.

Genus Lariniaria Grasshoff, 1970 Eo-ri-ho-rang-geo-mi-sok (어리호랑거미속)

Carapace longer than wide, convex posteriorly with a longitudinal median groove. Anterior median eyes largest, posterior median eyes very close together. Abdomen elongated and distinctly longer than wide, often with median swelling on anterior, white or yellow streak on dorsum contain a median dark line. Female epigynum; with or without scape, markedly varied in shape. Male palp; patella with 2 long spines, median apophysis large. Construct orb web in the bushes around mountain forests or fields. Spider founded under the leaf around web during daytime. Type species: Larinia argiopiformis Bösenberg and Strand, 1906. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Lariniaria 81

53. Lariniaria argiopiformis (Bösenberg and Strand, 1906) (Figs. 58, 59) Eo-ri-ho-rang-geo-mi (어리호랑거미)

Larinia argiopiformis Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 212; Nakatsudi, 1942a, p. 307; Saito, 1959, p. 101; Yaginuma, 1960, p. 60; 1962, p. 30; 1971, p. 60; Yin, 1978, p. 6; Paik and Namkung, 1979, p. 45; Song, 1980, p. 107; Wang, 1981, p. 103; Hu, 1984, p. 117; Guo, 1985, p. 66; Zhu et al., 1985, p. 78; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 115; Marusik, 1987, p. 251; Zhang, 1987, p. 81; Tanikawa, 1989, p. 33; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 87; Feng, 1990, p. 87; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 63; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 107; Zhao, 1993, p. 239; Yin, 1994, p. 135; Yin et al., 1997, p. 313; Hu, 2001, p. 461; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 72; 2009, p. 447. Larinia punctifera Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 212; Saito, 1959, p. 101. Lariniaria argiopiformis Grasshoff, 1970a, p. 217; Grasshoff, 1970b, p. 421; Song, Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 292; Namkung, 2001, p. 276; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 211; Namkung, 2003, p. 278. Larinia albigera Yin et al., 1990, p. 76.

Female: Body length femal 10.0-12.0 mm. Carapace yellowish brown with black stripe at center, longer than wide. Cervical furrow distinct, median groove deeply depressed longitudinally. Chelicerae yellowish brown. Sternum brown, yellow at center. Legs yellow with dense spines. Abdomen long elliptical, much longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum yellowish brown with yellowish band longitudinally at center, yellowish brown spots on either side in rows. Female epigy-

A C

Fig. 58. Lariniaria argiopiformis. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp. 82 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders num; scape absent, sclerotized. Male: Body length 6.0-8.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Russia. KOREA: JN, JJ. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♂ (Goheung, Jeollanam-do: 8.vi.1993); 4♀♀ (Bijarim, Jeju-do: 13.vi.1992); 1♀(Go- san, Jeju-do: 9.vi.2001). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web between scrubs and bushes in the mountains. Spiders founded in the bottom of leaves around web in daytime.

Fig. 59. Distribution of Lariniaria argiopiformis.

Genus Larinioides Caporiacco, 1934 Gi-saeng-wang-geo-mi-sok (기생왕거미속)

Carapace longer than wide with long and whitish recumbent hairs. Anterior median eyes largest, lateral eyes smallest. Chelicera with 4 promarginal and 3 retromarginal teeth. Abdomen longer than wide, oval, dorso-ventrally flattened. Female epigynum; scape short and about half the length of the underlying structure. Male palp; a bifid median apophysis projecting below the midpoint directed ventrally. Construct large orb web and do not rest at the center of web during daytime. Spider founded in a bell-shaped silken retreat beside the web. Type species: Epeira suspicax O.P.-Cambridge, 1876b.

Key to the species of genus Larinioides

1. Terminal apophysis of male palp long, copulatory opening of female epigynum wide and round ···· ···································································································································L. cornutus - Terminal apophysis of male palp short, copulatory opening of female epigynum slit·················· ·······························································································································L. sclopetarius Aaraneae: Araneidae: Larinioides 83

54. Larinioides cornutus (Clerck, 1757) (Fig. 60, Pl. 15) Gi-saeng-wang-geo-mi (기생왕거미)

Araneus cornutus Clerck, 1757, p. 39; Simon, 1929, pp. 686, 759; Locket and Millidge, 1953, p. 134; Braendegaard, 1958, p. 36; Saito, 1959, p. 85; Tyschchenko, 1971, p. 198; Miller, 1971, p. 212; Loksa, 1972, p. 91; Izmailova, 1972, p. 54; Thaler, 1974, p. 257; Palmgren, 1974, p. 25; Yin, 1978, p. 2; Hu, 1984, p. 89; Guo, 1985, p. 53; Zhu et al., 1985, p. 70; Song, 1987, p. 161; Zhang, 1987, p. 64; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 67; Feng, 1990, p. 54; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 43; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 86; Zhao, 1993, p. 225; Mcheidze, 1997, p. 276. Aranea leuwenhoekii Scopoli, 1763, p. 394. Araneus cornutus Mcheidze, 1997, p. 276. Aranea foliata Fourcroy, 1785, p. 533; Reimoser, 1928, p. 105; Wiehle, 1931, p. 86; Muma, 1943, p. 85; Drensky, 1943, p. 242; Zamaraev, 1964, p. 361. Aranea apoclisa Walckenaer, 1802, p. 195. Epeira marmorata Risso, 1826, p. 169. Epeira lyrata Fischer-Waldheim, 1830, pl. 7i-k. Epeira tricolor Fischer-Waldheim, 1830, pl. 7n-o. Epeira apoclisa Sundevall, 1833, p. 243; Hahn, 1834, p. 3. Epeira apoclisa americana Walckenaer, 1841, pp. 61, 502. Epeira arundinacea C.L. Koch, 1835, p. 131; 1844, p. 109. Epeira foliosa Walckenaer, 1841, p. 66. Epeira foliata C.L. Koch, 1844, p. 119; Keyserling, 1864, p. 92; Kaston, 1948, p. 254. Epeira affinis Blackwall, 1846, p. 77. Epeira strix Hentz, 1847, p. 473; Emerton, 1884, p. 305; 1902, p. 160. Epeira tectorum Bremi-Wolff, 1849, p. 1. Epeira cornuta Westring, 1851, p. 34; 1861, p. 34; Menge, 1866, p. 58; Simon, 1874, p. 108; Kulczyn’ski, 1885, p. 21; Chyzer and Kulczyn’ski, 1891, p. 133; McCook, 1894, p. 140; Becker, 1896, p. 34; Bösen- berg, 1901, p. 35; Kulczyn’ski, 1908, p. 44; Spassky, 1925, p. 17. Epeira cornuta inermis Franganillo, 1925, p. 33. Epeira apoclysa Blackwall, 1864, p. 325. Epeira vicaria Kulczyn’ski, 1885, p. 21; Grese, 1909, p. 326. Aranea frondosa Comstock, 1940, pp. 114, 501. Cyphepeira cornuta Yaginuma and Archer, 1959, p. 41. Araneus foliatus Bakhvalov, 1974, p. 110. Nuctenea cornuta Levi, 1974b, p. 306; Paik, 1978, p. 98; Paik and Namkung, 1979, p. 45; Herreros, 1991, p. 210. Aranea cornuta Song, 1980, p. 93. Larinioides cornuta Grasshoff, 1983, p. 227; Yin et al., 1997, p. 325; Hu, 2001, p. 462. Larinioides cornutus Roberts, 1985, p. 212; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 98; Heimer and Nentwig, 1991, p. 86; Roberts, 1995, p. 321; Agnarsson, 1996, p. 63; Mikhailov, 1997, p. 119; Levy, 1998, p. 345; Roberts, 1998, p. 334; Song et al., 1999, p. 292; 2001, p. 211; Yoo and Kim, 2002, p. 29; Morano, 2002, p. 73; Namkung, 2001, p. 258; Levi, 2002, p. 543; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 212; Paquin and Dupérré, 2003, p. 47; Dondale et al., 2003, p. 184; Namkung, 2003, p. 259; Trotta, 2005, p. 162; Almquist, 2005, p. 167; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 55; 2009, p. 433. 84 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

B C A

Fig. 60. Larinioides cornutus. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp.

