The Vagaries of British Compassion: a Contextualized Analysis of British Reactions to the Persecution of Jews Under Nazi Rule

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Vagaries of British Compassion: a Contextualized Analysis of British Reactions to the Persecution of Jews Under Nazi Rule The Vagaries of British Compassion: A Contextualized Analysis of British Reactions to the Persecution of Jews Under Nazi Rule Russell Mark Wallis PhD 2010 1 I certify that all work presented in the thesis is my own. Russell Mark Wallis. 2 ABSTRACT The Vagaries of British Compassion: A Contextualized Analysis of British Reactions to the Persecution and Mass Murder of the Jews Under Nazi Rule By Russell Mark Wallis This thesis explores British reactions to the persecution and mass murder of the Jews under Nazi rule. It uniquely provides a deep context by examining British responses to a number of man-made humanitarian disasters between 1914 and 1943. In doing so it takes into account changing context, the memory of previous atrocities and the making and re-making of British national identity. It shows that although each reaction was distinctive, common strands bound British confrontation with foreign atrocity. Mostly, the British consciously reacted in accordance with a long ‘tradition’ of altruism for the oppressed. This tradition had become a part and parcel of how the British saw themselves. The memory of past atrocity provided the framework for subsequent engagement with an increasingly dangerous and unpredictable world. By tracking the discursive pattern of the atrocity discourse, the evidence reveals that a variety of so-called ‘others’ were cast and recast in the British imagination. Therefore, a disparate group of ‘foreign’ victims were the beneficiaries of nationwide indignation almost regardless of the way the government eventually was able to contain or accommodate public protest. When Jews were victims there was a break with this tradition. The thesis shows that atrocity was fully comprehended by Britons but that Jews did not evoke the intensity or longevity of compassion meted out to others. In other words it shows that the reaction to Jewish suffering was particular. They were subject to a hierarchy of compassion. 3 Table of Contents The Vagaries of British Compassion: A Contextualized Analysis of British Reactions to the Persecution and Mass Murder of Jews Under Nazi Rule Page No: Cover page 1 Declaration of work 2 Abstract 3 Table of Contents 4 Acknowledgements 5 Introduction 6 Chapter 1 – A History of ‘Frightfulness’: German Atrocities and British Responses During and After World War One 39 Chapter 2 – The Armenians: The End of a Long Tradition of Compassion 66 Chapter 3 – The Re-emergence of Poland: A Legacy of Mistrust 98 Chapter 4 – The Abyssinian Crisis: The Battle for British Foreign Policy 130 Chapter 5 – Spain and China: Unlikely Victims 167 Chapter 6 – Jews Under German Rule: Hierarchies of Compassion 208 Conclusion 266 Bibliography 274 4 Acknowledgements On the completion of this thesis my thanks and appreciation go to my supervisor David Cesarani. From the initial meeting when his enthusiasm and insight confirmed that I actually had an argument to make he has ceaselessly maintained the right balance between encouragement and rebuke. His almost effortless ability to straddle the divide between overarching themes and acute attention to detail has been a revelation to me. He has been the chief author of my intellectual development over the course of completing my doctorate. Furthermore, he has frequently gone ‘above and beyond’ in terms of nurturing my academic potential. I feel privileged to have spent so much time in David’s company, not least because it has been so enjoyable. My thanks also go to Dan Stone who acted as advisor. His advice, particularly after the upgrade interview, was highly valuable. Dan has been a positive influence since undertaking my masters. I am also grateful to Zoe Waxman whose insightful guidance, sensitively given, was so beneficial. Finally, I would like to state my appreciation to Sarah Butler, who has faithfully read, listened and talked through seemingly endless ups and downs not just throughout this project, but since I started as an undergraduate. 5 Introduction The twentieth century was a time of unparalleled violence.1 The numbers affected by man-made humanitarian crises reached their height between 1914 and 1945. This upsurge of violence abroad coincided with an extraordinary expansion of the British mass media. Reports of brutality in foreign lands were read by all sections of society. They were the subject of headline news, government discussion, Parliamentary debate and everyday conversation. In many cases, overseas brutality evoked humanitarian action on behalf of perceived victims. All this was part of Britain coming to terms with an increasingly dangerous world. From the onset of World War One British society responded to a series of atrocities and humanitarian crises in different parts of the world. The first of these was the so- called ‘rape of Belgium’ by German forces in late 1914. Part of that response