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Home , Akinchi, Book of Dede Korkut, Fuzuli (writer), Huseyn Javid, Imadaddin Nasimi, Jalil Mammadguluzadeh

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326 HISTORICITY AND HUMANITY IN ’S LITERARY AND THEORETICAL HERITAGE Salatin Akhmedova1

Abstract: An analysis of the history of ’s independent statehood Keywords: Heydar Aliyev, Azerbaijan, indicates that such a difficult, complex Heritage, statehood and honorable mission as building a state could be led by a strong-willed person Introduction with a broad and global worldview, The ideas and thoughts of supported by the people and become Heydar Aliyev, his policy laid the their national leader. In the late 90s of the scientific and theoretical foundations for XX century, the only leader who could the transition from a socialist socio- claim this role in Azerbaijan and was economic system to a new society in able to cope with this work was Heydar Azerbaijan. For young Azerbaijan, freed Aliyev. An important part of the from the imperial and socialist system theoretical and practical activities of and embarked on the path of Heydar Aliyev is his doctrine of national independence, but faced with diverging, statehood, a national-spiritual and overlapping interests of regional and ideological-political worldview. The global forces, seeking its place in a study of its rich heritage in this area globalizing world, striving to protect its deserves to play the role of an example interests, the doctrine of the statehood of not only for current socio-political Heydar Aliyev was a real strategy of circles, but also for future generations, activity. The practical activities and all the leaders who will lead Azerbaijan. ideological and political views of Heydar The ideological world of this historical Aliyev played a huge role in the return of figure, laying the solid foundation of the Azerbaijani people, who for many modern Azerbaijan, will always years were deprived of statehood and illuminate the path of his followers. national-spiritual roots, whose national

Ph.D in Philology, Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction University, And Literature Faculty,Azerbaijan, , [email protected]

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327 and state interests were violated, to their force of the historical development, in origins, their self-affirmation. Heydar general, is an important humanistic Aliyev (1923-2003) is a great personality quality of a person. As an individual, he brought up by the Azerbaijani people in is the essence and a driving force of the twentieth century, who created the history, and an active participant of the history. He was a historical figure with a historical process. phenomenal memory, sagacious mind, To understand thoroughly and and ability of highly eloquent speech, fully the complex mechanism of social high political will, flexible logic, life and driving forces of history the amazing historical vision, and divine decisive role of the personality in history talent. The great statesman Heydar should be fully comprehended” Aliyev amazed everyone around with his (Mehdiyev R.,2001, pp. 31-32). high professionalism talking about Political and cultural figures of agriculture, industry, science and the twentieth century, which was quite culture, as well as literature. The whole complicated, but at the same time very world recognized Heydar Aliyev as a rich and contradictory, highly standard of personality and leader in last appreciated Heydar Aliyev in their decade of the twentieth century. works as a phenomenal personality. Academician Ramiz Mehdiyev writes: They believe that, his presence gave “The proper understanding of the role of honor and glory to the nation, and personality in the history is not “an glorified the name of Azerbaijan addition” to the understanding of the role popularized all over the world with own of unity or other social forces. This role talent and deeds. Academician Ramiz is a relatively independent element of Mehdiyev says: “We have found history. The role of the individual is numerous qualities characterizing the required for becoming an important magnitude of the personality in the aspect and driving force of the historical political and public activity of the development. Personalities act as a Azerbaijani President Heydar Aliyev. As driving force of social development at all a historical figure, Heydar Aliyev is a stages of history. This means that, founder and carrier of the eternal and without exception, each personality is a immortal values, which are the driving force of history. Being a driving fundamental base of the Azerbaijani

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328 state establishment and independent without resistance: it was literature and development. Analysis and unders- art. Taking into account the tanding of Heydar Aliyev’s long-term circumstances, he said: “Our country activity proves how robust and broad his will surely face some difficulties when intelligence and talent was, and how celebrating great anniversaries in this purposefully and enthusiastically he challenging period. However, the created the history of the Azerbaijani spiritual and cultural parts of our lives people” (Mehdiyev R.,2001, p. 44). will never be forgotten. Despite of many Indeed, all the features peculiar challenges, we should always pay special to leaders and historical figures are attention to our culture, cultural heritage embodied in the personality of Heydar and spirituality, and never let these areas Aliyev. If we do not mention some to lag behind. We have also to be very specific aspects of the leader, we cannot careful and cautious with our science, give the true literary and historical values culture, and spirituality. This should not of his sayings about our great and ancient be given to the disposal of the market literature, classic word art, folklore, economy” (Heydar Aliyev, 1999, pp. culture and art, and finally about our 201 and 215). Literature and culture, as spiritual life. He loved his people and well as cultural politics occupied an ruled them with hard realities dictated by important place in H.Aliyev’s statehood the history. In particular, returning in conception. Later, he was capable to use 1993 (June 15), was succeeded to the art and philosophical opportunities of assemble and organize the people, who literature and culture as a fundamental of lost their way. In such circumstances, national ideology, belief of indep- Heydar Aliyev consolidated the people endence - philosophy of Azerbaijanism. and united them around a single idea. He Thanks to his right and deliberate policy, showed the people the way to go through taking into account the course of history, the history. He founded the science of the 1300th anniversary of “The Book of ruling not only everyone, but everything. Korkut” epos, the 500th He directed the environment where the anniversary of the great poet M. people gathered. It was a true leadership. were celebrated globally as the events of Of course, the leader had a power, which science, culture, word art, and mentality, affected mass psychology quickly and