Female: Body length 10.0-12.0 mm. Carapace brown, covered with white hairs, longer than wide. Cervical, radial furrow and median groove distinct. Chelicerae dark yellowish brown. Sternum ovoid and convex, dark brown. Legs yellowish brown with dark brown annulations. Abdomen round and ovoid, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum yellowish white with dark brown folium, paired black spots in front of folium. Abdominal venter dark brown with white stripe on either side. Female epigynum; scape very short and smooth with blunt tip. Male: Body length 7.0-9.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis thick and long with bifucated tip projecting downward.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Mongolia, Russia, Europe, America (Holarctic). KOREA: GW, GG, CB, GB, JB, JN. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♂ (Mt. Maebongsan, Gangwon-do: 21.viii.1997); 1♀ (Mt. Maebongsan, Gangwon-do: 20.vii.1997); 3♀♀, 2♂♂ (Mt. Maebongsan, Gangwon-do: 22.viii.1997); 3♂♂ (Chor- won, Gangwon-do: 14.ix.1997); 6♀♀, 3♂♂ (Inje, Gangwon-do: 03.x.1997); 1♀ (Whacheon, Gang- won-do: 19.viii.2009); 4♀♀ (Hantangang River, Gyeonggi-do: 9.vii.1996); 1♂ (Pocheon, Gyeonggi- do: 20.vi.1997); 2♀♀, 1♂ (Yeoncheon, Gyeonggi-do: 15.viii.1997); 3♀♀ (Jeongok, Gyeonggi-do: 15. viii.1997); 2♀♀, 3♂♂ (Sain, Chungcheongbuk-do: 08.vii.1992); 1♂ (Yesan, Chungcheongnam-do: 18.vii.2007); 2♀♀ (Geochang, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 05.vi.1995); 1♂ (Tongyeong, Gyeongsangnam-do: 21.vii.1993); 1♀, 1♂ (Geojedo Island, Gyeongsangnam-do: 2.ix.2009); 1♂ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeolla- buk-do: 13.viii.2009); 5♀♀, 4♂♂ (Wando Island, Jeollanam-do: 3.viii.1992); 2♀♀ (Haenam, Jeolla- nam-do: 28.ix.2009). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web between shrubs, bushes and rice leaves in the mountains, fields and rice fields. Made retreat with leaves around web or bell-shaped retreat with silk threads. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Larinioides 85

55. Larinioides sclopetarius (Clerck, 1757) (Figs. 61, 62) Gol-mok-wang-geo-mi (골목왕거미)

Araneus sclopetarius Clerck, 1757, p. 43; Locket and Millidge, 1953, p. 136; Hu and Wu, 1989, p. 94. Araneus sericatus Clerck, 1757, p. 40; Simon, 1929, pp. 685, 759; Shear, 1967; p. 8; Tyschchenko, 1971, p. 198; Miller, 1971, p. 212; Loksa, 1972, p. 92. Aranea undata Olivier, 1789, p. 206; Wiehle, 1931, p. 90; Reimoser, 1932, p. 10; Archer, 1940, p. 46; Bristowe, 1941, p. 488; Drensky, 1943, p. 243. Aranea oviger Panzer, 1804, p. 157. Epeira sericata C.L. Koch, 1833, pl. 1; 1844, p. 110; Blackwall, 1864, p. 328. Epeira virgata Hahn, 1834, p. 26. Epeira frondosa Walckenaer, 1841, p. 65. Epeira sclopetaria Westring, 1851, p. 34; Menge, 1866, p. 57; Hansen, 1882, p. 19; Emerton, 1884, p. 303; Chyzer and Kulczyn’ski, 1891, p. 132; McCook, 1894, p. 137; Becker, 1896, p. 34; Bösenberg, 1901, p. 34; Emerton, 1902, p. 160. Epeira umbratica Menge, 1866, p. 55. Epeira hygrophila Simon, 1874, p. 105. Aranea sericata Comstock, 1940, p. 500. Epeira undata Kaston, 1948, p. 256. Cyphepeira sclopetaria Yaginuma and Archer, 1959, p. 41. Araneus undatus Saito, 1959, p. 97. Aranea sclopetaria Zamaraev, 1964, p. 361. Nuctenea sclopetaria Levi, 1974b, p. 310; Herreros, 1991, p. 211. Larinioides sclopetaria Grasshoff, 1983, p. 227; Ware and Opell, 1989, p. 150; Yin et al., 1997, p. 329. Larinioides sclopetarius Roberts, 1985, p. 212; Heimer and Nentwig, 1991, p. 86; Horak and Kropf, 1992, p. 167; Roberts, 1995, p. 321; 1998, p. 335; Song et al., 1999, p. 292; Morano, 2002, p. 70; Namkung, 2001, p. 259; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 212; Paquin and Dupérré, 2003, p. 48; Dondale et al., 2003, p. 189; Namkung, 2003, p. 260; Trotta, 2005, p. 162; Almquist, 2005, p. 169; Jäger, 2006, p. 4.

Female: Body length 10.0-14.0 mm. Carapace dark brown, covered with white hairs, longer than wide. Cervical furrow distinct. Chelicerae dark brown. Sternum black. Legs light yellow with brown annulations. Abdomen round and ovoid, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum brown with obvious dark brown folium. Abdominal venter dark brown with a pair of white stripes in front of spinnerets. Female epigynum; scape very short and twised anteriorly with Fig. 61. Distribution of Larinioides sclope- blunt tip. tarius. 86 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

A BC

Fig. 62. Larinioides sclopetarius. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp.

Male: Body length 8.0-9.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis thick and long with bifucated tip projecting downward.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Russia, Europe, America (Holarctic). KOREA: GW. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♂, 1♀ (Mt. Maebongsan, Gangwon-do: 21.viii.1997); 1♀ (Mt. Seolaksan, Gangwon-do: 20.vii.2006). ECOLOGY: Rare, founded in the constructions, watersides and between trees and bushes.

Genus Mangora O.P.-Cambridge, 1889 Gwi-teol-geo-mi-sok (귀털거미속)

Carapace longer than wide. Eye region half width of thoracic region, thoracic region very high with longitudinal median groove. Eyes subequal in size encircled with black. Chelicera with 3 promarginal and 3 retromarginal teeth. Legs thin with long and strong spines, tibia III with 2 rows of long feathery hairs prolaterally. Females with group of plumose trichobothria on tibiae III. Abdomen always oval, longer than wide, black markings in the midline on the dorsum. Female epigynum; with or without scape varied in shape. Male palp; patella with one long spine, terminal apophysis large, median apophysis with two pointed processes. Construct orb web in the bushes around mountain sides. Spider turned brownish when stimulated. Type species: Mangora picta O.P.-Cambridge, 1889d. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Mangora 87

56. Mangora herbeoides (Bösenberg and Strand, 1906) (Fig. 63) Gwi-teol-geo-mi (귀털거미)

Aranea herbeoides Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 227; Strand, 1918, p. 81. Mangora herbeoides Yaginuma, 1955, p. 16; 1986a, p. 107; Yin et al., 1997, p. 334; Song et al., 1999, p. 293; Namkung, 2001, p. 281; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 213; Namkung, 2003, p. 283; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 89; 2009, p. 459. Araneus herbeoides Schenkel, 1963, p. 143.

Female: Body length 5.0-6.0 mm. Carapace yellowish brown, longer than wide. Cervical, radial furrow and median groove distinct. Chelicerae dark yellowish brown. Legs yellowish brown with dense spines, venter of tibiae III and IV with feather-shaped trichobothrium. Abdomen long elliptical, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum yellowish green, 5 pairs of black spots on either side, 1-2 pairs of posterior spots connected, covered with dense white spots. Female epigynum; scape absent, rim sclerotized. Male: Body length 5.0-6.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis slender with pointed tip. Venter III and IV with many spines erecting at a right angle.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan. KOREA: GW, GG, GN, JB. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀, 2♂♂ (Chorwon, Gangwon-do: 7.ix.2009); 2♀♀ (Mt. Samaksan, Seoul: 30.iv.1999); 1♂ (Geojedo Island, Gyeongsangnam-do: 2.ix.2009); 1♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 23.ix.2008); 1♀(Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 23.ix.2009). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web between the bushes in the mountains and body color changed when stimulated.

B C A

Fig. 63. Mangora herbeoides. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp. 88 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

Genus Neoscona Simon, 1864 Eo-ri-wang-geo-mi-sok (어리왕거미속)

Carapace longer than wide. Median groove longitudinally. Anterior median eyes largest, lateral eyes very close together, posterior lateral eyes smallest. Chelicera with 4 (rarely 3) promarginal and 3 (rarely 2 or 4) retromarginal teeth. Abdomen longer than wide or as long as wide, variable in shape. Male coxa I with ventral hook and dorsal tubercle, femur II with groove, tibia II prolaterally with many strong spines. Male endite with a lateral tooth. Female epigynum; scape smooth, triangular, ligulate, or elongated with round lip. Male palp; no spine on the tibia, median apophysis in center of tegulum with one curved spur, almost touching cymbium, femur with tubercle at the basal part, tibia with two spines. Construct orb web in grasslands or between shrubs in marshy habitats. Spider founded at the hub of the web. Type species: Epeira arabesca Walckenaer, 1841.

Key to the species of genus Neoscona

1. Abdomen without folium pattern ···························································································2 - Abdomen with folium pattern ································································································4 2. Abdomen light reddish brown or yellowish brown, female epigynal scape ligulate ·················· ······························································································································N. punctigera - Abdomen light green, female epigynal scape digitiform ·························································3 3. Shoulder of abdominal dorsum bordered with white and dark brown stripes ·········N. melloteei - Shoulder of abdominal dorsum bordered with yellow stripe··································N. scylloides 4. Abdomen slightly longer than wide, shoulder part lighter or darker broadly ·························5 - Abdomen longer than wide, shoulder part concolorous with other part ·································6 5. Female epigynal scape long rostriform and pointed ············································N. semilunaris - Female epigynal scape short and round ································································N. subpullata 6. Folium pattern of abdominal dorsum longer than wide··························································7 - Folium pattern of abdominal dorsum almost same or slightly longer than wide ···················10 7. Female epigynal scape with a pair of spots on either side in the middle ·······················N. theisi - Female epigynal scape without spot ·······················································································8 8. Tip of female epigynal scape narrower than base·······················································N. adianta - Tip of female epigynal scape much narrower than base ··························································9 9. Base of female epigynal scape not wrinkled with tubercle mid-laterally·············N. multiplicans - Base of female epigynal scape wrinkled without tubercle in the middle ············N. tianmenensis 10. Female epigynal scape expanded roundly in the middle ···········································N. nautica - Female epigynal scape not expanded in the middle·······························································11 11. Female epigynal scape rosriform and extrorse ·················································N. pseudonautica - Female epigynal scape digitiform and curved inward··················································N. scylla Aaraneae: Araneidae: Neoscona 89