was that atrocity was un-English, it was something the ‘Prussians’ did. In this sense, responses were framed by a sense of national identity: in other words, who the English thought themselves to be. However, after 1918 the response to German actions was complicated by British involvement in colonial atrocities. Once German violence was qualified by news of atrocities committed by the British, the memory of wartime ‘frightfulness’ reified, but in its new form it helped to shape the response to later atrocities. This thesis will show how a similar process was repeated in the case of the Armenian genocide, the treatment of Jews in Eastern Europe after World War One, the Abyssinian crisis of the mid-1930s, the Spanish Civil War and Japanese atrocities in China. In each case it will show how context affected responses. A part of the context was the sense of national identity at any one time and the memory of previous atrocities. The thesis culminates in an examination of responses to the persecution and mass murder of the Jews of Europe between 1933 and 1943. It seeks to explain this response in the light of earlier responses and to determine whether the reaction to the 1 Bartov, Omer, Grossmann, Atina and Nolan, Mary, Crimes of War: Guilt and Denial in the Twentieth Century (New York: The New Press, 2002) p.xii; Hobsbawm, Eric, The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century 1914-1991 (London: Abacus, 1994) p.12. 6 plight of the Jews was singular, primarily conditioned by anti-Semitism, or part of a generic pattern. In particular it questions whether the response can be framed solely in terms of ‘liberalism’. In other words, whether the British liberal imagination curtailed the ability to perceive the illiberal nature of Nazi violence, an argument proposed by Tony Kushner.2 Britain’s response to each atrocity will be examined within its own particular context. However, in accordance with Kushner’s plea for a more intellectually productive historiography, this thesis adopts a ‘social and cultural history perspective’ and takes ‘a long time span’ in order to analyze ‘the complex processes of history and memory’.3 By examining the response to atrocity case by case, and showing how one instance reacted on others, this argument challenges mono-causal explanations, including the tyranny of realpolitik and shows that it is unfeasible to look at any one case in isolation. It offers a shaded and complex account of British responses involving a taxonomy of tolerance and empathy, influenced by the multifaceted historical and ideological context and the interplay of contemporary forces. The thesis therefore evaluates the vagaries and selectiveness of British compassion. Specifically therefore, this account tracks the intensity of response in Britain to a variety of foreign atrocities and more pertinently to a range of different victims. In most cases the British reacted with a level of humanitarianism that was in accordance with a widely believed and much-lauded national tradition of compassion for the oppressed. This principle had substantial basis in fact. After all, the ‘history of Great Britain in the nineteenth century is punctuated by humanitarian crusades.’4 The movement to abolish the slave trade, Gladstone’s campaign against the Bulgarian atrocities in 1876 and the massive outpouring of indignation on behalf of the Armenians under Turkish rule in the 1890s were all seen as part of this tradition. Moreover, these events helped to cement the belief that this form of humanitarianism 2 Kushner, Tony, The Holocaust and the Liberal Imagination: A Social and Cultural History (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994), pp.18-20. 3 Kushner, Tony, ‘Britain, the United States and the Holocaust: In Search of a Historiography’ in Stone, Dan. (ed.) Historiography of the Holocaust (London: Palgrave, 2004) pp.267-9. 4 Cookey, S.J.S., Britain and the Congo Question 1885 – 1913 (London: Longmans, 1968) p.1. 7 was a crucial aspect of the national character. This belief lasted at least until the end of World War Two and adherence to its precepts was astonishingly consistent. Tom Buchanan, for example, when writing about Britain’s response to the Spanish Civil War, has identified three reasons why ‘foreign causes have become major political issues.’ Among these, he suggests, are firstly, ‘a pressing sense of national peril making the conflict appear directly relevant to British interests’; secondly, ‘[o]ne side in the conflict has been seen as representative of political or religious values with which a section of the population is in profound sympathy and opposing an equally well-defined ideological enemy’; and lastly, ‘there has been a strong sense of humanitarian identification with one side, generally those regarded as the victims’.5 These criteria were not only met, as Buchanan suggests, for the Spanish Civil War but also for most other major outbreaks of foreign violence in the interwar years. This thesis will show however, that British responses to atrocities against Jews were notably muted by comparison, whether in Poland in 1919 or under Nazi rule after 1933.
