Trend Varietali Per Il Melo Walter Guerra, Centro Di Sperimentazione Agraria Di Laimburg

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Trend Varietali Per Il Melo Walter Guerra, Centro Di Sperimentazione Agraria Di Laimburg 3/2016 Trend varietali per il melo Walter Guerra, Centro di Sperimentazione Agraria di Laimburg Seguiamo l’Autore in questo viaggio immaginario e scopriamo in- neycrisp, Scifresh, Sciros, Ambrosia e sieme quali sono le ultimissime tendenze nelle scelte varietali di del gruppo “altre varietà” aumenterà a livello mondiale, mentre quella di tutte diversi Paesi. le rimanenti scenderà di una percen- tuale compresa tra il 7% ed il 50% sono state messe a disposizione dai (tabella 1, pag. 10). Gala (soprattutto Fonti partecipanti al gruppo di lavoro EU- i suoi mutanti a colorazione intensa) In Alto Adige ogni singola pianta di FRIN “Prove varietali di melo, pero e è stata e viene ancor oggi messa a melo viene conteggiata. Sono invece portinnesti”. EUFRIN è l’acronimo di dimora in molti comprensori melico- più difficilmente accessibili i dati sull’as- EUropean FRuit Institutes Research li in tutto il mondo. Cripps Pink/Pink sortimento varietale in Turchia, India, Network. Il gruppo di lavoro varietale Lady® con i suoi mutanti, coltivata su Iran e Russia, Paesi tra i 10 maggiori è certamente il più attivo tra la rete di 17.000 ha, è oggi l’unico club varietale produttori mondiali di mele. Le fonti 24 centri di ricerca ed istituti universi- nella top 10 dell’assortimento globale. sulle quali si basano le informazioni di tari e si riunisce con cadenza biennale. Jonagored è stata di recente messa a questo articolo sono sostanzialmente Durante questi incontri, i responsabili dimora in quantità molto consistente i contributi pubblicati annualmente sul delle prove varietali presentano, tra nei Paesi dell’Europa settentrionale e World Apple Review, quelli presentati l’altro, un quadro generale sull’evolu- orientale. Negli Stati uniti, Honeycrisp nel corso del congresso di Interpoma zione varietale nei propri Paesi. è il nuovo “campione nelle vendite”. 2014 e di Prognosfruit Merano 2015, i Scifresh/Jazz® e Nicoter/Kanzi® (com- dati forniti da WAPA, EUROstat e FAO- prese nella statistica tra le “altre varie- stat, le indicazioni dei manager varie- Tendenze internazionali tà”) sono coltivate, ciascuna, su circa tali e quelle scaturite dai viaggi-studio Secondo le previsioni della pubblica- 3.000 ha e occupano quindi la secon- intrapresi dall’Autore. Le informazioni zione World Apple Review, la quantità da posizione tra i club varietali, mentre dettagliate sulle tendenze europee di Gala, Cripps Pink, Jonagored, Ho- Ambrosia e Sciros/Pacific Rose® se- Ovunque nel mondo sono in atto programmi di miglioramento genetico del melo. 9 guono il trend per le varietà dolci sul migliaia di ettari – che a nuove varie- Evelina® (quasi 1.000 ha) – giocano mercato asiatico. La percentuale delle tà di base. Quasi 30 delle cosiddette un ruolo di rilievo. “altre varietà” aumenta, contribuendo “managed varieties” sono attualmente Le varietà resistenti alla ticchiolatura così, per il futuro, ad ampliare l’assor- in fase di costruzione – tra esse anche sono