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329 and introduced not only Azerbaijan, but separate literary personalities, literary also Turkic community to the world. stages and monuments. Giving the value of his wise policy, Azerbaijani President Ilham Research Aim Aliyev wrote in 2001: “The policy of the When determining the position Azerbaijani leadership is the only correct of epics, classic heritage, or literary and policy. It is also proved by life. cultural works of the twentieth-century Azerbaijan has managed crisis with in the literary and cultural movement in dignity. It has avoided the threat of civil a globalized world, H.Aliyev always war and the disintegration of society. At stated from the Turkic context. His present, Azerbaijan is experiencing concept was a universal theory with deep stability, strong economy, and much historical background.The main purpose work is being done for the of the article is to investigate the works democratization. Therefore, I am in the context of this concept. absolutely sure that this policy should be pursued now. It is no doubt. The current Research Methods policy should be followed for many The work uses system, decades. Otherwise, Azerbaijan may be structural and comparative methods of exposed to any kind of anarchy” research, the method of hermeneutic (Izvestia newspaper, May 19, 2001). analysis of the literary text. The concept of literary- historical process created by Heydar Development Aliyev was one of the main components At the third Congress of Writers of the culture of the Republic of of the Turkic world (6 November 1996), Azerbaijan. The target of which was the in his speech he said: “The Turkic- Turkic world. The great thinker was speaking peoples have provided great stating on behalf of the Turkic goal when contributions to the world culture and solving the most global problems, he was enriched it living in a large part of the referring to it directly. The ideals of ancient and centuries-old Eurasian Turkism were standing as the bases for continent. Throughout the life, the his attitudes to the literary history, have faced various wars, threats and violence, which sometimes

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330 threatened the existence of nations. appreciated not only as literary, as well However, the deep roots of our peoples as social and historical events. and their moral commitment with one The purifying role of religion in another have saved them at all stages, society, the history of spirituality is experiments, and brought to present invaluable. The last great religion of the days. We can be proud of our own world - , which has deep historical and national roots and moral philosophical roots and divine values.” (Heydar Aliyev, 1999, p.338). foundations, is a democratic religion Thus, three important factors of the elevating a human personality. spiritual and historical existence of the Historically, “The Arabs have created Turks - genetic unity, language unity and the religion, and the Turks have religious unity are capable of creating a immortalized the religion. All major single state. Moreover, this unity stands Turkic marches have been realized under for the basis of Heydar Aliyev’s attitude the banner of Islam” (Professor of nation, state, literature and culture. N.Shamsizadeh). The combination of Among the main factors preserving the Turkism with Islam is a great event of the ancient history of the Turks and leading civilization. The moral power of them to the future he paid a special religious values was of great importance attention to culture and literature. in H.Aliyev’s literary-historical conc- The eposes reflecting the eption. ancient Turkic history and spirituality – Heydar Aliyev has always paid “The ”, “Manas”, great attention and the mother “Algamish”, “Koroghlu” and the great language. Back in 1978, when the Soviet classics as Nizami, Ahmet Yasevi, regime and its totalitarian ideology were , Mevlana Jalaluddin , dominating, the Azerbaijani language Alisher Navoi, Nasmi, Fuzuli, and Abay was included in the Constitution of are of the literary monuments linking the Azerbaijan SSR by Heydar Aliyev’s Turkic peoples. The 1300th anniversary insistence as the official language. One of “The Book of Dede Korkut”, 1000th of the problems, which was principally anniversary of “Manas”, 500th struggled for by H.Aliyev, was mother anniversary of Fuzuli have to be tongue. He viewed the fate of the mother tongue as the fate of the mother country.

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331 This tradition comes back from the “There is a word that cuts the twentieth century. The struggle for heads. mother tongue led by U.Hajibayli, There is a word that stops the J.Mammadguluzadeh,F.Kocharli, N.Na- war”. rimanov and A.Shaig has gradually - He said, skillfully using turned into the struggle for the artistic and philosophical possibilities homeland, in fact, also served for both and the power of poetic influence of his Turkism and Azerbaijanism ideologies. political and moral father - Ismayil H.Aliyev’s language guidance Khatai. He needed the word not only as was a system with its conceptual basis. a means of literary and artistic heritage, He loved his nation, state, religion and but also as a means of influencing the language from the bottom of his heart national consciousness and awakens, and never separated them from one power and energy storage, which does another: “Every nation’s national not depress the nation. His ides can prove identity, moral values, and culture is our conclusions: “The greatest immortalized and developed by its contribution of our literature to our language. Our language has always been people is that our poets and writers have immortalized, enriched and developed always tried to evoke national feelings of by poets and writers” (Heydar Aliyev, our people and nation with their works. 1999, p.338). Aliyev repeatedly noted National identification, national revival, that in the East, as well as in Azerbaijan, and the reinforcement process first of all the artists, writers, and poets have always come from the literature.” In particular, been greatly respected. Therefore, from the late nineteenth century and “ is a national early decades of the twentieth century, wealth and intellectual property” namely, from “Akinchi newspaper” (The (Heydar Aliyev, 1999, p.420). Farmer) (1875), when the national media Such high respect to the was established, until the period of half literature is a great quality for the state century, when Azerbaijan was occupied leader. It is an expression of deep love of by the Bolsheviks, the literature has the president for his people. Heydar served to the national and spiritual Aliyev was well aware of the power of awakening. During this period, tens of the literature and word art. media bodies and the writers published