Recommended publications
  • SPYCATCHER by PETER WRIGHT with Paul Greengrass WILLIAM
    SPYCATCHER by PETER WRIGHT with Paul Greengrass WILLIAM HEINEMANN: AUSTRALIA First published in 1987 by HEINEMANN PUBLISHERS AUSTRALIA (A division of Octopus Publishing Group/Australia Pty Ltd) 85 Abinger Street, Richmond, Victoria, 3121. Copyright (c) 1987 by Peter Wright ISBN 0-85561-166-9 All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the publisher. TO MY WIFE LOIS Prologue For years I had wondered what the last day would be like. In January 1976 after two decades in the top echelons of the British Security Service, MI5, it was time to rejoin the real world. I emerged for the final time from Euston Road tube station. The winter sun shone brightly as I made my way down Gower Street toward Trafalgar Square. Fifty yards on I turned into the unmarked entrance to an anonymous office block. Tucked between an art college and a hospital stood the unlikely headquarters of British Counterespionage. I showed my pass to the policeman standing discreetly in the reception alcove and took one of the specially programmed lifts which carry senior officers to the sixth-floor inner sanctum. I walked silently down the corridor to my room next to the Director-General's suite. The offices were quiet. Far below I could hear the rumble of tube trains carrying commuters to the West End. I unlocked my door. In front of me stood the essential tools of the intelligence officer’s trade - a desk, two telephones, one scrambled for outside calls, and to one side a large green metal safe with an oversized combination lock on the front.
    [Show full text]
  • Anglo-Jewry's Experience of Secondary Education
    Anglo-Jewry’s Experience of Secondary Education from the 1830s until 1920 Emma Tanya Harris A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements For award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Hebrew and Jewish Studies University College London London 2007 1 UMI Number: U592088 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U592088 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract of Thesis This thesis examines the birth of secondary education for Jews in England, focusing on the middle classes as defined in the text. This study explores various types of secondary education that are categorised under one of two generic terms - Jewish secondary education or secondary education for Jews. The former describes institutions, offered by individual Jews, which provided a blend of religious and/or secular education. The latter focuses on non-Jewish schools which accepted Jews (and some which did not but were, nevertheless, attended by Jews). Whilst this work emphasises London and its environs, other areas of Jewish residence, both major and minor, are also investigated.
    [Show full text]
  • London Metropolitan Archives Board of Deputies
    LONDON METROPOLITAN ARCHIVES Page 1 BOARD OF DEPUTIES OF BRITISH JEWS ACC/3121 Reference Description Dates BOARD MINUTES Minute books ACC/3121/A/001/A Minute book 1 1760 Nov - Not available for general access Original volume not available for consultation, 1828 Apr Available only with advance please see microfilm copy at English and notice and at the discretion of the ACC/3121/A/001/C Portuguese LMA Director 1 volume Please see microfilm available within archive collection: order ACC/3121/A/001/C ACC/3121/A/001/B Minute book 2 1829 Mar - Unfit Original volume not available for consultation. 1838 Jan Not available for general access Please see microfilm copy at English and Available only with advance ACC/3121/A/001/C Portuguese notice and at the discretion of the 1 volume LMA Director Please see microfilm available within archive collection: order ACC/3121/A/001/C ACC/3121/A/001/C Minutes (on microfilm) 1760-1838 access by written permission only This microfilm contains the first two volumes of English and minutes for the Board covering: Portuguese volume 1: 1760-1828 volume 2: 1829-1838 1 microfilm ACC/3121/A/001/D Minute book 3 1838-1840 access by written permission only 1 volume English and Former Reference: ACC/3121/A/5/3 Portuguese ACC/3121/A/001/E Minute book 4 1840 - 1841 access by written permission only 1 volume Former Reference: ACC/3121/A/5/4 ACC/3121/A/001/F Minute book 5: appendices include some half- 1841-1846 access by written permission only yearly reports, memos and opinions.