oggigiorno coltivate, nel mondo, timento globale. Tale dinamica è da alcune iniziative altoatesine – quali su appena 5.000 ha, superficie dav- ricondurre comunque più a varietà ad esempio il mutante di Fuji Brak/ vero esigua considerato l’enorme im- che occuperanno nicchie – in quantità Fubrax Kiku® (in coltivazione su 1.700 pegno profuso nel miglioramento ge- compresa tra alcune centinaia e poche ha) ed il mutante Pinova RoHo3615/ netico per questa proprietà. Secondo l’opinione di diversi esperti, la loro im- Tabella 1: percentuale delle diverse varietà coltivate nel mondo, esclusa portanza è destinata ad aumentare in la Cina. misura significativa. Anche le varietà di rango varietà 2015 previsione 2025 melo a polpa rossa si presenteranno 1 Golden Delicious 15,8 14,2 -12% in quantità più consistente, nel medio 2 Red Delicious 15,2 14,2 -7% periodo – attualmente e prevalente- 3 Gala 12,5 13,0 4% mente in Europa, sono in coltivazione 4 Fuji 6,7 6,6 -2% quasi 100 ha di Luresweet/Redlove®, 5 Idared 4,0 3,7 -8% mentre sono stati messi a dimora i 6 Jonagold 3,0 2,7 -14% primi impianti commerciali di RS1/Red 7 Granny Smith 2,8 2,3 -18% Moon® e di RM1/Red Moon®. ® 8 Braeburn 2,0 1,7 -20% Con la serie Arctic Apple Varieties è 9 Cripps Pink 2,0 2,1 6% stata autorizzata, per la prima volta ne- 10 Jonathan 1,6 1,3 -19% gli Stati Uniti, la coltivazione in pieno 11 Jonagored 1,5 1,5 0% campo di meli transgenici. Pare che 12 Elstar 1,2 1,0 -21% comunque al momento questo fatto 13 McIntosh 1,1 0,9 -23% non sia il punto di partenza per un 14 Honeycrisp 0,8 1,3 43% cambiamento dell’assortimento varie- 15 Rome Beauty 0,7 0,5 -33% tale nella direzione di varietà di melo 16 Gloster 0,6 0,5 -15% geneticamente modificate, com’è av- venuto per altre colture. 17 Cortland 0,4 0,4 -16% 18 Empire 0,4 0,4 -20% 19 Ohrin 0,4 0,4 -8% 20 Tsugaru 0,4 0,4 -8% Assortimento europeo 21 Melrose 0,3 0,3 -23% 22 Spartan 0,3 0,3 -18% Le più importanti varietà europee, con 23 Reinette 0,3 0,3 -12% una percentuale superiore al 5%, sono ® 24 Scifresh/Jazz 0,3 0,4 11% Golden Delicious, Gala, Idared, Jona- 25 Boskoop 0,3 0,2 -29% gold/Jonagored e Red Delicious. In 26 Cox‘s Orange 0,2 0,2 -38% continua ascesa, nell’ultimo decennio, 27 York 0,2 0,2 -15% la produzione europea di Fuji, Cripps 28 Bramley 0,2 0,2 -28% Pink, Pinova e di altre nuove varietà 29 Lobo 0,2 0,2 -13% (tabella 2). I dati relativi alle tendenze 30 Sciros/Pacific Rose® 0,2 0,2 15% dei Paesi europei sono stati raccolti 31 Caudle 0,1 0,1 -40% nel corso dell’ultima riunione del grup- 32 Cripps Red 0,1 0,1 -22% po EUFRIN, tenutasi in Lituania nel 33 Stayman 0,1 0,1 -33% marzo del 2015. Dorota Kruczyńska 34 Mutsu 0,1 0,1 -13% (InHort Skierniewice) ha presentato 35 Hokuto 0,1 0,1 -14% il quadro sulla situazione in Polonia 36 Ambrosia 0,1 0,1 14% e Sandrine Codarin (Ctifl Lanxade) in 37 Senshu 0,1 0,1 0% Francia, Jörg Hilbers (Obstbauzentrum 38 Northern Spy 0,1 0,1 -18% Jork) si è occupato dell’evoluzione va- 39 R.I Greening 0,0 0,0 -33% rietale nella Germania settentrionale e 40 Newton 0,0 0,0 -50% Ignasi Iglesias (responsabile del setto- altre 23,5 28,0 16% re Pomologìa presso l’IRTA di Lleida) Fonte: World Apple Review, 2014 di quella