57. Neoscona adianta (Walckenaer, 1802) (Fig. 64) Gak-si-eo-ri-wang-geo-mi (각시어리왕거미)

Aranea adianta Walckenaer, 1802, p. 199; Wiehle, 1931, p. 103; Drensky, 1943, p. 244. Aranea marmorea Panzer, 1804, p. 27. Epeira adianta Walckenaer, 1805, p. 60; 1841, p. 52; Westring, 1861, p. 5; Blackwall, 1864, p. 348; Thorell, 1870, p. 23; Becker, 1896, p. 38; Bösenberg, 1901, p. 32. Epeira segmentata Sundevall, 1833, p. 247. Miranda pictilis C.L. Koch, 1837b, p. 4; 1838, p. 50. Miranda adianta Menge, 1866, p. 69. Epeira mimula L. Koch, 1882, p. 625. Meta doenitzi Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 180; Saito, 1933, p. 49; Nakatsudi, 1942a, p. 307. Aranea adianta japonica Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 219. Aranea doenitzi Strand, 1907a, p. 182. Araneus adiantus Lessert, 1910, p. 331; Locket and Millidge, 1953, p. 141; Saito, 1959, p. 85; Azheganova, 1968, p. 74; Tyschchenko, 1971, p. 198; Izmailova, 1972, p. 52; Bakhvalov, 1974, p. 111; Mcheidze, 1997, p. 272. Epeira triangulata Franganillo, 1913; p. 127; 1918, p. 63. Araneus adianta Simon, 1929, pp. 693, 762. Neoscona adianta Archer, 1951c, p. 4; Yaginuma, 1955, p. 18; 1971, p. 57; Punda, 1975, p. 44; Roberts, 1985, p. 214; Zhu et al., 1985, p. 79; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 72; Heimer and Nentwig, 1991, p. 88; Zhao, 1993, p. 240; Roberts, 1995, p. 324; Yin and Kim, 1997, p. 58; Yin et al., 1997, p. 345; Song et al., 1997, p. 1714; Levy, 1998, p. 339; Kim, 1998, p. 1; Roberts, 1998, p. 337; Tanikawa, 1998, p. 140; Song et al., 1999, p. 293; 2001, p. 216; Namkung, 2001, p. 265; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 214; Kim and

B C

Fig. 64. Neoscona adianta. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp. 90 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

Cho, 2002, p. 268; Namkung, 2003, p. 267; Almquist, 2005, p. 172; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 68; Ledoux, 2008, p. 49; Tanikawa, 2009, p. 443. Neoscona doenitzi Yaginuma, 1955, p. 18; 1960, p. 56; Lee, 1966, p. 42; Yaginuma, 1971, p. 56; Yin, 1978, p. 4; Oliger, 1981, p. 6; Paik and Namkung, 1979, p. 46; Song, 1980, p. 102; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 103. Araneus adiantum Miller, 1971, p. 211; Loksa, 1972, p. 84. Neoscona adiantum Hu, 1984, p. 120; Guo, 1985, p. 67; Grasshoff, 1986, p. 66; Yaginuma, 1986b, p. 190; Zhang, 1987, p. 82; Feng, 1990, p. 88; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 64; Yin, 1978, p. 6; Paik and Namkung, 1979, p. 46; Song, 1980, p. 106. Araneus adianta japonica Oliger, 1981, p. 3.

Female: Body length 6.0-9.0 mm. Carapace light yellowish brown with black stripes at center and both sides, longer than wide. Chelicerae dark yellowish brown. Sternum black, round anteriorly and pointed posteriorly. Legs light yellowish brown with dense spines, tip of each segment darker. Abdomen long elliptical, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum yellowish brown with dark brown folium mixed with black spots and transverse stripes. Abdominal venter dark brown with white stripes on either side. Female epigynum; scape broad with scooped tip, ligulate. Male: Body length 5.0-7.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis slender and long with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Mongolia, Russia (Palearctic). KOREA: GW, GG, CB, GB, GN, JB. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀ (Mt. Godaesan, Gangwon-do: 6.vii.1997); 1♀, 6♂♂ (Hongcheon, Gang- won-do: 27.viii.1995); 2♀♀, 1♂ (Gimwha, Gangwon-do: 16.viii.1997); 1♀, 1♂ (Jeongok, Gyeonggi- do: 15.viii.1997); 4♀♀ (Yeoncheon, Gyeonggi-do: 6.vii.1997); 2♀♀ (Yeoncheon, Gyeonggi-do: 15.viii. 1997); 1♀, 1♂ (Baran, Gyeonggi-do: 11.ix.2001); 1♀ (Mt. Songni, Chungcheongbuk-do: 25.ix.1990); 10♀♀, 7♂♂ (Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do: 28.viii.2006); 4♀♀ (Yesan, Chungcheongnam-do: 18.vii.2007); 1♀, 1♂(Punggi, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 19.ix.1995); 5♀♀, 2♂♂ (Geojedo Island, Gyeong- sangnam-do: 13.vi.1993); 1♀, 2♂♂ (Geojedo Island, Gyeongsangnam-do: 2.ix.2009); 3♀♀ (Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do: 22.vii.2008); 2♂♂ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 18.vi.2010); 3♀♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 11.x.2010). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web vertically or horizontally in the grasslands, marshes and rice fields and important natural enemy against rice insect pests.

58. Neoscona melloteei (Simon, 1895) (Fig. 65) Geom-eun-te-yeon-du-eo-ri-wang-geo-mi (검은테연두어리왕거미)

Araneus mellotteei Simon, 1895, p. 812. Aranea melloteei Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 218. Araneus melloteei Saito, 1933, p. 55; Yaginuma, 1940, p. 123. Neoscona melloteei Yaginuma, 1955, p. 19; 1960, p. 57; Lee, 1966, p. 41; Yaginuma, 1971, p. 57; Matsu- moto, 1973, p. 41; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 103; Song, 1987, p. 172; Zhang, 1987, p. 86; Song et al., 1999, p. 299; Namkung, 2001, p. 266; 2003, p. 268; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 69. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Neoscona 91

CD B

A E

Fig. 65. Neoscona melloteei. A. female body; B. female body, variation; C. female epigynum, ventral view; D. female epigynum, lateral view; E. male palp.

Neoscona mellotteei Chikuni, 1989b, p. 73; Feng, 1990, p. 91; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 66; Zhao, 1993, p. 254; Yin et al., 1997, p. 366; Song et al., 1997, p. 1715; Tanikawa, 1998, p. 151; Song et al., 2001, p. 218; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 215; Kim and Cho, 2002, p. 268; Tanikawa, 2009, p. 445.

Female: Body length 8.0-10.0 mm. Carapace yellowish brown with brown margin and white hairs, longer than wide. Cervical furrow and median groove brown. Chelicerae dark yellowish brown. Sternum light brown. Legs yellowish brown with dark brown annulations and spines. Abdomen ovoid and convex, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum green, rim of shoulder dark brown followed slender and white stripe. Female epigynum; scape long with blunt tip. Male: Body length 7.0-8.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis long with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Taiwan. KOREA: GW, GG, GB, GN, JB, JN. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 3♀♀ (Hongcheon, Gangwon-do: 27.viii.1995); 1♀(Mt. Godaesan, Gangwon- do: 15.viii.1995); 3♀♀, 1♂ (Gimwha, Gangwon-do: 16.viii.1997); 1♀ (Whacheon, Gangwon-do: 19.viii.1997); 1♀ (Daejin, Gangwon-do: 20.viii.1997); 6♀♀ (Mt. Maebongsan, Gangwon-do: 21.viii. 1997); 3♀♀ (Goseong, Gangwon-do: 21.viii.1998); 3♀♀ (Mt. Maebongsan, Gangwon-do: 20.ix.1998); 92 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

1♀ (Paju, Gyeonggi-do: 20.v.1997); 1♀ (Yeoncheon, Gyeonggi-do: 15.viii.1997); 3♀♀ (Mt. Sobaek, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 18.vii.2007); 2♀♀, 1♂ (Geojedo Island, Gyeongsangnam-do: 2.ix.2009); 1♀ (Muju, Jeollabuk-do: 21.ix.1995); 5♀♀, 2♂♂ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 20.viii.2008); 1♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 13.viii.2009); 3♀♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 29.ix.2009); 3♀♀, 1♂ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 17.ix.2010); 1♀(Mt. Jirisan, Jeollanam-do: 1.ix.2006). ECOLOGY: Frequently founded in the moist sites of mountains and fields, construct orb web vertically.

59. Neoscona multiplicans (Chamberlin, 1924) (Fig. 66) A-gi-ji-i-eo-ri-wang-geo-mi (아기지이어리왕거미)

Aranea multiplicans Chamberlin, 1924, p. 18. Neoscona scylla Song, 1988, p. 129. Neoscona minoriscylla Yin et al., 1990, p. 123; Yin et al., 1997, p. 367; Tanikawa, 1998, p. 158; Namkung and Kim, 1999, p. 213. Neoscona multiplicans Song et al., 1997, p. 1715; Song et al., 1999, p. 300; Namkung, 2001, p. 263; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 216; Namkung, 2001, p. 265; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 72; 2009, p. 445.