    [Show full text]
  • Reichskommissariat Ukraine from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history Reichskommissariat Ukraine From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia During World War II, Reichskommissariat Ukraine (abbreviated as RKU), was the civilian Navigation occupation regime of much of German-occupied Ukraine (which included adjacent areas of Reichskommissariat Ukraine Main page modern Belarus and pre-war Poland). Between September 1941 and March 1944, the Reichskommissariat of Germany Contents Reichskommissariat was administered by Reichskommissar Erich Koch. The ← → Featured content administration's tasks included the pacification of the region and the exploitation, for 1941–1944 Current events German benefit, of its resources and people. Adolf Hitler issued a Führer Decree defining Random article the administration of the newly occupied Eastern territories on 17 July 1941.[1] Donate to Wikipedia Before the German invasion, Ukraine was a constituent republic of the USSR, inhabited by Ukrainians with Russian, Polish, Jewish, Belarusian, German, Roma and Crimean Tatar Interaction minorities. It was a key subject of Nazi planning for the post-war expansion of the German Flag Emblem state and civilization. Help About Wikipedia Contents Community portal 1 History Recent changes 2 Geography Contact Wikipedia 3 Administration 3.1 Political figures related with the German administration of Ukraine Toolbox 3.2 Military commanders linked with the German administration of Ukraine 3.3 Administrative divisions What links here 3.3.1 Further eastward expansion Capital Rowno (Rivne) Related changes 4 Demographics Upload file Languages German (official) 5 Security Ukrainian Special pages 6 Economic exploitation Polish · Crimean Tatar Permanent link 7 German intentions Government Civil administration Page information 8 See also Reichskommissar Data item 9 References - 1941–1944 Erich Koch Cite this page 10 Further reading Historical era World War II 11 External links - Established 1941 Print/export - Disestablished 1944 [edit] Create a book History Download as PDF Population This section requires expansion.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Ukrainian Statehood: ХХ- the Beginning of the ХХІ Century
    NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF LIFE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE OF UKRAINE FACULTY OF THE HUMANITIES AND PEDAGOGY Department of History and Political Sciences N. KRAVCHENKO History of Ukrainian Statehood: ХХ- the beginning of the ХХІ century Textbook for students of English-speaking groups Kyiv 2017 UDК 93/94 (477) BBК: 63.3 (4 Укр) К 77 Recommended for publication by the Academic Council of the National University of Life and Environmental Science of Ukraine (Protocol № 3, on October 25, 2017). Reviewers: Kostylyeva Svitlana Oleksandrivna, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of History of the National Technical University of Ukraine «Kyiv Polytechnic Institute»; Vyhovskyi Mykola Yuriiovych, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Faculty of Historical Education of the National Pedagogical Drahomanov University Вilan Serhii Oleksiiovych, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of History and Political Sciences of the National University of Life and Environmental Science of Ukraine. Аristova Natalia Oleksandrivna, Doctor of Pedagogic Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of English Philology of the National University of Life and Environmental Science of Ukraine. Author: PhD, Associate Professor Nataliia Borysivna Kravchenko К 77 Kravchenko N. B. History of Ukrainian Statehood: ХХ - the beginning of the ХХІ century. Textbook for students of English-speaking groups. / Kravchenko N. B. – Куiv: Еditing and Publishing Division NUBiP of Ukraine, 2017. – 412 р. ISBN 978-617-7396-79-5 The textbook-reference covers the historical development of Ukraine Statehood in the ХХ- at the beginning of the ХХІ century. The composition contains materials for lectures, seminars and self-study. It has general provisions, scientific and reference materials - personalities, chronology, terminology, documents and manual - set of tests, projects and recommended literature.