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332 here - J.Mammadguluzadeh, I.Gaspirali, times. Heydar Aliyev approached both A.Huseynzadeh, M.Shahtakhtli, M.A- the classical heritage and modern literary .Sabir, U.Hajibayli, A.Hagverdiyev, process from this criterion - the A.Aghaoghlu, M.A.Rasulzadeh and experience of history. The events of the others were publishing in not only in second half of the twentieth century took “Molla Nasraddin”, “Fuyuzat”, “Tarju- place before his eyes. He was both a man”, “Kaspi”, “Hayat”, “Shargi Rus”, participant and an organizer of them, in a “Igbal” and others, but as well as in the word; he was the creator of the history. world-famous magazines and new- Thus, in Heydar Aliyev’s theoretical spapers, struggling for their ideology. views “the experience of history” was The press has much sensitized the efficiently combined with “Heydar literature and formed its influence on the Aliyev’s experience”, which was exactly national consciousness. Characterizing theoretical power of Heydar Aliyev’s this period, Heydar Aliyev said: “The heritage. The historicity was in his twentieth-century was a period of manner of thinking. With the power of intense, complicated and contradictory this historicity he was thinking in processes in the world history” . The dialectical level, and was able to great leader repeatedly stated that the overcome the history and the time. This Azerbaijani history of the nineteenth and is confirmed by prominent researchers: twentieth centuries as well as the history “One point in Heydar Aliyev - The Time, of literature have not been sufficiently Heydar Aliyev – The History relations studied. attracts attention: the rivals of Heydar The key criterion of Heydar Aliyev’s ideas existed every time and Aliyev’s attitudes to the literary heritage everywhere, but the biggest victory was and social processes was the historicity. achieved in the struggle with the time. 75 The literature with no confidence in the years - is the giant peak conquered over historicity cannot be universal. the time. And everything, especially the The historicity does not only memory in this peak remained describe the history, but also analyzes inviolable, sovereign and intact: during the modern era as a historical epoch. The these 75 years a handful of memory historical experience is a theoretical and could not be occupied” (Garayev methodological criterion needed at all Y.,1998, p.134).

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333 Heydar Aliyev was a historical rejection, but from an objective history figure, head of nation and state, changing and sensibility. When it comes to the the course of history and managing to literature, on the one hand, the Soviet recreate it. He raised our state to an literature, which was serving to the unprecedented peak of history at a Bolshevik and proletariat ideology, and difficult historic moment, passing the national Azerbaijani literature were through public zigzags. Heydar Aliyev’s establishing and developing. The speech was an example of a historical prominent artists as M.Musfig, approach - the principle of attitude S.Vurghun, R.Rza, M.Ibrahimov, toward the history and literary pastime in M.S.Ordubadi, and S.Rahimov his meetings with the writers. At the preserved the traditions of our national meeting of the State Commission on the literature. How can we review the 500th anniversary of Fuzuli (1 August creativity of A.Mammadkhanli, I.Afan- 1994) he said: “As we are all the children diyev, I.Huseynov, B.Vahabzadeh, of time and period, we cannot go beyond A.Karim, F.Goja, Kh.Rza, A.Sala- its stereotypes. There was no opportunity hzadeh, Y.Samadoghlu, Anar, Elchin, to get out, because at that time writers, S.Ahmadli, R.Rovshan as the Soviet scholars, and even ordinary people literature? No doubt, they were certainly believed that it cannot be otherwise. influenced and pressed by the Soviet Therefore, no one can boast now. Such ideology. However, they were secretly people then wrote so too. It is a reality of resisting the ideology, creating the our history. It cannot be distorted. After national literature. By the end of the 1917 some people tried to do something, twentieth century some of them died. but could not. Now, it is a sin to blame B.Vahabzadeh, I.Afandiyev, I.Mugh- the people, who were developing the anna, I.Shikhli were preserving the Azerbaijani culture and literature in that national dignity of the Azerbaijani period” (Heydar Aliyev, 1999, p.206- literature until the end of the century. 207). This logical view includes both Today, I.Mughanna is still working in historicity and a profound humanity. The this direction. Abovementioned poets fate and heritage of the creators, who and writers laid the cornerstone of the lived during the Soviet period, cannot be independence stage of the Azerbaijani viewed from the mechanical point of literature in the last decade of the