B C A

Fig. 66. Neoscona multiplicans. A. female body; B. female epigynum, ventral view; C. female epigynum, lateral view. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Neoscona 93

Female: Body length 9.0-10.0 mm. Carapace yellowish brown with reddish brown margin, covered with fine and white hairs, longer than wide. Chelicerae dark brown. Sternum dark brown with silvery white stripe at center. Legs yellowish brown with reddish brown annulations. Abdomen long ovoid, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum yellowish brown with dark brown folium mixed with black arch-shaped spots, a pair of silvery white circle pattern posterior-laterally. Spinnerets brown with white spots on either side. Female epigynum; scape broad anteriorly with narrowed tip, a pair of spots mid-laterally. Male: Body length 7.0-8.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis long with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan. KOREA: GG, GB, GN, JN. JJ. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀, 1♂ (Icheon, Gyeonggi-do: 28.vii.2009); 1♀ (Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk- do: 23.iv.2009); 1♀ (Sancheong, Gyeongsangnam-do: 18.vii.1985); 1♀ (Geojedo Island, Gyeong- sangnam-do: 2.ix.2009); 1♀ (Mt. Weolchulsan, Jeollanam-do: 26.vii.1993); 1♀ (Namjeju, Jeju-do: 26.vii.1993); 1♀(Bukjeju, Jeju-do: 18.vii.1998). ECOLOGY: Construct large orb web vertically between trees or bushes in the mountains and fields.

60. Neoscona nautica (L. Koch, 1875) (Fig. 67) Jip-wang-geo-mi (집왕거미)

Epeira nautica L. Koch, 1875, p. 17. Epeira tristis Taczanowski, 1873, p. 131. Epeira pullata Thorell, 1877, p. 385. Epeira volucripes Keyserling, 1885, p. 528; 1892, p. 199; McCook, 1894, p. 162. Araneus nauticus Pocock, 1900, p. 228; Simon, 1907, p. 290; Saito, 1959, p. 90; Chrysanthus, 1971, p. 29. Neoscona volucripes F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1904, p. 473. Aranea camerunensis Strand, 1906b, p. 62. Aranea nautica Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, pp. 222, 403. Aranea koratsensis Dönitz and Strand, in Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 384. Araneus tristimoniae Petrunkevitch, 1911, p. 320. Neoscona nautica Petrunkevitch, 1930, p. 320; Comstock, 1940, p. 513; Yaginuma, 1955, p. 17; 1960, p. 56; Lee, 1966, p. 41; Yaginuma, 1971, p. 56; Berman and Levi, 1971, p. 498; Yin, 1978, p. 5; Song, 1980, p. 103; Tikader and Bal, 1981, p. 12; Tikader and Biswas, 1981, p. 27; Tikader, 1982, p. 242; Hu, 1984, p. 122; Guo, 1985, p. 69; Zhu et al., 1985, p. 81; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 105; Grasshoff, 1986, p. 46; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 72; Feng, 1990, p. 92; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 67; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 115; Levi, 1993, p. 228; Zhao, 1993, p. 253; Barrion and Litsinger, 1995, p. 629; Yin et al., 1997, p. 351; Tanikawa, 1998, p. 145; Song et al., 1999, p. 300; Hu, 2001, p. 467; Yoo and Kim, 2002, p. 28; Namkung, 2001, p. 260; Levi, 2002, p. 541; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 217; Kim and Cho, 2002, p. 269; Namkung, 2003, p. 261; Gajbe, 2007, p. 526; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 69; Barrion-Dupo, 2008, p. 234; Tanikawa, 2009, p. 443. Neoscona vulgaris Archer, 1940, p. 50. Araneus marcuzzii Caporiacco, 1955, p. 355. 94 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

B C A

Fig. 67. Neoscona nautica. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp.

Female: Body length 8.0-12.0 mm. Carapace grayish brown to dark brown, longer than wide. Head region flat, lighter with black margin. Chelicerae dark brown. Sternum dark brown with broad and yellowish white pattern at center. Legs dark brown with yellowish white annulations and dense spines. Abdomen spherical, narrowed posteriorly, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum grayish brown to dark brown with blackish brown folium. Abdominal venter with +-shaped black marking at center, arch-shaped yellowish white patterns anteriorly and on either side. Female epigynum; scape broad anteriorly with scooped tip, ligulate. Male: Body length 6.0-7.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis long with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Europe (Cosmopolitan). KOREA: GW, CB, GB, JB. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 2♀♀, 2♂♂ (Mt. Jeombongsan, Gangwon-do: 20.vii.2006); 2♀♀ (Sain, Chungcheongbuk-do: 26.ix.1991); 2♀♀, 2♂♂ (Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 23.iv.2009); 1♀, 1♂ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 23.ix.2009). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web the construction space.

61. Neoscona pseudonautica Yin, Wang, Xie and Peng, 1990 (Fig. 68, Pl. 16) Ae-ri-jip-wang-geo-mi (어리집왕거미)

Neoscona pseudonautica Yin, Wang, Xie and Peng, 1990, p. 107; Yin et al., 1997, p. 353; Song et al., 1999, p. 300; Namkung and Kim, 1999, p. 234; Namkung, 2001, p. 261; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 217; Namkung, 2003, p. 262. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Neoscona 95

B C

A D

Fig. 68. Neoscona pseudonautica. A. female body; B. female epigynum, ventral view; C. female epigynum, lateral view; D. male palp.

Female: Body length 6.0-9.5 mm. Carapace yellowish brown with dark brown margin, covered with white hairs, longer than wide. Chelicerae dark yellowish brown. Sternum dark brown with lighter band at center. Legs yellowish brown with grayish brown annulations. Abdomen ovoid, narrowed posteriorly, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum yellowish white with a pairs of arch- shaped patterns and dark brown folium mixed with semicircular patterns, folium surrounded with white. Abdominal venter dark brown surrounded with white stripe. Spinnerets dark brown with yellowish white spots in every direction. Female epigynum; scape broad, rostriform. Male: Body length 5.0-6.5 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis twisted anteriorly with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China. KOREA: GW, GG, GB, JB. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀ (Yeongwol, Gangwon-do: 29.viii.2009); 1♂ (Mt. Bangtaesan, Gangwon- do: 22.vii.2010); 1♀(Yeoncheon, Gyeonggi-do: 12.xi.1997); 1♀(Mt. Sobaek, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 18.vii. 2007); 1♀, 1♂ (Mt. Sobaek, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 18.vii.2007); 2♀♀ (Mt. Sobaek, Gyeongsangbuk- do: 28.ix.2007); 1♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 23.ix.2009); 1♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 20.viii.2010); 2♀♀, 1♂(Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 30.vii.2010); 5♀♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk- do: 17.ix.2010). ECOLOGY: Construct small orb web between the bushed in the grasslands and stream sides. 96 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

62. Neoscona punctigera (Doleschall, 1857) (Fig. 69) Jeok-gal-eo-ri-wang-geo-mi (적갈어리왕거미)

Epeira punctigera Doleschall, 1857, p. 420; Keyserling, 1892, p. 136; McCook, 1894, p. 163; Workman, 1896, p. 48. Epeira punctigera trabeata Thorell, 1887, p. 181. Epeira lugubris Walckenaer, 1841, p. 34. Epeira manipa Doleschall, 1857, p. 419. Epeira indagatrix L. Koch, 1871, p. 66. Epeira vatia Thorell, 1877, p. 382. Epeira opima L. Koch, 1878, p. 740. Epeira slateri Butler, 1879, p. 730. Epeira ephippiata Thorell, 1881, p. 101. Epeira paviei Simon, 1886, p. 150. Araneus lugubris Simon, 1895, p. 828; Lee, 1966, p. 38; Yaginuma, 1967, p. 89; 1971, p. 53; Patel, 1975, p. 160; Hu, 1984, p. 94; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 45; Chrysanthus, 1960, p. 36. Aranea punctigera Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 230. Aranea opima Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 231. Neoscona opima Yaginuma, 1955, p. 19. Catheistela opima Yaginuma and Archer, 1959, p. 36. Araneus opimus Yaginuma, 1960, p. 53. Araneus parascylla Schenkel, 1963, p. 147. Afraranea punctigera Grasshoff, 1980, p. 403. Neoscona lugubris Tikader and Bal, 1981, p. 20; Tikader, 1982, p. 255. Neoscona punctigera Roberts, 1983, p. 275; Grasshoff, 1986, p. 117; Yin et al., 1997, p. 360; Tanikawa, 1998, p. 159; Song et al., 1999, p. 300; Namkung, 2001, p. 264; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 218; Namkung,

B C

Fig. 69. Neoscona punctigera. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Neoscona 97

2003, p. 266; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 72; Barrion-Dupo, 2008, p. 236; Tanikawa, 2009, p. 445. Araneus punctigera Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 98; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 67.

Female: Body length 10.0-13.0 mm. Carapace reddish brown with white hairs, longer than wide. Cervical and radial furrow distinct. Chelicerae dark reddish brown. Sternum dark brown with lighter pattern at center. Legs reddish brown with dark brown annulations. Abdomen spherical, covered with long yellow hairs, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum reddish brown, folium indistinct, 2 pairs of dark brown muscle impressions at anterior part distinct. Abdominal venter with 2 pairs of yellowish white patterns. Female epigynum; scape broad anteriorly, ligulate. Male: Body length 7.0-9.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis long with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Taiwan. KOREA: GW, CB, JB. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀ (Daejin, Gangwon-do: 29.viii.1991); 1♂ (Chorwon, Gangwon-do: 7.ix. 2009); 2♀♀ (Sain, Chungcheongbuk-do: 8.vii.1992); 2♀♀ (Yeongdong, Chungcheongbuk-do: 7.ix. 2009); 1♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 23.ix.2008); 1♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 23.ix.2009); 1♀(Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 17.ix.2010); 1♀(Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 11.x.2010). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web vertically between broadleaf trees and bushes in the mountains and fields. Spiders founded in the bottom of leaves around web.