    [Show full text]
  • What Do Yeats and the Citadel Have in Common?
    Against the Grain Volume 28 | Issue 5 Article 33 2016 Bet You Missed It--What Do Yeats and The itC adel Have in Common? Bruce Strauch The Citadel, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/atg Part of the Library and Information Science Commons Recommended Citation Strauch, Bruce (2016) "Bet You Missed It--What Do Yeats and The itC adel Have in Common?," Against the Grain: Vol. 28: Iss. 5, Article 33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7771/2380-176X.7530 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. Bet You Missed It Press Clippings — In the News — Carefully Selected by Your Crack Staff of News Sleuths Column Editor: Bruce Strauch (The Citadel) Editor’s Note: Hey, are y’all reading this? If you know of an article that should be called to Against the Grain’s attention ... send an email to <[email protected]>. We’re listening! — KS ENDURING QUOTABILITY BOOK DEFICIT GUILT by Bruce Strauch (The Citadel) by Bruce Strauch (The Citadel) In 1919, Yeats wrote his chilling poem “The Second Coming.” And Of course no one’s actually read Ulysses. It just sits on the shelf. yes, you know it because someone is constantly quoting from it. “And what But you feel bad about it. What to do? rought beast, its hour come round at last, Slouches towards Bethelehem to Curtis Sittenfeld wrote the 2016 best-selling Eligible — a retell- be born?” “The centre cannot hold.” “Things fall apart.” “The best lack ing of Austen’s Pride and Prejudice.
    [Show full text]
  • Accident: the Death of General Sikorski
    David Irving The Death of General Sikorski [Publisher’s note: This is the original 1967 text. In about 1990 a revised edition was prepared but never published. We shall post that soon. Many official files on the crash have since been opened.] Sikorski’s crashed Liberator Never before published, this photograph taken on the morning after the crash from a low-flying aircraft shows the main wingspan and its four engines lying intact on the seabed in thirty feet of water, with the tail assembly broken off and to its right. The landing wheels are not fully retracted and large patches of petrol are floating away on the sea’s surface. This PDF version: © Focal Point Publications 2000 Report errors First published in 1967 by William Kimber and Co. Limited 6 Queen Anne’s Gate, London, S.W.1 © William Kimber and Co. Ltd. 1967 Standard Book Number 7183 0420 9 BY THE SAME AUTHOR: The Destruction of Dresden The Mare’s Nest The Virus House This PDF version: © Focal Point Publications 2000 Report errors Contents Acknowledgements 5 List of Persons 6 part one 1: “Soldiers Must Die” 9 2: Six weeks too Soon 39 part two: 49 THE DISASTER 49 3: Farce and Tragedy 51 4: Search and Inquire 69 5: Mr Churchill Kneels in Prayer 101 6: Mailbags and Manifests 105 part three 127 THE UNANSWERED QUESTIONS 127 7: The Unmentioned Issue 129 8: Post Mortem 153 9: Open Verdict 153 Notes and Sources 163 1: “Soldiers Must Die” 163 2: Six Weeks too Soon 170 3: Farce and Tragedy 172 4: Search and Inquire 176 5: Mr Churchill Kneels in Prayer 187 6: Mailbags and Manifests 188 7: The Unmentioned Issue 194 8: Postmortem 200 9: Open Verdict 203 This PDF version: © Focal Point Publications 2000 Report errors This PDF version: © Focal Point Publications 2000 Report errors Acknowledgements The author wishes to thank the many people who, with memo- ries or information concerning the tragic event at Gibraltar on July 4, 1943, have generously made available to him both their time and their records; their names will be found in the notes at the end of this book.