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334 twentieth century. Heydar Aliyev gave Heydar Aliyev’s heritage was a world- valuable insight about each of these class. He was able to outline his mind, artists and, and presented literary and forecast the events. He demonstrated a historical value of their creations: “We true patriotism when making decisions have also to be very careful and cautious of great importance for the national with our science, culture, and history being fully able to act decisively” spirituality. This should not be given to (Heydar Aliyev and the Azerbaijani the disposal of the market economy” literature, 2010, p.1). As a thinker, (Heydar Aliyev, 1999, p.216). H.Aliyev’s way of thinking - was the In that period, when our country way of history. He paid a special took the first steps into capitalism, and attention to the history of literature as to everything became dependent on the the way of historical development. market economy it was the great Analyzing the history of literature as a example of care to the spiritual heritage, mirror of national and social history, the a national culture, and at the same of the national leader treated literature as a contribution to the. poetic source of ideas of spiritual culture A combination of the historicity in general: “Literature has brought great and modernity is the cornerstone of benefits to our people. We have to be Heydar Aliyev’s literary and theoretical proud of it. Personally, I have always heritage. He was a symbol of the modern thought so and I still think so, and will politician, statesman, thinker, and the think so. I believe that our literature and latest leader. He never omitted anything poetry, the writers’ words have the huge and controlled everything in the period impact on the community, nation, and he lived and in the community the people” (Mehdiyev Ramiz, 2001, v. surrounded by. H.Aliyev brought the p. 450). H.Aliyev skillfully used the past to modernity with great talent and opportunities of this effect, expressed skill, and combined its best practices both the people’s psychology and social with the interests of the Azerbaijani processes, as well as timely revealed and state. Modernity is not only the aesthetic resolved vital national issues. category of Heydar Aliyev’s instruction, World-renowned classics as but a manner of global thinking of the Khagani, Nizami, Nasimi, Fizuli ... are great historical figure. Modernity of not only literary, but also historical and

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335 philosophical examples. In general, the Renaissance rose in the articles by literature is not limited with only Nazim and M.Rafili became the subject reflecting the spiritual world and o discussion. International symposium thinking history of people, but also was held on this topic, and collected enlightened the path of history. In most works and a monograph by Professor cases, the great personalities entered the Arif Hajiyev in Russian “Nizami poetry history through literature and art of and Renaissance” was published. As a word. So did H.Aliyev. In the early days far-sighted politician, H.Aliyev was a back in the power, he said: “Our culture visionary thinker of the scientific and and science are very rich. When we talk theoretical history of thinking. In 1981, about Nizami and Fuzuli we mention when he was rebuked that the figure 840 them not only as the poets, but as the was not anniversary, the great leader great philosophers and thinkers who had replied: “When we celebrated Nizami made great contributions to the world Ganjavi’s 840th anniversary as a great culture and science”(Heydar Aliyev,- event we were reproved that 840 is not a 2002, p.201). round figure. However, we proved that In the historic order on was such a person that celebrating the 840th anniversary of the left a sign on the world culture so that it great poet Nizami, he was presented as a his anniversary may be held annually” great poet and the peak of Oriental (Heydar Aliyev,2002, p.200). In fact, Renaissance to the world. Due to after this official orders, Nizami H.Aliyev’s personal and great effort and creativity was in the center of attention initiative, and the love of the people for in the context of those period, and the the centuries-old literature, the public department of “Nizami study” was attention all over the world was directed created at the Institute of Literature after toward the Nizami period, his life and Nizami of the Academy of Sciences creativity. The problem of Eastern under the leadership of outstanding Renaissance was expressed. In spite of orientalist and Nizami studier, Professor resistance of some European and Rustam Aliyev. “Khamsa” by the great particularly Russian Soviet orientalists poet was studied and translated precisely with Armenian traits, even in the 20s of in Russian in and published in the twentieth century, the problem of Azerbaijani in Baku in numerous copies.

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336 Nasimi is the first Azerbaijani poet Discussion whose 600th anniversary in 1973 at In terms of artistic and Heydar Aliyev’s initiative was celeb- philosophical point of view, H.Aliyev rated worldwide by UNESCO. Within started to be seriously interested in the the framework of his anniversary events heritage of incomparable classic yet in critical text of his works were published the early 70s. In this regard, his great by Professor Jahangir Gahramanov in attitude toward the poet and three volumes. Selected works of the philosopher can be great poet, collection of articles, the book reviewed as the story of reviving Nasimi of “Nasimi” by academician H.Araslı in and struggling for recovering Nasimi’s several languages, and the book of “The historical right. In the 90s, in the poet of great ideals” by M.Guluzadeh preparatory meeting dedicated to the were published. The People’s poet Gabil celebration of the 500th anniversary of composed the poem “Nasimi”, and the Fuzuli he stated: “When I was in in People’s writer I.Huseynov wrote the the 70s, I went to the city of novel “Mahshar” (Judgment Day), and specifically to visit Nasimi’s grave. one of the best historical movies Syrian President al-Assad gave “Nasimi” was filmed based on the novel. special instruction on the organization of I.Nasimi’s 600th anniversary my visit. The leaders of Aleppo told me was not an ordinary anniversary of the that I would visit the grave in the poet. This anniversary drew attention of morning. The next day, I had to wait 3-4 the Azerbaijani Literature Society to one hours as they did not know where of the most spectacular literary and Nasimi’s grave was. Finally, they found philosophical movements of the Middle a man who knew its location. Nasimi’s Ages – Hurufism. Historical film tomb was in the common cemetery. His “Nasimi” has also, introduced Nasimi, derivatives were also buried there. There hurufısm, its theorist and founder, the were no any |gravestone monuments and great philosopher Fazlullah Naimi to the so on. That was not a tradition there. public, and popularized among the Nevertheless, the tomb was in a very people. good condition, there were people who Two literary events in our new served it” (Heydar Aliyev,2002, p.227). independence history – the 1300th