63. Neoscona scylla (Karsch, 1879) (Fig. 70, Pls. 17-19) Ji-i-eo-ri-wang-geo-mi (지이어리왕거미)

Epeira scylla Karsch, 1879, p. 71. Aranea scylla Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 215. Chinestela gisti Chamberlin, 1924, p. 20. Araneus scyllus Saito, 1939, p. 20, Saito, 1959, p. 89. Araneus scylla nigromaculatus Yaginuma, 1941, p. 122. Neoscona scylla Yaginuma, 1955, p. 18; 1960, p. 56; Shimojana, 1967, p. 18; Yaginuma, 1971, p. 56; Hikichi, 1977, p. 154; Nishikawa, 1977b, p. 32; Paik, 1978, p. 107; Hu, 1984, p. 125; Zhu et al., 1985, p. 82; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 103; Song, 1988, p. 129; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 71; Feng, 1990, p. 93; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 67; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 116; Zhao, 1993, p. 255; Yin et al., 1997, p. 370; Song et al., 1997, p. 1717; Tanikawa, 1998, p. 155; Song et al., 1999, p. 300; Yoo and Kim, 2002, p. 28; Namkung, 2001, p. 262; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 219; Kim and Cho, 2002, p. 269; Namkung, 2003, p. 264; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 70; 2009, p. 445.

Female: Body length 12.0-15.0 mm. Carapace reddish brown, longer than wide. Head region darker with sparse white hairs. Chelicerae dark reddish brown. Sternum dark reddish brown with yellowish white longitudinal pattern at center. Legs yellowish brown, tip of each segment with brown annulations. Abdomen spherical and convex, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum yellowish brown with complex folium mixed with black, brown and white, varied in color and pattern. Abdominal venter with large and yellowish white pattern at center. Female epigynum; scape long and wrinkled with scooped tip, protuberances present laterally. 98 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

B C

A DE

FG H

Fig. 70. Neoscona scylla. A. female body; B-E. female body, variation; F. female epigynum, ventral view; G. female epigynum, lateral view; H. male palp.

Male: Body length 8.0-10.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis long with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Russia. KOREA: GW, GG, JB, JJ. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀ (Inje, Gangwon-do: 17.viii.1997); 5♀♀ (Mt. Maebongsan, Gangwon-do: 22.viii.1997); 1♀(Mt. Geumhaksan, Gangwon-do: 7.vii.1998); 3♀♀ (Goseong, Gangwon-do: 21.viii. 1998); 22♀♀, 8♂♂ (Mt. Jeombongsan, Gangwon-do: 29.viii.1999); 1♂ (Mt. Gariwangsan, Gangwon- do: 6.viii.2009); 1♂ (Chorwon, Gangwon-do: 7.ix.2009); 1♂ (Mt. Bangtaesan, Gangwon-do: 12.x. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Neoscona 99

2010); 3♀♀ (Mt. Kwanaksan, Seoul: 7.viii.2010); 4♀♀, 1♂ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 20.viii. 2008); 3♀♀, 2♂♂ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 13.viii.2009); 11♀♀, 1♂ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeolla- buk-do: 30.vii.2010); 3♂♂ (Jongdalri, Jeju-do: 13.vi.1992); 1♀(Jongdalri, Jeju-do: 8.vi.2001). ECOLOGY: Construct large orb web vertically between trees and bushes in the mountains and fields.

64. Neoscona scylloides (Bösenberg and Strand, 1906) (Fig. 71, Pl. 20) Yeon-du-eo-ri-wang-geo-mi (연두어리왕거미)

Aranea scylloides Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 217. Araneus scylloides Saito, 1939, p. 21; Yaginuma, 1940, p. 123; Nakatsudi, 1942a, p. 305; Saito, 1959, p. 89; Schenkel, 1963, p. 145. Neoscona scylloides Yaginuma, 1955, p. 18; 1960, p. 57; 1966, p. 23; Lee, 1966, p. 41; Yaginuma, 1971, p. 57; Matsumoto, 1973, p. 41; Hu, 1984, p. 124; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 103; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 73; Feng, 1990, p. 94; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 67; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 116; Zhao, 1993, p. 257; Yin et al., 1997, p. 371; Tanikawa, 1998, p. 153; Song et al., 1999, p. 301; Namkung, 2001, p. 267; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 220; Namkung, 2003, p. 269; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 70; 2009, p. 445.

Female: Body length 8.0-10.0 mm. Carapace yellowish brown with brown margin and sparse white hairs, longer than wide. Cervical furrow and median groove brown. Chelicerae dark yellowish brown. Sternum light brown. Legs yellowish brown with dense black spines, tip of each segment reddish brown. Abdomen spherical and convex, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum

BCD

Fig. 71. Neoscona scylloides. A. female body; B. female epigynum, ventral view; C. female epigynum, lateral view, D. male palp. 100 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders green, yellow rim pattern at anterior to both sides. Abdominal venter green with brown at center. Female epigynum; scape with paddle-shaped tip. Male: Body length 7.0-8.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis long with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Taiwan. KOREA: GW, GG, GB. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀, 1♂ (Chorwon, Gangwon-do: 28.vii.2009); 1♂ (Mt. Daeseong, Gangwon- do: 16.viii.1997); 1♀ (Inje, Gangwon-do: 17.viii.1997); 4♀♀, 2♂♂ (Mt. Maebongsan, Gangwon-do: 22.viii.1997); 2♀♀ (Mt. Geonbongsan, Gangwon-do: 20.viii.1997); 6♀♀ (Yeoncheon, Gyeonggi-do: 30.ix.1996); 1♀ (Mt. Sobaek, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 18.vii.2007); 2♂♂ (Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 23.vi.2009). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web vertically between trees and bushes in the mountains. Spiders usually founded in the bottom of leaves around web in daytime.

65. Neoscona semilunaris (Karsch, 1879) (Fig. 72) Sam-gak-mu-nui-wang-geo-mi (삼각무늬왕거미)

Atea semilunaris Karsch, 1879, p. 73. Aranea semilunaris Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 220. Araneus semilunaris Yaginuma, 1960, p. 55; 1971, p. 55; 1986a, p. 100; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 69; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 47; Namkung, 2001, p. 255; Tanikawa, 2007c, p. 83; 2009, p. 455. Neoscona semilunaris Yin et al., 1997, p. 372; Song et al., 1999, p. 301; Namkung, 2003, p. 263.

B C A

Fig. 72. Neoscona semilunaris. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Neoscona 101

Female: Body length 6.0-7.0 mm. Carapace dark brown, longer than wide. Head region convex and round with white hairs. Chelicerae blackish brown. Sternum yellowish brown. Legs yellowish brown, tip of each segment with broad and dark brown annulations. Abdomen elliptical, wider than long, shoulder widest. Abdominal dorsum light yellowish brown anteriorly, brown posteriorly with black pattern, varied in color. Female epigynum; scape long with scooped tip. Male: Body length 4.0-5.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis long with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan. KOREA: GW, GG, GB, JB. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀ (Goseong, Gangwon-do: 7.vii.1997); 1♀ (Buamdong, Seoul: 3.vii.1997); 1♂ (Mt. Sobaek, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 18.vii.2007); 1♂ (Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do: 10.vi.2008); 1♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 17.vi.2011). ECOLOGY: Construct small orb web vertically at high places of tree in the mountains.

66. Neoscona subpullata (Bösenberg and Strand, 1906) (Fig. 73) Bun-wang-geo-mi (분왕거미)

Aranea subpullata Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 234. Neoscona subpullata Yaginuma, 1955, p. 20; 1986a, p. 105; Ma and Tu, 1987, p. 52; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 70; Yin et al., 1997, p. 355; Tanikawa, 1998, p. 148; Song et al., 1999, p. 301; 2001, p. 220; Namkung, 2001, p. 270; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 221; Namkung, 2003, p. 272; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 69; 2009, p. 443.

A B

Fig. 73. Neoscona subpullata. A. female body; B. female body, variation; C. female epigynum; D. male palp. 102 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

Neoscona subpullatus Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 68. Araneus subpullatus Yaginuma, 1960, p. 52; Paik, 1970, p. 85; Yaginuma, 1971, p. 52.

Female: Body length 5.0-7.0 mm. Carapace yellowish brown, longer than wide. Cervical furrow distinct, median groove longitudinal. Chelicerae dark brown. Sternum triangle-shaped with black margin. Legs light yellowish brown, tip of each segment darker. Abdomen round shield-shaped, wider than longer as wide as long. Abdominal dorsum yellowish brown with folium mixed with arch-shaped black patterns, varied in color. Abdominal venter with a pair of yellow stripes between epigastric furrow. Spinnerets with a pair of yellow spots anterio-laterally. Female epigynum; scape short, ligulate. Male: Body length 4.0-6.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis long with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan. KOREA: GW, GG, CN, JB. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 2♀♀ (Daejin, Gangwon-do: 6.vi.1992); 1♀(Inje, Gangwon-do: 7.v.1997); 1♂ (Yangpyeong, Gyeonggi-do: 11.vi.1991); 2♀♀, 1♂ (Geumsan, Chungcheongnam-do: 22.vi.1995); 8♀♀ (Geumsan, Chungcheongnam-do: 8.v.1997); 1♀ (Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do: 22.vii.2008); 1♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 13.viii.2009). ECOLOGY: Construct small orb web vertically between shrubs and bushes in the shroes.

