An Orbweaver Spider Exploits an Antacacia Mutualism for Enemyfree
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Causes and Consequences of External Female Genital Mutilation
Causes and consequences of external female genital mutilation I n a u g u r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. Nat.) der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Greifswald Vorgelegt von Pierick Mouginot Greifswald, 14.12.2018 Dekan: Prof. Dr. Werner Weitschies 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Gabriele Uhl 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Klaus Reinhardt Datum der Promotion: 13.03.2019 Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. 5 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 6 1.1. Background ............................................................................................................................. 6 1.2. Aims of the presented work ................................................................................................ 14 2. References ................................................................................................................................... 16 3. Publications .................................................................................................................................. 22 3.1. Chapter 1: Securing paternity by mutilating female genitalia in spiders .......................... 23 3.2. Chapter 2: Evolution of external female genital mutilation: why do males harm their mates?.................................................................................................................................. -
Life Histories of Two Ichneumonid Parasitoids of Cyclosa Octotuberculata
Entomological Science (2007) 10, 267–278 doi:10.1111/j.1479-8298.2007.00223.x ORIGINAL ARTICLE Life histories of two ichneumonid parasitoids of Cyclosa octotuberculata (Araneae): Reclinervellus tuberculatus (Uchida) and its new sympatric congener (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) Rikio MATSUMOTO1 and Kazuhiko KONISHI2 1Osaka Museum of Natural History, Osaka and 2National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan Abstract In Japan, two species of the genus Reclinervellus were found to attack a single host spider, Cyclosa octotuberculata (Araneae). One of these, Reclinervellus tuberculatus comb. nov., winters as a tender larva and has at least two generations a year. This species laid its egg on the anterior face of the host’s abdomen. Prior to laying an egg the female repeatedly rubbed her ovipositor over the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the host’s abdomen near the base for more than 25 min. The hatched larva fixed itself at the position where the egg was laid, and developed by consuming the host’s body fluids. The other species, R. masumotoi sp. nov., is closely related to R. tuberculatus but is easily distinguished from it by having a very weakly reclivous Cu vein in the hindwing, a less developed carina of the propodeum, a shorter ovipositor and more blackish coloration of the mesoscutum. Although this species is sympatric with R. tuberculatus and attacks the same host, the position of the egg and larva on the host’s body is quite different from that of R. tuberculatus. The egg of this species was laid on the posterior surface of the host’s abdomen and the larva matured 10–20 days earlier than those of R. -
HEADLINE DISCOVERIES Oct-Dec 2015; Issue 4
Special Report: Update on the Mars Rover Making Science Matter® HEADLINE DISCOVERIES Oct-Dec 2015; Issue 4 Introducing ChemAssist Pro! SEE BACK FOR DETAILS! HOW ROCKS DEFY GRAVITY CAN YOUR WASHING MACHINE STEAL COMPUTER FILES? WHAT DO CANDLES AND TV SCREENS HAVE IN COMMON? WHY YOU ALWAYS CHOOSE THE SLOWEST LINE Please visit www.fisheredu.com/subscribehd or scan this QR code to subscribe. 15-2065-Headline-Discoveries-4-LW.indd 1 9/28/2015 11:53:44 AM Supplier Index: Inside This Issue: A3B ........................................................................................................ 18 ASTRONOMY AND EARTH SCIENCE ..........................................................3, 17, 22 ALDON .................................................................................................. 16 CELESTRON ......................................................................................... 17 BIOTECHNOLOGY ..................................................................................................6-7 CONTROL ............................................................................................. 17 CHEMISTRY ....................................................................................................... 10, 24 CORNING ................................................................................................ 6 ELEMENTARY ........................................................................................................... 5 DIVERSIFIED WOODCRAFTS ............................................................... -
Planarity and Size of Orb-Webs Built by Araneus Diadematus (Araneae: Araneidae) Under Natural and Experimental Conditions
