Classical Armenian Introduction – Part 1: External History, Writing System Roadmap
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Armenian Secret and Invented Languages and Argots
Armenian Secret and Invented Languages and Argots The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Russell, James R. Forthcoming. Armenian secret and invented languages and argots. Proceedings of the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:9938150 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP 1 ARMENIAN SECRET AND INVENTED LANGUAGES AND ARGOTS. By James R. Russell, Harvard University. Светлой памяти Карена Никитича Юзбашяна посвящается это исследование. CONTENTS: Preface 1. Secret languages and argots 2. Philosophical and hypothetical languages 3. The St. Petersburg Manuscript 4. The Argot of the Felt-Beaters 5. Appendices: 1. Description of St. Petersburg MS A 29 2. Glossary of the Ṙuštuni language 3. Glossary of the argot of the Felt-Beaters of Moks 4. Texts in the “Third Script” of MS A 29 List of Plates Bibliography PREFACE Much of the research for this article was undertaken in Armenia and Russia in June and July 2011 and was funded by a generous O’Neill grant through the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies at Harvard. For their eager assistance and boundless hospitality I am grateful to numerous friends and colleagues who made my visit pleasant and successful. For their generous assistance in Erevan and St. -
Christians and Jews in Muslim Societies
Arabic and its Alternatives Christians and Jews in Muslim Societies Editorial Board Phillip Ackerman-Lieberman (Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA) Bernard Heyberger (EHESS, Paris, France) VOLUME 5 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/cjms Arabic and its Alternatives Religious Minorities and Their Languages in the Emerging Nation States of the Middle East (1920–1950) Edited by Heleen Murre-van den Berg Karène Sanchez Summerer Tijmen C. Baarda LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: Assyrian School of Mosul, 1920s–1930s; courtesy Dr. Robin Beth Shamuel, Iraq. This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Murre-van den Berg, H. L. (Hendrika Lena), 1964– illustrator. | Sanchez-Summerer, Karene, editor. | Baarda, Tijmen C., editor. Title: Arabic and its alternatives : religious minorities and their languages in the emerging nation states of the Middle East (1920–1950) / edited by Heleen Murre-van den Berg, Karène Sanchez, Tijmen C. Baarda. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2020. | Series: Christians and Jews in Muslim societies, 2212–5523 ; vol. -
An Introduction to the Study of Language LEONARD BLOOMFIELD
INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE AMSTERDAM STUDIES IN THE THEORY AND HISTORY OF LINGUISTIC SCIENCE General Editor E.F. KONRAD KOERNER (University of Ottawa) Series II - CLASSICS IN PSYCHOLINGUISTICS Advisory Editorial Board Ursula Bellugi (San Diego);John B. Carroll Chapel Hill, N.C.) Robert Grieve (Perth, W.Australia);Hans Hormann (Bochum) John C. Marshall (Oxford);Tatiana Slama-Cazacu (Bucharest) Dan I. Slobin (Berkeley) Volume 3 Leonard Bloomfield An Introduction to the Study of Language LEONARD BLOOMFIELD AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE New edition with an introduction by JOSEPH F. KESS University of Victoria Victoria, British Columbia JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY AMSTERDAM/PHILADELPHIA 1983 FOR CHARLES F. HOCKETT © Copyright 1983 - John Benjamins B.V. ISSN 0165 716X ISBN 90 272 1892 7 (Pp.) / ISBN 90 272 1891 9(Hb.) No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. ACKNOWLEDGMENT For permission to reprint Leonard Bloomfield's book, An Introduction to the Study of Language (New York, 1914) I would like to thank the publisher Holt, Rinehart & Winston, and Ms Mary McGowan, Manager, Rights and Permissions Department.* Thanks are also due to my colleague and friend Joseph F. Kess for having con• tributed an introductory article to the present reprinting of Bloomfield's first book, and to Charles F. Hockett of Cornell University, for commenting on an earlier draft of my Foreword, suggesting substantial revisions of content and form. It is in recognition of his important contribution to a re-evaluation of Bloomfield's oeuvre that the present volume is dedicated to him. -