67. Neoscona theisi (Walckenaer, 1841) (Figs. 74, 75) Seog-eo-ri-wang-geo-mi (석어리왕거미)

Epeira theis Walckenaer, 1841, p. 53. Epeira mangareva Walckenaer, 1847, p. 469. Epeira assidua Vinson, 1863, pp. 180, 310. Epeira braminica Stoliczka, 1869, p. 238. Epeira mangareva L. Koch, 1871, p. 85. Epeira theisii Thorell, 1877, p. 390; 1878, p. 65. Epeira eclipsis Marx, 1893, p. 590. Araneus mangarevus Pocock, 1897, p. 601. Epeira ventricosa Rainbow, 1897, p. 110. Epeira longispina Rainbow, 1897, p. 111. Epeira multispina Rainbow, 1897, p. 112. Epeira etheridgei Rainbow, 1897, p. 114. Epeira festiva Rainbow, 1897, p. 115. Epeira obscura Rainbow, 1897, p. 116. Epeira annulipes Rainbow, 1897, p. 117. Epeira distincta Rainbow, 1897, p. 118. Epeira theisi Rainbow, 1897, p. 119. Epeira speciosa Rainbow, 1897, p. 120. Araneus theis Pocock, 1898, p. 324. Fig. 74. Distribution of Neoscona theisi. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Neoscona 103

B C

Fig. 75. Neoscona theisi. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp.

Neoscona theisi F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1904, p. 470; Yaginuma, 1955, p. 17; 1960, p. 57; Lee, 1966, p. 42; Yaginuma, 1971, p. 57; Yin, 1978, p. 5; Song, 1980, p. 105; Tikader and Biswas, 1981, p. 26; Wang, 1981, p. 95; Tikader, 1982, p. 269; Hu, 1984, p. 126; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 104; Grasshoff, 1986, p. 69; Zhang, 1987, p. 87; Barrion et al., 1988, p. 402; Davies, 1988, p. 300; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 72; Feng, 1990, p. 95; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 68; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 118; Zhao, 1993, p. 257; Barrion and Litsinger, 1995, p. 625; Yin et al., 1997, p. 375; Tanikawa, 1998, p. 137; Song et al., 1999, p. 301; Hu, 2001, p. 471; Song et al., 2001, p. 220; Namkung, 2001, p. 269; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 221; Namkung, 2003, p. 271; Butt and Siraj, 2006, p. 215; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 67; Barrion-Dupo, 2008, p. 239; Tanikawa, 2009, p. 443. Aranea theisii Tullgren, 1910, p. 164; Merian, 1911, p. 213; Saito, 1939, p. 22; Nakatsudi, 1943, p. 156; Chrysanthus, 1960, p. 39; 1971, p. 31; Patel, 1975, p. 158. Aranea theisi Roewer, 1938, p. 39. Aranea annulipedata Roewer, 1942, p. 824. Aranea speciosissima Roewer, 1942, p. 83. Neoscona theis Tikader and Bal, 1981, p. 32; Gajbe, 2007, p. 533.

Female: Body length 8.0-10.0 mm. Carapace yellowish brown with black margin and center, longer than wide. Chelicerae dark yellowish brown. Sternum blackish brown with thick and yellow pattern at center. Legs light yellowish brown, tip of each segment with dark brown annulations and dense spines. Abdomen long elliptical, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum yellowish brown, covered with dark brown folium mixed with light yellowish white band longitudinally. Female epigynum; scape broad, paddle-shaped. Male: Body length 5.0-7.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis thick with pointed tip. 104 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, India. KOREA: JJ. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 3♀♀, 2♂♂ (Gapado Island, Jeju-do: 23.vii.1993). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web vertically between shrubs and bushes in the seashores.

68. Neoscona tianmenensis Yin, Wang, Xie and Peng, 1990 (Fig. 76) Cheon-mun-eo-ri-wang-geo-mi (천문어리왕거미)

Neoscona tianmenensis Yin, Wang, Xie and Peng, 1990, p. 126; Yin et al., 1997, p. 377; Song et al., 1999, p. 301; Namkung, 2001, p. 268; 2003, p. 270.

Female: Body length 10.0-13.0 mm. Carapace light grayish brown, longer than wide. Thoracic region with a pair of parallel and slender strips. Cervical, radial furrow and median groove dark brown. Chelicerae grayish brown. Sternum blackish brown with I-shaped pattern. Legs yellowish brown with blackish brown annulations. Abdomen ovoid, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum grayish brown with folium surrounded with yellowish white, 3-4 pairs of muscle impressions and many spots horizontally. Spinnerets black, a pair of white circle patterns anteriorly and 2 yellowish white spots laterally. Female epigynum; scape long and broad anteriorly with scooped tip. Male: Body length 6.0-7.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis thick with pointed tip.

B C

A D

Fig. 76. Neoscona tianmenensis. A. female body; B. female epigynum, ventral view; C. female epigynum, lateral view, D. male palp. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Ordgarius 105

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China. KOREA: JN. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀, 2♂♂ (Mt. Jirisan, Jeollanam-do: 23.viii.1989); 2♀♀ (Mt. Jirisan, Jeolla- nam-do: 1.ix.1991). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web vertically between broadleaf trees and bushes in the mountains and fields.

Genus Ordgarius Keyserling, 1886 Ppul-ga-si-wang-geo-mi-sok (뿔가시왕거미속)

Carapace slightly longer than wide, with tubercles in various shapes. Median eyes situated on a tubercle as well as lateral eyes. Legs I almost as long as II, legs of adult females with a row of weak spines on prolateral side of metatarsi and tibiae I and II, metatarsi II with a row of spines prolaterally. Abdomen wider than long with shoulder humps and various shaped tubercles. Female epigynum; simple. Male palp; patella without spine. Construct line web with few horizontal line between twigs or leaves several centimeters apart. Spiders hanging upside down on the web and hunt moths swing a droplet of adhesive at night. Type species: Ordgarius monstrosus Keyserling, 1886a.

69. Ordgarius sexspinosus (Thorell, 1894) (Figs. 77, 78, Pl. 21) Yeo-seot-ppul-ga-si-geo-mi (여섯뿔가시거미)

Notocentria sexspinosa Thorell, 1894, p. 48. Caerostris cuspidata Workman, 1896, p. 26. Ordgarius sexspinosus Pocock, 1900, p. 230; Schenkel, 1963, p. 178; Tikader, 1982, p. 135; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 83; Tanikawa, 1997, p. 106; Yin et al., 1997, p. 384; Song et al., 1999, p. 302; Namkung, 2001, p. 290; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 222; Levi, 2003, p. 376; Namkung, 2003, p. 292; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 51; 2009, p. 429. Euglyptila nigrithorax Simon, 1909e, p. 116. Cladomelea mundhva Tikader, 1963c, p. 97.

Female: Body length 8.0-10.0 mm. Carapace dark brown with 6 tubercles; 2 pointed vertical ones anterio- centrally, 2 projecting forward and 2 projecting laterally in order, longer than wide. Legs yellowish brown with brown annulations. Abdomen grayish brown, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum with complex Fig. 77. Distribution of Ordgarius sexspi- and white reticulated patterns, each shoulder covex nosus. 106 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

A C

Fig. 78. Ordgarius sexspinosus. A. female body; B. female carapace; C. female epigynum.

with 4 caudal tubercles. Female epigynum; scape absent, rim distinct, surface membraneous and transparent.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, India. KOREA: GG. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀(Bupyeong, Gyeonggi-do: 20.ix.2008). ECOLOGY: Tropical species and ultra rare. Construct line web with few horizontal line between twigs or leaves and hunt moths swing a pheromonal droplet of adhesive.

Genus Pronoides Schenkel, 1936 Kong-wang-geo-mi-sok (콩왕거미속)

Carapace pear-shaped, longer than wide. Head region raised. Both eye rows recurved, posterior median eyes near to posterior lateral eyes. Legs strong, with a few spines, male femora I with more than six prolateral spines. Female abdomen with a pair of distinctive anterior humps, longer than wide, male abdominal dorsum lacking a pair of anterior humps. Female epigynum; scape short and ligulate, epigynal plate with a depression on each lateral side. Male palp; patella with two long spines, median apophysis large with a distal hook, conductor membranous, embolus strongly curved and L-shaped in prolateral view. Construct small orb web in coniferous and broad- leaved forests. Type species: Pronoides brunneus Schenkel, 1936b. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Pronoides 107

A C

Fig. 79. Pronoides brunneus. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp.

70. Pronoides brunneus Schenkel, 1936 (Fig. 79, Pl. 22) Kong-wang-geo-mi (콩왕거미)

Pronoides brunneus Schenkel, 1936, p. 120; Hu, 1984, p. 126; Yin et al., 1997, p. 101; Song et al., 1999, p. 309; 2001, p. 222; Marusik et al., 2007, p. 40; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 89; 2009, p. 459; Zhang et al., 2010, p. 61. Wixia minuta Saito, 1939, p. 13; Saito, 1959, p. 102; Yaginuma, 1960, p. 58; Namkung, 1964, p. 40. Pronous minutus Yaginuma, 1965a, p. 26; 1971, p. 58; Zhu et al., 1985, p. 85; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 108; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 77; Namkung, 2001, p. 291; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 223; Namkung, 2003, p. 293.