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337 anniversary of “The Book of Dede Kor- Azerbaijani culture,2008, p.218-219). In kut” epos, and Fuzuli’s 500th anni- the period of independence, Heydar versary are the peaks of H.Aliyev’s Aliyev needed this “main book” to unite attitude to the classical heritage. In this all the Turks, to show the important role context, the characteristic of his attitude of Azerbaijan in the Turkic history. The to the classic masters of the twentieth level of thinking of the Azerbaijani century Mirza Jalil, U.Hajibayli, Turks has never been reflected in the H.Cavid, J.Jabbarli and S.Vurghun also literary and artistic works as in “The arises. H.Aliyev’s literary-theoretical Book of Dede Korkut”. It does not only views throw the light on the fate of the reflect the heroic history and the victory spectacular literary history of 1300 years of the Turks, but also the history of from “The Book of Dede Korkut”: “The statehood and spiritual power - the Book of Dede Korkut” is our mother monument of the authority. H.Aliyev book. Dede Korkut is our predecessor also reviewed Fuzuli as a creative genius and ancestor. We are proud that, we have and a poet historically unifying the Turks such a historical monument as “The in the twentieth century - the eve of the Book of Dede Korkut”, and that we have third millennium, and an event of Turkic such an ancient ancestor as Dede thinking in the poetry: “Arabs and Korkut.” Persians consider Fuzuli their own poet. “The Book of Dede Korkut” However, the Turkic peoples believe that constantly called peoples and nations to he was a Turk. And we say Fuzuli is a the unity and peace... Even today, we Turk and Azerbaijani. It can also be said need this recall of “The Book of Dede by the , Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Korkut”. Turks living in , Turkmens. “The Book of Dede Korkut” Let, Fuzuli belong to all of us, as a always invited peoples and nations to human personality in the history” peace and reconciliation. Even today, (Heydar Aliyev, 2002, p. 221-222). our nation is faithful to these wisdoms of H.Aliyev did not consider these “The Book of Dede Korkut”.“The Book anniversaries as an ordinary campaign, of Dede Korkut” is a monument but also gave great importance to their unifying great scientific, cultural and historical significance and prospects. We spiritual ideas (Heydar Aliyev and the have to continue the study and promotion

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338 of Fuzuli even after the anniversary – is very rich and the people should be stated the national leader, which proved aware of this... Exploring both the the national and historic status of the creativity of our great personalities, as anniversary of the classic in his concept well as their services for the Azerbaijani of the literary-historical processes: people has always been one of the “Celebrating the anniversaries of important duties... Each personality has historical figures, on the one hand, is its place in the history... We do not need giving the right value for their to distort the history… And we cannot contributions and services to the people lose our personalities... Nariman and to the nation. It is essential and Narimanov was a prominent feature and indispensable. On the other hand, a greater political figure of his time… celebration of such anniversaries Those who distort the history betray and demonstrates the richness of the people confuse the people”. and nation. At the same time, they help “All the personalities of our to raise the nation in the future” (Heydar history are valuable for us. We cannot Aliyev and the Azerbaijani culture, disturb them” (Heydar Aliyev, 1999, 2008,, p.343). Raise the people and the p.185-187). Thus, historicity as a nation! - Is there any aim higher than methodological principle was the key that?! Of course, there is not! The idea of point in H.Aliyev’s theoretical and raising the people and the nation through aesthetic criteria, which helped him to literature, the power of word was the identify objective truths. basis of H.Aliyev’s theory of statehood M.Fuzuli enters Heydar and the national ideology of Azerbaij- Aliyev’s concept of literary-historical anism. processes as a “great poet of all Turkic He highly appreciated the peoples”, which is historically quite right literary and political figures in the value. He estimated him as “an example historical context of their period and for the present and future of the required others to do so. During a Azerbaijani people, Turkic world and meeting with intellectuals of Azerbaijan Turkic peoples” (Heydar Aliyev, 1999, National Academy of Sciences on p.217). Fuzuli study is a great science, September 21, 1993, he expressed “the history of which started with Fuzuli valuable ideas in this regard: “our history himself” (G.Aliyeva-Kangarli). In this