    [Show full text]
  • The Roles of the Conservative Party
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Birmingham Research Archive, E-theses Repository THE ROLES OF THE CONSERVA TIVE PARTY AND THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT DURING THE 'PHONEY WAR', SEPTEMBER 1939 TO MAY 1940. BY NIGEL ANTHONY PETER JOHNSON A thesis submitted to The University ofBirmingham For the degree of MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY Department ofMedieval and Modem History School ofHistorical Studies The University ofBirmingham March 200 1 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT This thesis is a detailed study of the interaction between the Conservative party and the National government during the nine months of the 'phoney war'. It concentrates on the potential strength of Chamberlain's position and the Conservative party at the outbreak of war. The Conservative party entered the Second World War full of confidence. The party dominated British politics at a national level. However, Chamberlain's failure to widen the government damaged his credibility as a wartime leader when Labour's leaders rejected his offer of key seats in the war cabinet of the National government.
    [Show full text]
  • Politics & International Relations 2013
    Politics & International Relations 2013 press.princeton.edua TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 FEATURED TITLES 15 PRINCETON STUDIES IN 31 JUDICIAL POLITICS 5 AMERICAN POLITICS & INTERNATIONAL HISTORY & 32 POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY POLITICS POLICY 34 POLITICAL BEHAVIOR 16 POLITICAL ECONOMY 8 POLITICS & SOCIETY IN 35 POLITICAL METHODOLOGY TWENTIETH-CENTURY 20 COMPARATIVE POLITICS 36 EDUCATION POLICY AMERICA 22 PRINCETON STUDIES IN 10 PRINCETON STUDIES IN MUSLIM POLITICS 36 OF RELATED INTEREST AMERICAN POLITICS 23 POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY & 39 EBOOKS 11 AMERICA IN THE WORLD THEORY 40 INDEX ORDER | FORM 12 INTERNATIONAL POLITICS 29 LAW & LEGAL THEORY Jacket Photo: Replica of the White House isolated on white background. © image dj. Courtesy of Shutterstock. FORTHCOMING The Confidence Trap A History of Democracy in Crisis from World War I to the Present David Runciman “In this book, David Runciman emerges as the most original guide we have to democracy’s global prospects in the twenty-first century.” —Melissa Lane, Princeton University “The Confidence Trap’s engrossing analytical history illuminates democracy’s deepening achievements and recurring crises during the charged past century. By incisively interpreting these moments of unsettled apprehension and by tracking patterns of coping and surviving, this rich, important book helps us understand, and perhaps even navigate, present anxieties about the capacity of democracies to grapple with the big issues of economics, geopolitics, and the environment.” —Ira Katznelson, author of Fear Itself: The New Deal and the Origins of Our Time Why do democracies keep lurching from success to failure? The current financial crisis is just the latest example of how things continue to go wrong, just when it looked like they were going right.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Simplistic and Sometimes Pernicious Categorisations Which Have So Often Been Applied to the Political Personalities of Th
    a LIberaL witHout a Home The Later Career oF Leslie Hore-belisHa In the simplistic and sometimes pernicious categorisations which have so often been applied to the political personalities of the 1930s – appeasers and anti-appeasers, a majority of dupes and a minority of the far-sighted, the decade’s Guilty Men and its isolated voices in the wilderness – Leslie Hore-Belisha has strong claims to be listed among the virtuous. David Dutton tells the story of Hore-Belisha – a Liberal without a home. 22 Journal of Liberal History 65 Winter 2009–10 a LIberaL witHout a Home The Later Career oF Leslie Hore-belisHa rue, he was a member Belisha ticked most of the right his name. Promoted to be Secre- of the National Gov- boxes. tary of State for War when Nev- ernment for most of its The events of January 1940 ille Chamberlain became Prime existence and a Cabinet represented the abrupt termina- Minister in May 1937, Belisha set minister from Octo- tion of an apparently inexora- about reforming the entrenched Tber 1936 until January 1940. But ble political ascent. Isaac Leslie upper echelons of the army and he was also a vigorous Minister Hore-Belisha was born in 1893, He was also War Office. During nearly three of War, who implemented a suc- the son of Jacob Isaac Belisha, a a vigorous years in this key post, he enhanced cession of much-needed reforms; businessman of Sephardic Jew- his standing with the public but he became disillusioned before ish origins. His father died when minister inevitably trod on many signifi- most of his colleagues with what Leslie was only nine months old cant and sensitive toes.