EkolÛgia (Bratislava) Vol. 19, Supplement 3, 307-318, 2000 PLANARITY AND SIZE OF ORB-WEBS BUILT BY ARANEUS DIADEMATUS (ARANEAE: ARANEIDAE) UNDER NATURAL AND EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS SAMUEL ZSCHOKKE1,2,3, FRITZ VOLLRATH1,2,4 1 Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom. 2 Zoologisches Institut, Universit‰t Basel, Rheinsprung 9, CHñ4051 Basel, Switzerland. 3 Institut f¸r Natur-, Landschafts- und Umweltschutz, Universit‰t Basel, St. Johanns-Vorstadt 10, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland. Fax: +41 61 267 08 32. E-mail: [email protected] 4 Department of Zoology, Universitetsparken B135, DKñ8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. 3 Address for correspondence Abstract ZSCHOKKE S., VOLLRATH F.: Planarity and size of orb-webs built by Araneus diadematus (Araneae: Araneidae) under natural and experimental conditions. In GAJDOä P., PEK¡R S. (eds): Proceedings of the 18th European Colloquium of Arachnology, Star· Lesn·, 1999. EkolÛgia (Bratislava), Vol. 19, Supplement 3/2000, p. 307-318. Orb-weaving spiders build more or less planar webs in a complex, three dimensional environ- ment. How do they achieve this? Do they explore all twigs and branches in their surroundings and store the information in some form of mental map? Or do they at first just build a cheap (i.e. few loops, possibly non-planar) web to test the site and ñ if this first web is successful (i.e. the web site is good) ñ later build subsequent improved and enlarged webs, by re-using some of the an- chor points and moving other anchor points? The second hypothesis is supported by the fact that the garden cross spider Araneus diadematus CLERCK (Araneidae) usually builds several webs at the same site, re-using structural parts of one web for subsequent webs. -
The Capture Kate of Prey in Orb, Sheet, and Tangle Spider Webs
The Capture Kate of Prey in Orb, Sheet, and Tangle Spider Webs Erin Miller 81710 1 UMBS General Ecology . Abstract Arthropods are the most abundant phylum but the order Araneus (spiders) is one of the most abundant species. Spiders have a silk gland called spinnerets, which they use to create their webs; but not all spiders use their silk to make a web. The three main classifications of spider webs are: sheet, orb, and tangle. Since there is a diversity of webs, I wanted to see if the web type has any correlation to the type of prey captured and the number of prey that are captured. Therefore, I hypothesize that the height and web type are the two factors that influence the number of prey caught and the type of prey captured. Small prey, flying prey, crawling prey, other spiders being captured were all statistically significant based on web type. There was a correlation between crawling prey and surface area of webs and a trend between other spiders being captured and surface area of webs. Also, there was a correlation between the surface area of the web and the total amount of prey captured. The height, angle, and surface area were significantly based on the web type. In result, my hypothesis was supported that the height and web type did affect the amount of prey and what type of prey was captured. Introduction Arthropods are the most abundant phylum on the earth with about one to one and half million described species. One of the most abundant orders is the Araneus (spiders), with approximately 34,000 different spiders, especially in the temperate forest. -
Parasitic Mind Control of Host Behavior
Weird World of Parasites & Parasitic Mind Control of Host Behavior CHARLIE VELLA, PHD, 2021 THANKS TO KARL ZIMMER, TRISTRAM WYATT Amazing connections in Nature One night I was bored and started roaming the internet: What I came across: Parasitic wasps and caterpillars, which lead me to Role of coevolution and evolutionary arms races Red Queen hypothesis and then to plant sensory defense systems Also weird caterpillars Weird Beauty: Spicebush swallowtail: snake mimic Puss moth caterpillar Sonora Caterpillar: social Hubbard’s silkmoth caterpillar: 2.5 inches American Daggermoth: toxic Flannel moth: venomous spikes Hickory Horned Devil: 5.9” Royal Walnut Moth Jewel caterpillar: half an inch Jewel Monkey Slug or Hagmoth caterpillar Removable legs Evolution is amazing While a 100-foot long blue whale or a brilliantly iridescent blue morpho butterfly are amazing products of evolution, the co-evolution of creatures that can mind control another creature into doing its bidding is also astounding. Natural world is an amazingly dangerous place. Evolutionary arms race for millions of years. Parasite virulence vs host immunity. Insect hosts react to parasites with their immune defenses. Parasites develop ways to thwart these defenses (i. e. genetic, viral, morphological, behavioral). Hosts respond in kind. There are trophic levels in food chain: plant, herbivore/caterpillar, parasite, hyperparasite, etc. Assumptions we have can be challenged by parasites Animal’s behavior is under their own control. We have free will Parasites A parasitoid is an organism that lives in close association with its host at the host's expense, eventually resulting in the death of the host. They are a fundamental part of ecosystems. -
Spider Fauna on Ulleungdo Island in Korea
Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. Vol. 37, No. 2: 101-128, April 2021 https://doi.org/10.5635/ASED.2021.37.2.088 Review article Spider Fauna on Ulleungdo Island in Korea Sue Yeon Lee1, Jung Sun Yoo2, Taeseo Park2, Kwang Soo Kim3, Seung Tae Kim4,* 1College of Agricultural Life Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea 2Biological and Genetic Resources Utilization Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea 3Animal Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea 4Life and Environment Research Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to establish a comprehensive checklist of spiders on Ulleungdo Island in Korea. Past records were compiled and four new surveys of spiders in Ulleungdo Island were conducted from May to September 2019. The surveys were conducted at 18 sites in seven of the nine major administrative districts. A total of 114 species from 84 genera in 26 families were identified from 958 individual spiders. The 21 spider species belonging to 10 families were added to the known spider fauna on Ulleungdo Island from the present study. The survey results were combined present results with previous records showed there were 242 species from 143 genera in 32 families on Ulleungdo Island. The species richness in each family was high, in the order Araneidae, Theridiidae, Salticidae, Linyphiidae, Tetragnathidae, Thomisidae, Gnaphodidae and Philodromidae. Four Korean endemic species, Coscinida ulleungensis Paik, 1995, Steatoda ulleungensis Paik, 1995, Drassodes taehadongensis Paik, 1995 and Phrurolithus pennatoides Seo, 2018, found only on Ulleungdo Island. In addition, the following six indigenous species that inhabit only in Ulleungdo Island: Euryopis octomaculata (Paik, 1995), Porrhomma montanum Jackson, 1913, Piratula knorri (Scopoli, 1763), Cladothela parva Kamura, 1991, Cladothela unciinsignita (Bösenberg and Strand, 1906) and Clubiona tongdaoensis Zhang, Yin, Bao and Kim, 1997. -
Abstract Book
ABSTRACT BOOK Canterbury, New Zealand 10–15 February 2019 21st International Congress of Arachnology ORGANISING COMMITTEE MAIN ORGANISERS Cor Vink Peter Michalik Curator of Natural History Curator of the Zoological Museum Canterbury Museum University of Greifswald Rolleston Avenue, Christchurch Loitzer Str 26, Greifswald New Zealand Germany LOCAL ORGANISING COMMITTEE Ximena Nelson (University of Canterbury) Adrian Paterson (Lincoln University) Simon Pollard (University of Canterbury) Phil Sirvid (Museum of New Zealand, Te Papa Tongarewa) Victoria Smith (Canterbury Museum) SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Anita Aisenberg (IICBE, Uruguay) Miquel Arnedo (University of Barcelona, Spain) Mark Harvey (Western Australian Museum, Australia) Mariella Herberstein (Macquarie University, Australia) Greg Holwell (University of Auckland, New Zealand) Marco Isaia (University of Torino, Italy) Lizzy Lowe (Macquarie University, Australia) Anne Wignall (Massey University, New Zealand) Jonas Wolff (Macquarie University, Australia) 21st International Congress of Arachnology 1 INVITED SPEAKERS Plenary talk, day 1 Sensory systems, learning, and communication – insights from amblypygids to humans Eileen Hebets University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Nebraska, USA E-mail: [email protected] Arachnids encompass tremendous diversity with respect to their morphologies, their sensory systems, their lifestyles, their habitats, their mating rituals, and their interactions with both conspecifics and heterospecifics. As such, this group of often-enigmatic arthropods offers unlimited and sometimes unparalleled opportunities to address fundamental questions in ecology, evolution, physiology, neurobiology, and behaviour (among others). Amblypygids (Order Amblypygi), for example, possess distinctly elongated walking legs covered with sensory hairs capable of detecting both airborne and substrate-borne chemical stimuli, as well as mechanoreceptive information. Simultaneously, they display an extraordinary central nervous system with distinctly large and convoluted higher order processing centres called mushroom bodies. -
Dynamic Population Structure and the Evolution of Spider Mating Systems
Provided for non-commercial research and educational use only. Not for reproduction, distribution or commercial use. This chapter was originally published in the book Advances in Insect Physiology, Vol. 41, published by Elsevier, and the attached copy is provided by Elsevier for the author's benefit and for the benefit of the author's institution, for non-commercial research and educational use including without limitation use in instruction at your institution, sending it to specific colleagues who know you, and providing a copy to your institution’s administrator. All other uses, reproduction and distribution, including without limitation commercial reprints, selling or licensing copies or access, or posting on open internet sites, your personal or institution’s website or repository, are prohibited. For exceptions, permission may be sought for such use through Elsevier's permissions site at: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissionusematerial From: Damian O. Elias, Maydianne C. B. Andrade, and Michael M. Kasumovic, Dynamic Population Structure and the Evolution of Spider Mating Systems. In Jérôme Casas, editor: Advances in Insect Physiology, Vol. 41, Burlington: Academic Press, 2011, pp. 65-114. ISBN: 978-0-12-415919-8 © Copyright 2011 Elsevier Ltd. Academic Press. Author's personal copy Dynamic Population Structure and the Evolution of Spider Mating Systems Damian O. Elias,* Maydianne C. B. Andrade,† and Michael M. Kasumovic‡ *Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, -