Female: Body length 4.0-5.0 mm. Carapace brown with darker margin, longer than wide. Head region raised. Chelicerae dark brown. Sternum brown and heart-shaped. Legs brown with dense spines. Abdomen spherical and convex, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum yellowish brown with 2 conical acrominons, longitudinal dark brown stripe posteriorly. Abdominal venter light yellow with brown stripe at center. Female epigynum; scape absent, rim distinct and sclerotized. Male: Body length 3.0-4.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis long with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Russia. KOREA: GW, JB. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 2♀♀ (Mt. Bangtaesan, Gangwon-do: 25.vi.2010); 1♀, 1♂ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 17.ix.2008); 1♀(Mt. Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 18.vi.2010). ECOLOGY: Founded between the bushes in mountain forests and highlands. 108 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

Genus Singa C.L. Koch, 1836 Ae-wang-geo-mi-sok (애왕거미속)

Carapace smooth and glossy without median groove, blackish brown. Anterior median eyes largest, lateral eyes close together. Legs short, coxa I of male with small hook. Abdomen longer than wide with three white bands separated by two thick black bands longitudinally on dorsum. Female epigynum; scape with median concavity. Male palp; patella with 2 dorsal spines, terminal apophysis large, embolus with lamella. Construct orb web in grasslands or forests. Spider founded at the hub of the web. Type species: Araneus hamatus Clerck, 1757.

71. Singa hamata (Clerck, 1757) (Fig. 80, Pl. 23) Cheon-jja-ae-wang-geo-mi (천짜애왕거미)

Araneus hamatus Clerck, 1757, p. 51; Lessert, 1910, p. 333; Simon, 1929, pp. 701, 765. Aranea hamatus Olivier, 1789, p. 210; Reimoser, 1932, p. 12. Aranea tubulosa Walckenaer, 1802, p. 200. Epeira tubulosa Walckenaer, 1805, p. 62; 1841, p. 86; Blackwall, 1864, p. 364. Singa hamata C.L. Koch, 1836b, p. 42; Menge, 1866, p. 82; Hansen, 1882, p. 22; Chyzer and Kulczyn’ski, 1891, p. 134; Becker, 1896, p. 43; Bösenberg, 1901, p. 49; Wiehle, 1931, p. 42; Drensky, 1943, p. 231; Locket and Millidge, 1953, p. 157; Yaginuma, 1960, p. 59; Zamaraev, 1964, p. 353; Yaginuma, 1965b, p. 363; Azheganova, 1968, p. 90; Miller, 1971, p. 206; Yaginuma, 1971, p. 59; Tyschchenko, 1971, p. 193; Loksa, 1972, p. 99; Levi, 1972, p. 232; Bakhvalov, 1974, p. 108; Palmgren, 1974, p. 8; Yin, 1978, p. 7; Paik and Namkung, 1979, p. 47; Song, 1980, p. 109; Yin, Wang and Li, 1983, p. 376; Levy, 1984, p. 122; Hu, 1984, p. 129; Roberts, 1985, p. 218; Guo, 1985, p. 71; Zhu et al., 1985, p. 86; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 107; Song, 1987, p. 176; Zhang, 1987, p. 88; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 76; Hu and Wu, 1989, p. 107; Feng, 1990, p. 98; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 71; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 108; Heimer and Nentwig, 1991, p. 90; Zhao, 1993, p. 259; Roberts, 1995, p. 332; Mcheidze, 1997, p. 259; Yin et al., 1997, p. 393; Roberts, 1998, p. 345; Song et al., 1999, p. 309; Hu, 2001, p. 473; Song et al., 2001, p. 224; Namkung, 2001, p. 284; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 224; Namkung, 2003, p. 286; Almquist, 2005, p. 176; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 54; 2009, p. 431. Singa serrulata C.L. Koch, 1844, p. 153. Zilla hamata Thorell, 1856, p. 107.

Female: Body length 5.0-7.0 mm. Carapace brown, longer than wide. Head region darker, slightly raised. Chelicerae and sternum dark brown. Legs yellowish brown, tip of each segment darker. Abdomen elliptical, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum yellowish brown, yellowish white in the middle, blackish brown band longitudinally on either side. Abdominal venter dark brown with yellowish white stripe on either side of center. Spinnerets with 2 pairs of yellowish white spots on either side. Female epigynum; scape short with scooped tip. Male: Body length 4.0-5.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; terminal apophysis slender and long with pointed tip. Aaraneae: Araneidae: Yaginumia 109

BC A

Fig. 80. Singa hamata. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan, Mongolia, Russia, Europe (Palearctic). KOREA: GG, CN. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 2♀♀, 1♂ (Suwon, Gyeonggi-do: 11.viii.2009); 1♀ (Geumsan, Chungcheong- nam-do: 22.vi.1994). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web vertically between the bushes in the mountains, fields and rice fields.

Genus Yaginumia Archer, 1960 Geu-neul-wang-geo-mi-sok (그늘왕거미속)

Carapace longer than wide. Head region totally black, covered with white hairs. Lateral eyes close together. Legs with distinctive annulations. Abdomen longer than wide, ovoid, distinctive and large folium on dorsum. Female epigynum; scape short and broad, heart-shaped, scape with lateral concavity. Male palp; tibia distinctively long, median apophysis projected. Construct orb web around the construction. Spider founded at the angle of construction around web. Type species: Aranea sia Strand, 1906 in Bösenberg and Strand, 1906.

72. Yaginumia sia (Strand, 1906) (Fig. 81, Pl. 24) Geu-neul-wang-geo-mi (그늘왕거미)

Aranea sia Strand, in Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 237; Song 1980, p. 94. Zygiella sia Roewer, 1942, p. 884; Levi, 1974a, p. 286. Zilla sia Saito, 1959, p. 109. Araneus sia Yaginuma, 1960, p. 115; Lee, 1966, p. 40; Yaginuma, 1971, p. 54; Yin, 1978, p. 2; Hu, 1984, 110 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

B C A

Fig. 81. Yaginumia sia. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp.

p. 97; Zhao, 1993, p. 233. Yaginumia sia Archer, 1960, p. 14; Namkung et al., 1972, p. 93; Guo, 1985, p. 75; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 109; Zhang, 1987, p. 89; Ishinoda, 1989, p. 21; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 75; Feng, 1990, p. 101; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 73; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 91; Zhao, 1993, p. 262; Yin et al., 1997, p. 395; Song et al., 1999, p. 309; Namkung, 2001, p. 303; Kim and Kim, 2002, p. 225; Kim and Cho, 2002, p. 270; Namkung, 2003, p. 305; Tanikawa, 2007, p. 93; 2009, p. 463.

Female: Body length 10.0-13.0 mm. Carapace brown, longer than wide. Head region dark brown with dense white hairs. Chelicerae dark brown. Sternum yellowish brown. Legs grayish brown with black annulations. Abdomen long and ovoid, longer than wide. Abdominal dorsum with clearly bordered dark brown folium, gray laterally. Abdominal venter dark brown with white stripe on either side. Female epigynum; scape absent, sclerotized. Male: Body length 8.0-10.0 mm. Males similar to females, smaller and darker than females. Male palp; median apophysis slender and long with pointed tip.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, China, Japan. KOREA: GW, GG, CN, JN. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: 1♀, 1♂ (Mt. Seolaksan, Gangwon-do: 20.viii.2006); 1♀, 1♂ (Yeoncheon, Gyeonggi-do: 12.x.1997); 2♀♀, 2♂♂ (Suwon, Gyeonggi-do: 20.viii.1998); 1♂(Seosan, Chungcheong- nam-do: 12.v.2009); 1♀(Wando Island, Jeollanam-do: 3.viii.1992). ECOLOGY: Construct orb web in the constructions. Spiders founded in the corner of constructions. 111

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Plates

1. Egg sac protection of Acusilas coccineus. 2. Araniella displicata. 3. Araneus variegatus. 4. Araneus ventricosus, female and male. 5. Spiderling of Argiope bruennichi with zigzag-shaped stabilimentum. 6. Acult of Argiope bruennichi with longitudinal stabilimentum. 7. Argiope amoena with X-shaped stabilimentum. 8. Chorizopes nipponicus. 9. Cyclosa atrata. 10. Cyclosa octotuberculata with dust-banded web. 11. Cyrtarachne inaequalis. 12. Eriophora sachalinensis. 13. Gasteracantha kuhli. 14. Hypsosinga sanguinea. 15. Larinioides cornutus in the retreat. 16. Prey capture of Neoscona pseudonautica. 17. Neoscona scylla. 18. Neoscona scylla, abdominal variation. 19. Neoscona scylla, abdominal variation. 20. Neoscona scylloides. 21. Ordgarius sexspinosus. 22. Pronoides brunneus. 23. Singa hamata. 24. Yaginumia sia. Plates 129

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18 138 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