    [Show full text]
  • Aberystwyth University Women's Club 1955-2015 (PDF)
    I. Beginnings Three of us, Mollie Reynolds, Hannah Harbury and myself were having coffee together, and we saw the wife of one of the members of staff going past. In that pre-feministic age, the custom was to refer to ‘the wife of this-or-that professor’. Anyway, not one of us could remember who she was, and we agreed that that was a laughable situation. You have to remember that only a fifth of the number of students that are here today were at the College at that time; the majority of the staff lived in the town and the professors either walked or bicycled to the College. There were very few houses on Waunfawr, and nearly every College department was in the old building. Mollie suggested that we start a Club. And so we set about composing a letter and having copies made. There was no such thing as photocopying then. We were surprised by the reaction, everyone was enthusiastic, and I found myself treasurer of this new Club, much to my husband’s unease! This is how Mair Williams described the formation of the University of Wales Women’s Club (or the College Women’s Club as it was first called) in Yr Angor in 1995 on the occasion of its 40th anniversary. She later recalled that this had happened at a College event around 1954, about the time that Goronwy Rees had arrived at Aberystwyth. Mollie Reynolds suggestion that we start a Club stemmed from the fact that she had been a member of a Women’s Club at the London School of Economics where her husband, Philip A.
    [Show full text]
  • Trinity Square Gardens
    The Kent Compendium of Historic Parks and Gardens for Tunbridge Wells Borough Oak Hill Manor, Cranbrook June 2009 Oak Hill Manor Cranbrook, Kent INTRODUCTION SITE DESCRIPTION LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1: Boundary map. FIGURE 2: Key views map FIGURE 3: Aerial photograph. FIGURES ONLY ON CD FIGURE 4: J. Andrews, A. Dury and W. Herbert, A Topographical Map of the County of Kent …. 2” to 1mile 1769. FIGURE 5: Edward Hasted, Hundreds of Cranbroke, Barkley and Rolvenden (1779). FIGURE 6: William Mudge, A New and Accurate Survey of Kent 1801. FIGURE 7: Swifts Place Estate map 1810. CKS ref U78 P31. FIGURE 8: Charles Greenwood, Map of the County of Kent 1821. FIGURE 9: Tithe map 1839. FIGURE 10: Ordnance Survey 1st edn 25” map (1869). Sheet 70/4. FIGURE 11: Ordnance Survey 2nd edn 25” map (1896). Sheet 70/4. FIGURE 12: Ordnance Survey 3rd edn 25” map (1908). Sheet 70/4. FIGURE 13: Ordnance Survey Revd edn 25” map (1938). Sheet 70/4. FIGURE 14: Extract from Sales Particulars for ‘The Freehold Estate of the Late Robert Tooth Esq’ 20 July 1871. Cranbrook Museum. FIGURE 15: Entrance front 1939. FIGURE 16: Photographs from 2008 sales particulars. FIGURE 17: Photographs of Oak Hill Manor February 2009. INTRODUCTION This site dossier and description has been prepared as part of the Review of The Kent Compendium of Historic Parks and Gardens for Tunbridge Wells Borough 2009, and should be read in conjunction with the full project report which can be found at http://www2.tunbridgewells.gov.uk/. This site is one of many sites that have been researched, visited and written about across the Borough and as a consequence has been included in the revised list of Historic Parks and Gardens covered by the Borough Councils Planning Policies.
    [Show full text]