Journal of Language Relationship
Российский государственный гуманитарный университет Russian State University for the Humanities Russian State University for the Humanities Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences Journal of Language Relationship International Scientific Periodical Nº 3 (16) Moscow 2018 Российский государственный гуманитарный университет Институт языкознания Российской Академии наук Вопросы языкового родства Международный научный журнал № 3 (16) Москва 2018 Advisory Board: H. EICHNER (Vienna) / Chairman W. BAXTER (Ann Arbor, Michigan) V. BLAŽEK (Brno) M. GELL-MANN (Santa Fe, New Mexico) L. HYMAN (Berkeley) F. KORTLANDT (Leiden) A. LUBOTSKY (Leiden) J. P. MALLORY (Belfast) A. YU. MILITAREV (Moscow) V. F. VYDRIN (Paris) Editorial Staff: V. A. DYBO (Editor-in-Chief) G. S. STAROSTIN (Managing Editor) T. A. MIKHAILOVA (Editorial Secretary) A. V. DYBO S. V. KULLANDA M. A. MOLINA M. N. SAENKO I. S. YAKUBOVICH Founded by Kirill BABAEV © Russian State University for the Humanities, 2018 Редакционный совет: Х. АЙХНЕР (Вена) / председатель В. БЛАЖЕК (Брно) У. БЭКСТЕР (Анн Арбор) В. Ф. ВЫДРИН (Париж) М. ГЕЛЛ-МАНН (Санта-Фе) Ф. КОРТЛАНДТ (Лейден) А. ЛУБОЦКИЙ (Лейден) Дж. МЭЛЛОРИ (Белфаст) А. Ю. МИЛИТАРЕВ (Москва) Л. ХАЙМАН (Беркли) Редакционная коллегия: В. А. ДЫБО (главный редактор) Г. С. СТАРОСТИН (заместитель главного редактора) Т. А. МИХАЙЛОВА (ответственный секретарь) А. В. ДЫБО С. В. КУЛЛАНДА М. А. МОЛИНА М. Н. САЕНКО И. С. ЯКУБОВИЧ Журнал основан К. В. БАБАЕВЫМ © Российский государственный гуманитарный университет, 2018 Вопросы языкового родства: Международный научный журнал / Рос. гос. гуманитар. ун-т; Рос. акад. наук. Ин-т языкознания; под ред. В. А. Дыбо. ― М., 2018. ― № 3 (16). ― x + 78 с. Journal of Language Relationship: International Scientific Periodical / Russian State Uni- versity for the Humanities; Russian Academy of Sciences. -
Classical Armenian: Phonology Part 1 – Segmental Phonology: Consonants Classical Armenian: Phonology 1
RONALD I. KIM Classical Armenian: Phonology Part 1 – Segmental Phonology: Consonants Classical Armenian: Phonology 1 . Segmental phonology: consonants . The stops and affricates . Consonant alternations Classical Armenian – Phonology 1 — Segmental Phonology: Consonants 2 Segmental phonology: consonants . Classical Armenian had 30 consonants: . 9 stops: • p, b, p‘ [ph] • t, d, t‘ [th] • k, g, k‘ [kh] . 6 affricates: • c [ʦ], j [ʣ], c‘ [ʦh] • č [ʧ], ǰ [ʤ], č‘ [ʧh] Classical Armenian – Phonology 1 – Segmental Phonology: Consonants 3 Segmental phonology: consonants . 6 fricatives: • x, h • s, z, š [ʃ], ž [ʒ] . 6 sonorants: • m, n • r [ɾ] (tap?), ṙ [r] (trilled?) • l, ł [ɫ] . and 2 (3?) glides: w, v, y [j]. Classical Armenian – Phonology 1 – Segmental Phonology: Consonants 4 manner/ labial dental alveolar post- palatal velar glottal Phonology:place consonants alveolar stops and affricates: voiceless p t ʦ <c> ʧ <č> k voiced b d ʣ <j> ʤ <ǰ> g aspirate ph <p‘> th <t‘> ʦh <c‘> ʧh <č‘> kh <k‘> fricatives x h trill r <ṙ> tap (?) ɾ <r> sibilants: voiceless s ʃ <š> voiced z ʒ <ž> nasal m n lateral l ɫ<ł> glides w/v j Classical Armenian – Phonology 1 – Segmental Phonology: Consonants 5 The stops and affricates . A longstanding problem of Classical Armenian phonology is the realization of the stops and affricates. Traditionally they are transcribed as voiceless, voiced, and voiceless aspirated, e.g. t, d, t‘ [th]. Diachronically, they reflect a shift in manner of articulation similar to, but independent of, Grimm’s Law in Germanic: Proto-Indo-European Armenian *t (Tenues, voiceless) t‘ [th] *d (Mediae, voiced) t *dh (Mediae Aspiratae, voiced aspirated) d Classical Armenian – Phonology 1 – Segmental Phonology: Consonants 6 The stops and affricates . -