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24 141

Index to Korean Names

ㄱ ㅁ

가랑잎왕거미 12 마불왕거미 22 가시거미 74 머리왕거미 49 가시거미속 73 머리왕거미속 49 각시꽃왕거미 40 먹왕거미 13 각시어리왕거미 89 먹왕거미속 13 거미강 9 먼지거미속 50 거미목 9 모서리왕거미 18 검은테연두어리왕거미 90 미녀왕거미 24 고려꽃왕거미 38 민새똥거미 66 골목왕거미 85 귀털거미 87 귀털거미속 86 ㅂ 그늘왕거미 109 그늘왕거미속 109 반야왕거미 25 기생왕거미 83 방울왕거미 31 기생왕거미속 82 백령섬먼지거미 54 긴꼬리왕거미 15 복먼지거미 56 긴꼬리왕거미속 15 부리꽃왕거미 42 긴호랑거미 46 부석왕거미 21 꼬마호랑거미 48 북왕거미 72 꽃왕거미속 37 분왕거미 101 붉은새똥거미 69 비단왕거미 35 ㄴ 뿔가시왕거미속 105 뿔왕거미 30 넉점애왕거미 77 넷혹먼지거미 63 ㅅ 노랑무늬왕거미 20 녹두먼지거미 64 산왕거미 36 높은애왕거미속 77 산짜애왕거미 79 삼각무늬왕거미 100 새똥거미속 66 ㄷ 석어리왕거미 102 선녀왕거미 26 당왕거미 33 섬먼지거미 62 등뿔왕거미 28 셋혹먼지거미 59

ㄹ ㅇ

레비호랑거미 45 아기지이어리왕거미 92 142 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

애왕거미속 108 ㅊ 어깨왕거미 71 어깨왕거미속 70 참꽃왕거미 39 어리먹왕거미 17 천문어리왕거미 104 어리왕거미속 88 천짜애왕거미 108 어리장은먼지거미 57 층층왕거미 75 어리집왕거미 94 층층왕거미속 75 어리호랑거미 81 어리호랑거미속 80 여덟혹먼지거미 60 ㅋ 여섯뿔가시거미 105 여섯혹먼지거미 58 콩왕거미 107 연두어리왕거미 99 콩왕거미속 106 왕거미과 10 큰새똥거미 67 왕거미속 16 울도먼지거미 52 은먼지거미 51 ㅌ 이끼왕거미 29 잎왕거미속 11 탐라산왕거미 34

ㅈ ㅎ

장은먼지거미 55 해안먼지거미 61 적갈어리왕거미 96 호랑거미 43 절지동물문 9 호랑거미속 43 점왕거미 27 흰띠새똥거미 68 지이어리왕거미 97 집왕거미 93 143

Index to Korean Names as Pronounced

A G

Ae-ri-jip-wang-geo-mi 94 Gak-si-eo-ri-wang-geo-mi 89 Ae-wang-geo-mi-sok 108 Gak-si-kkot-wang-geo-mi 40 A-gi-ji-i-eo-ri-wang-geo-mi 92 Ga-rang-ip-wang-geo-mi 12 Ga-si-geo-mi 74 Ga-si-geo-mi-sok 73 B Geom-eun-te-yeon-du-eo-ri-wang-geo-mi 90 Geo-mi-gang 9 Baek-ryeong-seom-meon-ji-geo-mi 54 Geo-mi-mok 9 Bang-ul-wang-geo-mi 31 Geu-neul-wang-geo-mi 109 Ban-ya-wang-geo-mi 25 Geu-neul-wang-geo-mi-sok 109 Bi-dan-wang-geo-mi 35 Gin-ho-rang-geo-mi 46 Bok-meon-ji-geo-mi 56 Gin-kko-ri-wang-geo-mi 15 Buk-wang-geo-mi 72 Gin-kko-ri-wang-geo-mi-sok 15 Bulg-eun-sae-ttong-geo-mi 69 Gi-saeng-wang-geo-mi 83 Bun-wang-geo-mi 101 Gi-saeng-wang-geo-mi-sok 82 Bu-ri-kkot-wang-geo-mi 42 Gol-mok-wang-geo-mi 85 Bu-seok-wang-geo-mi 21 Go-ryeo-kkot-wang-geo-mi 38 Gwi-teol-geo-mi 87 Gwi-teol-geo-mi-sok 86 C

Cham-kkot-wang-geo-mi 39 H Cheon-jja-ae-wang-geo-mi 108 Cheon-mun-eo-ri-wang-geo-mi 104 Hae-an-meon-ji-geo-mi 61 Cheung-cheung-wang-geo-mi 75 Ho-rang-geo-mi 43 Cheung-cheung-wang-geo-mi-sok 75 Ho-rang-geo-mi-sok 43 Dang-wang-geo-mi 33 Huin-tti-sae-ttong-geo-mi 68 Deung-ppul-wang-geo-mi 28

I E I-kki-wang-geo-mi 29 Eo-kkae-wang-geo-mi 71 Ip-wang-geo-mi-sok 11 Eo-kkae-wang-geo-mi-sok 70 Eo-ri-ho-rang-geo-mi 81 Eo-ri-ho-rang-geo-mi-sok 80 J Eo-ri-jang-eun-meon-ji-geo-mi 57 Eo-ri-meok-wang-geo-mi 17 Jang-eun-meon-ji-geo-mi 55 Eo-ri-wang-geo-mi-sok 88 Jeok-gal-eo-ri-wang-geo-mi 96 Eun-meon-ji-geo-mi 51 Jeol-ji-dong-mul-mun 9 144 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

Jeom-wang-geo-mi 27 R Ji-i-eo-ri-wang-geo-mi 97 Jip-wang-geo-mi 93 Re-bi-ho-rang-geo-mi 45

K S

Keun-sae-ttong-geo-mi 67 Sae-ttong-geo-mi-sok 66 Kko-ma-ho-rang-geo-mi 48 Sam-gak-mu-nui-wang-geo-mi 100 Kkot-wang-geo-mi-sok 37 San-jja-ae-wang-geo-mi 79 Kong-wang-geo-mi 107 San-wang-geo-mi 36 Kong-wang-geo-mi-sok 106 Seog-eo-ri-wang-geo-mi 102 Seom-meon-ji-geo-mi 62 Seon-nyeo-wang-geo-mi 26 M Set-hok-meon-ji-geo-mi 59

Ma-bul-wang-geo-mi 22 Meok-wang-geo-mi 13 T Meok-wang-geo-mi-sok 13 Meon-ji-geo-mi-sok 50 Tam-ra-san-wang-geo-mi 34 Meo-ri-wang-geo-mi 49 Meo-ri-wang-geo-mi-sok 49 Min-sae-ttong-geo-mi 66 U Mi-nyeo-wang-geo-mi 24 Mo-seo-ri-wang-geo-mi 18 Ul-do-meon-ji-geo-mi 52

N W

Neok-jeom-ae-wang-geo-mi 77 Wang-geo-mi-gwa 10 Net-hok-meon-ji-geo-mi 63 Wang-geo-mi-sok 16 Nok-du-meon-ji-geo-mi 64 Nop-eun-ae-wang-geo-mi-sok 77 No-rang-mu-nui-wang-geo-mi 20 Y

Yeo-deolp-hok-meon-ji-geo-mi 60 P Yeon-du-eo-ri-wang-geo-mi 99 Yeo-seot-hok-meon-ji-geo-mi 58 Ppul-ga-si-wang-geo-mi-sok 105 Yeo-seot-ppul-ga-si-geo-mi 105 Ppul-wang-geo-mi 30 145

Index to Scientific Names

A C

Aaraneae 9 Chorizopes 49 Acusilas 11 nipponicus 49 coccineus 12 Cyclosa 50 Alenatea 13 argenteoalba 51 fuscocolorata 13 atrata 52 Arachnida 9 confusa 54 Arachnura 15 ginnaga 55 logio 15 japonica 56 Araneidae 10 kumadai 57 Araneus 16 laticauda 58 acusisetus 17 monticola 59 angulatus 18 octotuberculata 60 ejusmodi 20 okumae 61 ishisawai 21 omonaga 62 marmoreus 22 sedeculata 63 mitificus 24 vallata 64 nordmanni 25 Cyrtarachne 66 pentagrammicus 26 bufo 66 pinguis 27 inaequalis 67 rotundicornis 28 nagasakiensis 68 seminiger 29 yunoharuensis 69 stella 30 triguttatus 31 viperifer 33 E uyemurai 34 variegatus 35 Eriophora 70 ventricosus 36 astridae 71 Araniella 37 sachalinensis 72 coreana 38 cucurbitina 39 displicata 40 G yaginumai 42 Argiope 43 Gasteracantha 73 amoena 43 kuhli 74 boesenbergi 45 Gibbaranea 75 bruennichi 46 abscissa 75 minuta 48 Arthropoda 9 146 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea·Araneid Spiders

H scylla 97 scylloides 99 Hypsosinga 77 semilunaris 100 pygmaea 77 subpullata 101 sanguinea 79 theisi 102 tianmenensis 104

L O Lariniaria 80 argiopiformis 81 Ordgarius 105 Larinioides 82 sexspinosus 105 cornutus 83 sclopetarius 85 P

M Pronoides 106 brunneus 107 Mangora 86 herbeoides 87 S

N Singa 108 hamata 108 Neoscona 88 adianta 89 melloteei 90 Y multiplicans 92 nautica 93 Yaginumia 109 pseudonautica 94 sia 109 punctigera 96 Russia

JB GN JN

JJ South Sea Invertebrate Fauna of Korea

Invertebrate Fauna of Korea

Volume 21, Number 16 Arthropoda: Arachnida: Araneae: Araneidae Araneid Spiders o.2, No. 16 Vol. 21, Araneid SpidersAraneid

Flora and Fauna of Korea

National Institute of Biological Resources Ministry of Environment National Institute of Biological Resources NIBR Ministry of Environment

ISBN 978-89-97462-69-8