Estimate of the Daily Catch of Prey by the Wasp Spider Argiope Bruennichi (Scopoli) in the Field: Original Data and Minireview
Estimate of the daily catch of prey by the wasp spider Argiope bruennichi (Scopoli) in the field: Original data and minireview Martin nyffeler ABSTRACt Contrib. Nat. Hist. 12: 1007–1020. Prey capture by the large orb-weaving spider Argiope bruennichi (Scopoli) (aranei- dae) was investigated in uncut grassland (heavily infested with flowering weeds and shrubs) in the outskirts of Zurich, switzerland, on three consecutive days in early august (between 09:00 and 18:00 hours). A. bruennichi was found to be a predomin- antly diurnal predator of larger-sized grassland insects (Hymenoptera and ortho- ptera composing approx. 90% of the total prey biomass). on average, 38% of the encountered spiders were feeding. it is estimated that adult female A. bruennichi captured, on average, approx. 90 mg (fresh weight) prey web-1 day-1, which is the equivalent of the weight of a worker honey bee. My results were compared with the published estimates of other researchers. Keywords: Wasp spider, Argiope bruennichi, Araneidae, feeding frequency, prey cap- ture rate, uncut grassland, Zurich, Switzerland. introduction In recent years, orb-weaving spiders have become popular model systems to address questions in various fields of biology such as evolutionary biology, ecology, ethology, neurobiology, physiology, and even silk and venom chem- istry (e.g., Craig 1994; Elgar & al. 2000; Herberstein & al. 2005; Blackledge & Hayashi 2006; Schneider & al. 2005, 2006; Blamires & al. 2007, 2008; Brooks & al. 2008; Foellmer 2008), which makes it necessary to keep/breed these spiders under laboratory conditions (Zschokke & Herberstein 2005). "…Natural prey capture rates may provide helpful starting points when design- ing feeding regimes in the laboratory…" (Zschokke & Herberstein 2005). -
Facultative Group Living in the Western Black Widow Spider, Latrodectus Hesperus: an Evolutionary Approach
FACULTATIVE GROUP LIVING IN THE WESTERN BLACK WIDOW SPIDER, LATRODECTUS HESPERUS: AN EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH by Maxence F. Salomon M.Sc. Swiss Tropical Institute, 2000 B.Sc. University ofGeneva, 1999 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Department of Biological Sciences © Maxence Salomon 2008 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Spring 2008 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission ofthe author. APPROVAL Name: Maxence F. Salomon Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Title ofThesis: Facultative group living in the western black widow spider, Latrodectus hesperus: an evolutionary approach Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. R.A. Nicholson, Associate Professor Dr. B.D. Roitberg, Professor, Senior Supervisor Department of Biological Sciences, S.F.U. Dr. A.S. Harestad, Professor Department of Biological Sciences, S.F.U. Dr. R.G. Bennett, Seed Pest Management Officer B.C. Ministry of Forests Dr. W.P. Maddison, Professor Departments of Zoology and Botany, University of British Columbia Public Examiner Dr. I.A. Stamps, Professor Emeritus Section of Ecology and Evolution, University of California, Davis External Examiner 4 April 2008 Date Approved ii SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Declaration of Partial Copyright Licence The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. -
Geographic Variation in a Spider╎s Ability to Solve a Confinement
International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 2006, 19 , 282-296. Copyright 2006 by the International Society for Comparative Psychology Geographic Variation in a Spider’s Ability to Solve a Confinement Problem by Trial and Error Robert R. Jackson, Fiona R. Cross, and Chris M. Carter University of Canterbury, New Zealand Portia is a genus of web-invading araneophagic (spider eating) jumping spiders known from earlier studies to derive aggressive-mimicry signals by using a generate-and-test (trial and error) algorithm. We studied individuals of Portia labiata from two populations (Los Baños and Sagada) in the Philip- pines that have previously been shown to differ in the level to which they rely on trial-and-error deri- vation of signals for prey capture (Los Baños relied on trial and error more strongly than Sagada P . labiata ). Here we investigated P. labiata ’s use of trial and error in a novel situation (a confinement problem: how to escape from an island surrounded by water) that is unlikely to correspond closely to anything the spider would encounter in nature. During Experiment 1, spiders chose between two potential escape tactics (leap or swim), one of which was set at random to fail (brought spider no closer to edge of tray) and the other of which was set for partially succeeding (brought spider closer to edge of tray). By using trial and error, the Los Baños P. labiata solved the confinement problem significantly more often than the Sagada P. labiata in Experiment 1, both when the correct choices were positively reinforced (i.e., when the spider was moved closer to edge of tray) and when incor- rect choices were punished (i.e., when the spider got no closer to edge of tray).