The Gentics of Civilization: an Empirical Classification of Civilizations Based on Writing Systems
Comparative Civilizations Review Volume 49 Number 49 Fall 2003 Article 3 10-1-2003 The Gentics of Civilization: An Empirical Classification of Civilizations Based on Writing Systems Bosworth, Andrew Bosworth Universidad Jose Vasconcelos, Oaxaca, Mexico Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr Recommended Citation Bosworth, Bosworth, Andrew (2003) "The Gentics of Civilization: An Empirical Classification of Civilizations Based on Writing Systems," Comparative Civilizations Review: Vol. 49 : No. 49 , Article 3. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr/vol49/iss49/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Comparative Civilizations Review by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Bosworth: The Gentics of Civilization: An Empirical Classification of Civil 9 THE GENETICS OF CIVILIZATION: AN EMPIRICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CIVILIZATIONS BASED ON WRITING SYSTEMS ANDREW BOSWORTH UNIVERSIDAD JOSE VASCONCELOS OAXACA, MEXICO Part I: Cultural DNA Introduction Writing is the DNA of civilization. Writing permits for the organi- zation of large populations, professional armies, and the passing of complex information across generations. Just as DNA transmits biolog- ical memory, so does writing transmit cultural memory. DNA and writ- ing project information into the future and contain, in their physical structure, imprinted knowledge. -
Armenian Alphabet Confusing Letters
Armenian Alphabet: Help to Distinguish the “Look-Alike” (confusing) 12 of the 38 Letters of the Armenian Alphabet 6. B b z zebra 27. A a j jet (ch) church 17. ^ 6 dz (adze) (ts) cats 25. C c ch church 19. ch unaspirated ch/j (j) jet Q q • 14. ts unaspirated ts/dz (dz) adze ) 0 • 21. & 7 h hot initial y Maya medial y final in monosyllable except verbs silent final elsewhere 35. W w p piano 36. @ 2 k kid 34. U u v violin 31. t step unaspirated t/d (d) dance K k • 38. ~ ` f fantastic ARMENIAN ALPHABET First created in the 5th c. by Mesrop Mashtots. Eastern Armenian Dialect Transliteration. (Western Dialect, when different, follows in parentheses). 1. a father 14. ts unaspirated ts/dz (dz) adze G g ) 0 • 2. E e b boy (p) piano 15. k skip unaspirated k/g (g) go I i • 3. D d g go (k) kid 16. L l h hot 4. X x d dance (t) ten 17. ^ 6 dz (adze) (ts) cats 5. F f ye yet initial e pen medial 18. * 8 gh Parisian French Paris e pen initial ft, fh, fh2, fr you are 19. ch unaspirated ch/j (j) jet Q q • y yawn before vowel 20. T t m meet 6. B b z zebra 21. h hot initial 7. e pen & 7 + = y Maya medial 8. O o u focus y final in monosyllable except verbs silent final elsewhere 9. P p t ten 22. H h n nut 10. -
1 the Armenian Dialects of Jerusalem Bert Vaux, Harvard University in Armenians in the Holy Land, Michael Stone, Ed. Louvain
The Armenian Dialects of Jerusalem Bert Vaux, Harvard University In Armenians in the Holy Land, Michael Stone, ed. Louvain: Peeters, 2002. 1. Introduction The Armenian community in Jerusalem was first established somewhere between the third and fifth centuries, and since that time has remained relatively isolated from the rest of the Armenian-speaking world. It has furthermore been subjected to a degree of Arabic influence that is quite uncommon among Armenian linguistic communities. For these reasons, it is not surprising that a distinctive dialect of Armenian has emerged in the Armenian Quarter of Jerusalem. Strangely, though, this dialect has never been studied by Armenologists or linguists, and is not generally known outside of the Armenian community in Israel. (Mention of the Armenian dialect of Jerusalem is notably absent in the standard works on Armenian dialectology and in the Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia, for example.) Those who do know about the distinctive speech of the Jerusalem Armenians generally consider it to be “bad Armenian” supplemented by words