in Spagna. Gli altri relatori 10 3/2016 hanno illustrato la situazione, rispet- I frutticoltori altoatesini hanno messo tivamente, in Olanda (Gondy Heijer- a dimora 130 ha di Scifresh/Jazz® e man-Peppelman, WUR Wageningen), 370 ha di Nicoter/Kanzi®. I melicoltori in Belgio (Jef Vercammen, pcfruit), trentini e quelli altoatesini a condu- in Austria (Thomas Rühmer, LVZ Hai- zione biologica coltivano RoHo3615/ degg), in Lituania (Darius Kviklys, Isti- Evelina® su 260 ha. Ci sono poi an- tuto di Giardinaggio di Babtei) ed in che altre nuove varietà, a dimora at- Svizzera (Sarah Perren, Agroscope). tualmente su meno di 100 ha, che potrebbero però, in futuro, aumentare in misura significativa: Fujion, Inored/ Polonia Story®, MC38/Crimson Snow®, Coop Iniziamo con la Polonia, il Paese eu- 39/Crimson Crisp®, PremA96/Ro- ropeo maggior produttore di mele: ckit®, Lumaga/Galant®, Scilate/Envy® Maribelle/Lola®, incrocio ottenuto nei Paesi Bassi. da esso infatti proviene circa un terzo e CIV323/Isaaq®. dell’intera produzione della Comunità. Su 71% della superficie frutticola po- lacca si coltiva il melo (190.000 ha). Francia Sono sei le varietà che nel complesso Nell’ultimo decennio la superficie fran- rappresentano il 60% della produzio- cese a melo è scesa drasticamente ne di questo Paese - Idared (20%), del 25%, passando a ca. 40.000 ha. Jonagold (14%), Shampion (11%), Li- Le regioni meridionali e sud-orientali gol (7%), Gloster e Golden Delicious del Paese contribuiscono ciascuna per (entrambe 4%). Sebbene coltivata un terzo alla produzione complessiva oggi sul 3% della superficie totale, per della Francia, mentre la percentuale Gala sussiste un forte interesse. Come della Valle della Loira è ridotta al 20%. si deduce dalla tabella 3 (pag. 12), i In generale si cerca di concentrare frutticoltori polacchi – e con loro i vi- Golden Delicious nelle zone in altitu- Nicoter/Kanzi®, Belgio. vaisti – sono attirati dai cloni migliorati dine e di diversificare la produzione delle varietà tradizionali Idared, Jona- con club varietali o con altre varietà gold, Shampion, Gala e Red Delicious. regionali nelle altre zone. Negli anni scorsi si è assistito ad alcune modifi- che dell’assortimento: mentre Golden Italia Delicious (30%), Granny Smith (8%), Negli ultimi decenni, la produzione ita- liana di mele si è spostata dalla Pianu- Tabella 2: produzione europea di ra Padana (Veneto, Lombardia, Emilia mele 2014, secondo la varietà. Romagna) alle regioni alpine del Tren- varietà mio t % tino, dell’Alto Adige e del Piemonte. La coltivazione di Fuji, Gala e Cripps Golden Delicious 2.677 21 Pink nelle zone di pianura è però an- Gala 1.328 11 cora redditizia, se si piantano cloni con gruppo Jonagold 1.233 10 colorazione più intensa. La superficie Idared 1.192 9 Inored/Story®, Francia. italiana a melo è scesa sotto i 60.000 Red Delicious 675 5 ha, ma la produttività, nel contempo, Shampion 494 4 è aumentata notevolmente. Per que- Elstar 431 3 sto, sebbene Golden Delicious venga Granny Smith 383 3 sostituita da altre (nuove) varietà, la Fuji 321 3 quantità di questa varietà da commer- Braeburn 321 3 cializzare rimane stabile.
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