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339 regard, scientists from Azerbaijan, unite the Turkic nations, he chose the Turkey, Europe, the , and spiritual path; he preferred the path of ... have written valuable “The Book of Dede Korkut” reflecting monographs and books. Each of these Turkish history and morality, the path of publications has its own merits, research “Manas”, and Fuzuli’s creativity. A and historical role. However, Heydar prudent politician and great strategist Aliyev’s attidute toward Fuzuli is more introduced Azerbaijan to the world original and global in terms of scale. In through Fuzuli, showed the position of his concept, Fuzuli is presented in terms the Turks in the great world civilization, of the Turkic world. In the middle ages, and demonstrated also the way of two giant artisans M.Fuzuli and A.Navai combining the Turks t the future were source of belief and faith for the generations. It was artistic and historical Turkic peoples.” During his speech at the conclusion arisen from a combination of Turkish Grand National Assembly H.Aliyev’s intelligence and Fuzuli’s Heydar Aliyev said: “Fuzuli was a wisdom. personality that combined the Turks in H.Aliyev brought up a new and the past. But now, in the twentieth optimal form literary legacy: the century, when the Turkic world has been classical heritage is both the source of split, Fuzuli is preserving us even though subject and ideas for new literary almost absolute majority (except generations and poetic exemplar. For Turkey) of countries belonging to the example, the writers and poets of the ancient Turkic world is experiencing the twentieth century repeatedly referred to regimes that do not fit their lives, history, the topics of Nizami and Fuzuli, traditions and customs” (Heydar Aliyev, searched for the answers to the questions 1999, p.21). of their age, and brought the literary- One of the reasons of such great poetic freshness to these issues. Though, importance given to Fuzuli by H.Aliyev the revival of classics in the modern was uniting the Turkic world, and times has not always been the especially Turkic republics slit and renaissance, it was possible in the world scattered in the twentieth century. It was literary-historical processes. In fact, the the wise aim of the great politician. He power of classical literature, and its did not choose a direct political path to

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340 immortality and humanity is, first f all, in historical concept – along with its socio- its poetic power. historical contradictions and philos- As for Heydar Aliyev, the great ophical, scientific and artistic achiev- poets as Fuzuli contributed to the ements. In this regard, Heydar Aliyev progress of their peoples, becoming a best acknowledged the twentieth kind of lighthouse for the promotion of century, analyzing it from the different the nation in the darkness of the history: parameters, metaphorically speaking, “The Azerbaijani people have passed who was a mighty historical figure ruling through hard stages. However, in all twentieth century Azerbaijan from the these difficulties, the great works by end of the 60s. He analyzed the literature great creators and personalities of and culture of the twentieth century in a Azerbaijan helped the Azerbaijani combination of the century itself: “The people. Fuzuli occupies a prominent twentieth century is a very complex place among them” (Heydar Aliyev, period for the entire world. In this case, 1999, p.221). Azerbaijan is not an exception, and Fuzuli is an artistic and philo- especially because as a part of Russia, sophical peak of the East-Azerbaijan after the establishment of Soviet power, literature of the Middle Ages. A we experienced and adopted that combination of historicity and modernity structure, ideology, and social system. It defines the methodological basis of his is a history. Its each phase and each page approach to the classic heritage. In fact, are unique with its pros and cons” it was an example of reading the classical (Heydar Aliyev, 1999, p. 457). Of heritage in the language of modernity. course, no nation can cut off its history With respect to Fuzuli, Heydar Aliyev’s and fate, whether it is bad or good. We intelligence and Fuzuli’s brilliance can come to such conclusion that the complement each other in an organic twentieth century is a period of the great way. Revealing the essence of Fuzuli’s literature of Azerbaijan. Academician wisdom and showing it to all over the Mammad Jafar mentions in his three- world was bestowed to Heydar Aliyev in volume book “Nineteenth century of the the twentieth century more than anyone. Russian literature” that the very rich The twentieth century is wholly Russian literature of the nineteenth included into H.Aliyev’s literary- century corresponds to the Azerbaijani

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341 literature of the twentieth century. There process. H.Aliyev confirmed his own is a great truth in these words. Therefore, concept, referring to the popular words the twentieth century cannot be viewed by S.Vurghun, “We have poetry and art, as an ordinary period of literature and as well as respect for the poets, poetry culture. From the literary-historical point and art”. He highly appreciated of the of view, one of the characteristics of that wisdoms of the poet as the fact reflecting politically scandal period was that the the literary-historical process taken place twentieth century remained loyal to its in Azerbaijan and artistic and historical traditions and maintained them philosophical traditions these processes. in the new historical conditions. It can be H.Aliyev regarded late better observed in the first decade of the nineteenth and early twentieth century’s century - in an example of critical as a period of abundant literature. He realism and romanticism. H.Aliyev explained historically the reason for this particularly emphasized this point: and showed that the writers and poets “When we look at any century and any living in this era brought the European page of our history, we can see the tracks literary and cultural experiences t and works of poets, writers, and cultural Azerbaijan remaining loyal to their figures. This is today’s or yesterday’s Islamic origins: “In the nineteenth and tradition, this tradition comes from twentieth century’s, the Azerbaijani centuries; this is respect and great honor people did not stay apart from their to poems, poets, word masters, and national roots but managed to combine intelligent people”. their literature and culture with the Being satisfied, we can say that developed Western literature and in the twentieth century, which was full culture” (Heydar Aliyev, 1999, p.420). of very complex and contradictory H.Aliyev considered intellectuals processes, huge changes, wars and carrying out this literary and history tragedies, this beautiful tradition tribute mission as “very far-sighted and wise” not only maintained, but even developed. people. He also evaluated the creation of Consequently, the Azerbaijani literature, the National Theatre (1873) and the first poets and writers are respected” (Heydar opera (1908) as a great historical event. Aliyev, 1999,p.413). The idea is a truth H.Aliyev’s interesting choices that characterizes our literary-historical associated with literary figures of the