A thousand thanks to Vartan Abdo, Arpine, †Antranig Bakirjian, Chris Davis, Yeghia Dikranian, Hagop Hachikian, Garo Hagopian, Vartuhi Hokeyan, Tavit Kaplanian, Arshag Merguerian, Madeleine Habosian Derderian, Shushan Teager, Abraham Terian, Rose Varzhabedian, Aram Khachadurian, and Apkar Zakarian for all of the hours they devoted to assisting me with this project. The transcription employed here is that of REArm; linguists should note the following oddities of this system: <¬> represents a voiced uvular fricative, IPA [“]. <x> represents a voiceless uvular fricative, IPA [X]. <j> represents a voiced alveopalatal affricate, IPA [dz]. <c> represents a voiceless alveopalatal affricate, IPA [ts]. -
Classical Armenian Introduction – Part 3: Linguistic Connections Roadmap
DANIEL KÖLLIGAN AND RONALD I. KIM Classical Armenian Introduction – Part 3: Linguistic Connections Roadmap . Armenian: an Iranian language? . Iranian influence: loanwords, calques, religio-cultural . Armenian as a separate branch of Indo-European . The position of Armenian in Indo-European . Armenian and its Indo-European neighbors . Armenian as a Near Eastern and Caucasian language Classical Armenian – Introduction, Part 3 2 Armenian: an Iranian language? . 19th c.: Armenian classfied as an Iranian language (e.g. by Bopp, Müller, Windischmann) . Iranian appearance of Armenian due to the huge number of loanwords that have entered the language at different times, from Old and Middle Iranian languages. Classical Armenian – Introduction, Part 3 3 Iranian influence: loanwords . Some early loanwords (before the Armenian “sound shift”): t‘šnami ‘enemy’ < Iran. *duš-manyu- ‘evil-minded’ (Av. dušmainiiu-) with *d > *t > t‘; partēz ‘garden’ < Iran. *paridaiza- (Av. pairi-daēza- ‘enclosure’; also borrowed into Gr. παράδεισος, cf. NE paradise) with *d > t, but not yet *p > *ph (> h); arcat‘ ‘silver’ (: Lat. argentum, Skt. rajatá-, Av. ərəzata-): *Vnt- > Arm. -nd-/-n (*(d)wīkmtī > k‘san ‘twenty’, *ant-o- in dr-and ‘door post’), so *arĝento-/arĝn̥to- > Arm. *arcind/arcand- Classical Armenian – Introduction, Part 3 4 Iranian influence: loanwords . Iranian words only attested as loanwords in Armenian: erašx ‘guarantee’ < Iran.*raxši-, cf. Skt. rakṣ- ‘protect’; hraparak ‘place, court’ < Iran. *fra-pādaka-, cf. Syr. loanword hrpdq; nirh ‘sleep(iness)’ < Iran. *nidrā-, cf. Skt. nidrā-; parawand ‘fetter’ < Iran. *pādabanda-, cf. Skt. pādabhanda-. Classical Armenian – Introduction, Part 3 5 Iranian influence: loanwords . Meillet, Benveniste, Bolognesi: loanwords from various Iranian languages/dialects, at least Parthian (Northwest) and Middle Persian (Southwest) NW Arm. -
Epenthesis and Prosodic Structure in Armenian
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Epenthesis and prosodic structure in Armenian: A diachronic account A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Indo-European Studies by Jessica L. DeLisi 2015 © Copyright by Jessica L. DeLisi 2015 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Epenthesis and prosodic structure in Armenian: A diachronic account by Jessica L. DeLisi Doctor of Philosophy in Indo-European Studies University of California, Los Angeles, 2015 Professor H. Craig Melchert, Chair In this dissertation I will attempt to answer the following question: why does Classical Armenian have three dierent reexes for the Proto-Armenian epenthetic vowel word- initially before old Proto-Indo-European consonant clusters? Two of the vowels, e and a, occur in the same phonological environment, and even in doublets (e.g., Classical ełbayr beside dialectal ałbär ‘brother’). The main constraint driving this asymmetry is the promotion of the Sonority Sequenc- ing Principle in the grammar. Because sibilants are more sonorous than stops, the promo- tion of the Sonority Sequencing Principle above the Strict Layer Hypothesis causes speak- ers to create a semisyllable to house the sibilant extraprosodically. This extraprosodic structure is not required for old consonant-resonant clusters since they already conform to the Sonority Sequencing Principle. Because Armenian has sonority-sensitive stress, the secondary stress placed on word-initial epenthetic vowels triggers a vowel change in all words without extraprosodic structure, i.e. with the old consonant-resonant clusters. Therefore Proto-Armenian */@łbayR/ becomes Classical Armenian [èł.báyR] ‘brother,’ but Proto-Armenian */<@s>tipem/ with extraprosodic <@s> becomes [<@s>.tì.pém] ‘I rush’ because the schwa is outside the domain of stress assignment. -