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342 twentieth century draw attention. For example: “Of course, Samad Referring to the outstanding figures of Vurghun’s works are written accordance the first decade of the century, he says: with his time. The requirements of that “We are proud of the literary period are reflected in Samad Vurghun’s personalities of the twentieth century works” (Heydar Aliyev, 1999, p.363- such as Sabir and J.Mammadguluzadeh. 364). In general, the twentieth century was Such evaluation method very difficult period from the beginning brought historicity to H.Aliyev’s views until the end. It is true that, this and provides the logical curse of his scandalous century had calm periods, as ideas. It is also proved in his attitude to well, however, with confused, difficult, the literary-historical processes of the and hard times” (Heydar Aliyev, 1999, twentieth century, as well as to the p.399). creativity of the personalities of previous H.Aliyev particularly distin- century. There is also another guished Sabir, Mirza Jalil, Jafar Jabbarli noteworthy aspect of H.Aliyev’s and in early twentieth analyzing practice: to shift from the century, honored. Referring to the historicity to modernity, in other words, Soviet-era poets, he said: “Samad to achieve the unity of historicity with Vurghun, , and Suleyman modernity. Evaluating Mirza Jalil, he Rustam entered the history of our says: “Mirza Jalil is a man of genius, literature as one of the founders of the writer, publicists, philosopher, thinker, Azerbaijani Soviet poetry” (2, p.159). and a person who enriched our culture Thus, in fact, in H.Aliyev’s concept of and occupied a prominent place in the literary-historical processes, the scope of . He is a classic of twentieth-century literature is our literature and culture. At the same determined. time, he is our contemporary, even H.Aliyev often used an idea in today, he is within us... his analysis methodology and aesthetic With his creativity, works, pub- value criteria: evaluating the artist in the lications, and journalism activity, context of his period. He evaluated both J.Mammadguluzadeh played an essential and S.Vurghun role in the national awakening and in accordance with the time they live in. revival. Invaluable role of “Molla

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343 Nasraddin” magazine and Mirza Jalil’s activity within Party and the activities in the formation of national Soviet period? We cannot! Uzeyir consciousness is indispensable” (Heydar Hajibayov is too valuable personality. Aliyev, 1999, pp.240-241). Emphasizing We cannot blame him, for that he met the Mirza Jalil’s ultimate merits and the with Stalin with great pride in Moscow role of “Molla Nasraddin” magazine in in 1938, and Kalinin presented him the the formation of national consciousness Lenin Order” (Heydar Aliyev, 1999, in the illiterate country, H.Aliyev p.187). especially mentioned the pictures of the Such a model of attitude to the magazine, and its clear, simple and classical heritage, particularly to the understandable mother tongue. The complicated, controversial artists of the painters highly appreciated the paintings twentieth century has an objective and cartoons of the magazine by scientific and historical nature. Shmerling, Rotter, Azim Azimzadeh, There is a quite interesting idea and called them “a means of conveying in H.Aliyev’s speech on the occasion of unreadable ideas”. The price given to U.Hajibayov’s anniversary not only U.Hajibayli can be regarded as a definite about Hajibayov himself and twentieth- example of the historical attitude toward century classics, but also about literary the artist: “All the personalities in our and historical figures in general: “No history are very valuable for us. We matter what the government is, the cannot forget any of them. Let’s take the person faithfully serving to the people great composer Uzeyir Hajibayov. He is and their promotion should go forward” a founder of classical music and opera in (Heydar Aliyev, 1999, p.295). U.Haj- Azerbaijan in the beginning of the ibayli was one of such literary and century, a member of Musavat Party, and historical figures. Thus, H.Aliyev an author of the national anthem of the preferred the talented and creative Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan. He personalities to all authorities, the public enriched the culture of Azerbaijan in the pressure, and confirmed the divine might Soviet period, creating “Koroghlu” of the great masters. As in social and opera and other works in the following political life, Heydar Aliyev was a years. Shall we distinguish two Uzeyir steadfast and uncompromising man in Hajibayovs? Or shall we distinguish his regard with the literary and cultural

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344 personalities and the creative processes. raised the Azerbaijani people to the The talent and personality were a key national sovereignty and liberty. He criterion for him. always lived with this will, and was loyal H.Aliyev noted some features to his will and the nation, and extremely raising U.Hajibayli to the “pioneered loved them, serving to them” (Huseyn coryphaeus of the world”: 1. the founder Javid ,2008, p. 3). of the national classical music and first Obviously, this conceptual national opera; 2. Synthesizing Eastern value given to Javid’s literary and and European values in the music art; 3. historical position reflects a number of Relying on history and inspiring the features characterizing the creativity of national memory, and; 4. Establishing the great romantic poet and philosopher: national musical school for composers he promotes our literature and culture; after himself. his works are our national treasure; his Heydar Aliyev’s sayings about works teaches the present and future; his the prominent figure of the twentieth ideas are serving to freedom and century romanticism, romantic poet and independence; he demonstrated great philosopher H.Javid define the metho- creativity will; he was faithful to the dological fundamentals of modern Javid nation and loved and served to them. study: “Huseyn Javid contributed to the All of this endorses Huseyn development of twentieth century Javid’s personality as a romantic poet literature and culture. Huseyn Javid is and philosopher, and reflects the one of the great personalities, who national-historic and artistic- promoted the Azerbaijani people, its philosophical importance of his culture, literature and science. Huseyn phenomenon. Heydar Aliyev’s statem- Javid’s works are national wealth of ents about H.Javid allow us to deeply Azerbaijani people. They are manual penetrate his creativity. First of all, books for the present and future H.Javid was a romantic poet, who generations. Huseyn Javid’s all admired not existing things, but the creativity and activity included the things that should be in life. promotion of the culture of the “I am a poet of fascination Azerbaijani people, its freedom and Cannot reach the ground, I am a independence. His whole activity of the poet of heaven” -

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345 Wrote H.Javid, who stood much independent Azerbaijan, in the time of higher than the terrestrial realities. national freedom and liberty, Samad Romantic pathos, unlimited flight of Vurghun’s works are extremely valuable fantasy, the efforts for the absolute truth especially for current and future are the chief points describing his literary generations” (Huseyn Javid ,2008, and artistic plight. p.302-303). H.Javid, U.Hajibayli, J.Jabbarli The talent is the most precious and Samad Vurghun with his gift given to a man by the God; it should extraordinary talent and personality be protected and respected. S.Vurghun’s stand the highest points of the literary talent is a special aesthetic category. To and historical processes of the twentieth reveal artistic and philosophical essence century. S.Vurghun is the great figures of of his poetry, it is first necessary to not only the Azerbaijani poetry and analyze his talent. Poetic horizons of this Soviet literature, but also of the world talent were exceptionally wide. It had literature. Therefore, his heritage and neither geographic, nor aesthetic personality occupies the main positions boundary. S.Vurghun’s talent was an in Heydar Aliyev’s school of literary- aesthetic category. Analyzing the talent historical processes. Among the poets of itself from the philosophical and the twentieth century H.Aliyev loved psychological point of view is one of the M.Shahriyar and S.Vurghun. He always aesthetic problems facing the modern moved into tears when saying the poem theoretical ideas. H.Aliyev wrote: “Azerbaijan” by S.Vurghun. I believe “Samad Vurghun’s creativity is an that Heydar Aliyev’s national ideology - immense, and so far all the writings have the national philosophy of Azerbaij- not been able to reflect all of it” (Heydar anism is based on this poem. Aliyev, 1999,p.360). H.Aliyev always H.Aliyev evaluated S.Vurghun regarded all the great artists, and those in the context of world poetry. One of his who turned his talent into the national considerations says: “In the twentieth wealth and universal heritage through his century S.Vurghun’s services for our works, in the context of the ancient culture, literature, social and political life Eastern traditions: “Samad Vurghun is a is quite huge, and therefore people loved great poet. A poet was always worthy of him alive, and worshiped him. Today, in great respect in the East. Samad Vurghun

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346 was one of the great poets of his time. highest peak by the genius Fuzuli in the Samad Vurghun brought great sixteenth century, by M.P.Vagif in the innovations in the Azerbaijani poetry...” eighteenth century, and by Samad (Heydar Aliyev, 1999, p.360) Vurghun in the twentieth century. Being These innovations are innovative event for their own periods, numerous: Samad Vurghun created a these language revolutions are supposed new system o artistic expression and a to be perfected by Samad Vurghun’s new poetics. The greatest innovation creativity. History has never been brought into the Azerbaijani poetry by brought up to verse drama in such a the poet was the maximum simplified way rather than by Samad approximation of the language of poetry Vurghun. In general, it should be noted to the language of people. Attitudes to that founded by the great romantic poet the language according to Heydar Aliyev H.Javid, historical drama in verse – is is a mastery criteria of a poet: “Samad perfected by verse drama “Vagif”. Vurghun’s poem enriched and The essence of the humanity of developed the Azerbaijani language, Heydar Aliyev’s literary-theoretical making it native, lovely and sweet for heritage evolutes from the historicity and every Azerbaijani people. It is one of the millennium. The nationality of literature greatest services rendered to the is explained in the context of Azerbaijani people by Samad Vurghun”. Azerbaijanism and Turkism. When Supremacy, and at the same determining the position of epics, classic time, the beauty of Samad Vurghun’s heritage, or literary and cultural works of poetry was that his every word and every the twentieth-century in the literary and line reached the heart of every cultural movement in a globalized world, Azerbaijani people, conquered his brain, H.Aliyev always stated from the Turkic and affected them” (Huseyn Javid ,2008, context. Therefore, his concept was a p. 361). universal theory with deep historical background. Conclusion References We believe that the Azerbaijani literary language was promoted to the

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347 Mehdiyev R.(2001). Azerbaijan: historical heritage and the philosophy of modernity. Baku Heydar Aliyev.(1999). Duty and idea of literature. Baku, “Ozan”, “Izvestiya” newspaper, May 19, 2001 Heydar Aliyev and the Azerbaijani literature. Baku, 2010 Heydar Aliyev.(2002). Our indep- endence is eternal. Baku, Azernashr, Heydar Aliyev and the Azerbaijani culture, III vol., Baku, 2008 Izvestia newspaper, May 19, 2001 Garayev Y.(1998). National Leader of the Independence period Heydar Aliyev and the Azerbaijani literature. Baku, Elm Huseyn Javid: life and occup- ation.(2005). Baku, Elm