1. Introduction1 Geoffrey Haig and Geoffrey Khan
1. Introduction1 Geoffrey Haig and Geoffrey Khan 1. Aims and scope of the volume This volume contains a series of descriptions of around 20 languages (or language groups), spoken across a region that includes most of eastern Turkey, western Iran and northern Iraq (see Fig. 1 for the locations), together with overview articles of sub-regions, and an appendix with selected lexical items from these languages. The region that we refer to here loosely as “Western Asia” is not clearly demar- cated, either politically or topographically, and requires a few words of explana- tion. Essentially it is linked to an ancient cultural core, namely the northern part of Mesopotamia, the upper catchment regions of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The book’s coverage goes beyond Mesopotamia in the narrower sense to include the surrounding mountainous regions of the Zagros in the southeast, and the elevated regions northwards and eastwards across the Anatolian plateau into the outliers of the Caucasus. These areas were all involved, at least economically and stra- tegically, in the succession of empires that arose in and around ancient Mesopo- tamia, beginning with the Sumerians in the third millennium BCE and continuing down to the Ottoman Empire into the dawn of the twentieth century. The sense of a common Kulturraum, while difficult to delineate precisely, is reflected by the growing recognition of linguistic parallels shared among the region’s languages, some of which we take up below. We have further divided the region into five sub-areas, each of which is treated in a section of the volume, with its own overview chapter. -
66. the Evolution of Armenian
1146 X. Armenian Weitenberg, Jos J. S. 1997c The prepositional group iy-and the orthography of Gospel manuscript M (Matenadaran 6200). Annual of Armenian Linguistics 18: 39−50. Weitenberg, Jos J. S. 1999−2000 On the early development of Armenian dialects. II. The monophthongization of ay. Annual of Armenian Linguistics 20: 1−26. Weitenberg, Jos J. S. 2001 Thoughts on Armenian accentuation. Annual of Armenian Linguistics 21: 65−73. Weitenberg, Jos J. S. 2002 Aspects of Armenian dialectology. In: Jan Berns and Jaap Van Marle (eds.), Present- day Dialectology. Problems and Findings. (Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Mono- graphs 137). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 141−157. Weitenberg, Jos J. S. 2004 Armenian barwokʿ ‘good, well’. In: Adam Hyllested, Anders Richardt Jørgensen, Jenny Helena Larsson, and Thomas Olander (eds.), Per Aspera ad Asteriscos. Studia Indoger- manica in Honorem Jens Elmegaard Rasmussen. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissen- schaft der Universität, 627−632. Weitenberg, Jos J. S. 2006 Aspects of Classical Armenian orthography: Armenian e, and the Greek names in the Gospels. In: Anna Krasnuolska, Kinga Maciuszak, and Barbara Mękarska (eds.), In the Orient where the Gracious Light … Satura Orientalis in Honorem Andrzej Pisowicz. Cracow: Księgarnia Akademicka, 215−228. Weitenberg, Jos J. S. 2008 Diphthongization of initial E- and the development of initial Y- in Armenian. In: Alexan- der Lubotsky, Jos Schaeken, and Jeroen Wiedenhof (eds.), Evidence and Counter-Evi- dence. Essays in Honour of Frederik Kortlandt. Volume I. Balto-Slavic and Indo-Euro- pean Studies. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 609−616. † Jos J. S. Weitenberg 66. The evolution of Armenian 1. Varieties of Armenian 5.