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EMERGING PUBLIC SPACES in the CITY of AMMAN, JORDAN: an Analysis of Everyday Life Practices

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EMERGING PUBLIC SPACES in the CITY of AMMAN, JORDAN: an Analysis of Everyday Life Practices EMERGING PUBLIC SPACES IN THE CITY OF AMMAN, JORDAN: An Analysis of Everyday Life Practices Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Spatial Planning at Dortmund University for the award of the degree of Dr. Ing. Mais Aljafari 2014 Supervised by Prof. Christa Reicher Department of Urban Design and Land Use Planning |TU Dortmund Prof. Dietwald Gruehn Department of Landscape Ecology and Landscape Planning |TU Dortmund Examiner: Dr. Maram Tawil School of Architecture and Built Environment |German Jordanian University Faculty of Spatial Planning ABSTRACT In the recent urban development of Amman in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, the provision of public space has been shaped by various political and socio-economic dynamics. This has made it one of the main challenges and focuses of the contemporary planning of Amman. With the adaptation of global policies in Amman, the new emerging representational spaces tend to promote contradictions of non- harmonious ideologies, between locality and globalism in many terms. Therefore, this research studied emerging public spaces in Amman that are produced, reproduced and co-produced through interactions between different modes at the global level and ongoing relations of social practices at the local level. This research attempts to conceptualize public space in Amman relying on Lefebvre critiques of spatial practices (perceived space) and of representations of space (conceived space) in order to examine the current transformation of Amman’s lived space (representational space). In addition to Lefebvre’s theory of “Production of Space”, this research endorses Hillier and Hanson’s theory of “Space Syntax” to understand how the cultural and social structure of public space in Amman articulates with the spatial one. In comprehensively contextualizing this research, nine public spaces in Amman were selected. A particular emphasis was placed on the ones located in the city center area which have a historical importance, and the negotiations and practices of everyday life there are highly rendered. Additionally, three of the selected spaces are widely used publically but co-produced with partial or full private involvement. These spaces include shopping malls and other public spaces that are realized through public private partnerships (PPPs). One case study also reflects a less typical public space “informal or quasi public space” where a wide range of public gatherings and activities take place. The intensive analysis of this research shows that Amman’s society and space are interrelated in many ways and on many levels. The research has also revealed a diversity of modes underpinning the production, re-production and co-production of public space in Amman. Therefore, the conceived and perceived spaces are highly subjected to global driving forces such as globalization and neoliberalization. While at the meso and micro levels of everyday life in Amman, a complexity of codes and powers dominate the negotiation of the production, reproduction and co-production of public spaces in Amman. Additionally, at the spatial and urban design level, the findings of this research suggest that, at the micro level, Amman has a rich variety of public space typologies. However, the global level planning of these spaces lack a systematic physical network that guarantees a spatial sustainability that is fulfilling both traffic and pedestrian demands. Finally, the research findings suggest recommendations and planning approaches for improving the policy making of public spaces in Amman. KURZFASSUNG Die jüngsten Entwicklungslinien des öffentlichen Raumes in Amman sind vor allem von politischen und sozio-ökonomischen Motiven geprägt. Diese stellen heute die wesentlichen Herausforderungen der stadtplanerischen Aktivitäten in Amman dar. Mit dem Einfluss neoliberaler und global ausgerichteter Strategien entstehen basierend auf nicht harmonisierten Ideologien vielfältige Widersprüche mit alten Traditionen, die sich auf neu entstehende öffentliche Räume auswirken. Daher fokussiert diese Arbeit die öffentlichen Räume in Amman im Spannungsfeld zwischen Einflussfaktoren auf globaler Ebene und in der lokalen gesellschaftlichen Praxis. Der Anspruch dieser Arbeit ist es ein Konzept aufzustellen, welches sich auf Lefebvres Abhandlung räumlicher Praktiken und Repräsentationen des Raumes stützt, um den gegenwärtigen Wandel der öffentlichen Räume in Amman zu untersuchen. Darüber hinaus werden in dieser Arbeit Hillier und Hanson’s Therorie des „Space Syntax“ angewandt, um die Wechselwirkung zwischen den physischen und sozialen Strukturen des öffentlichen Raumes in Amman mit den stadtplanerischen Motiven aufzuzeigen. Dies wurde durch eine syntaktische Analyse ausgewählter Fallstudien erreicht, um die Abhängigkeiten und die Integration des öffentlichen Raumes im Untersuchungskontext dieser Arbeit darzustellen. Die Einbeziehung der beiden theoretischen Ansätze hat im großem Umfang dazu beigetragen, die Einflussfaktoren des Einstehens von neuen öffentlichen Räumen im Amman vor einem raumplanerischen, politischen und einem sozioökonomischen Blickwinkel kritisch zu begutachten. Um eine umfassende Analyse zu gewährleisten, wurden neun öffentliche Räume in Amman ausgewählt. Jeder der ausgewählten öffentlichen Räume hat individuelle Aspekte, die im Rahmen dieser Forschungsarbeit untersucht werden. Ein Schwerpunkt in dieser Arbeit stellt die innerstädtische Umgebung dar, die intensive zeitliche Tiefe und alltägliche Praktiken des Lebens aufweist. Zusätzlich wurden in drei Fallstudien Räume betrachtet, die zwar überwiegend öffentlich genutzt werden, aber teilweise oder komplett von privaten Investoren erstellt wurden. Dazu zählen Einkaufszentren und andere öffentliche Räume, die im Rahmen von öffentlich-privaten Partnerschaften finanziert wurden. Ein Fall behandelt außerdem einen weniger typischen öffentlichen Raum in Amman, der als informell oder halb-öffentlich bezeichnet werden kann, in dem jedoch eine Reihe an öffentlichen Aktivitäten stattfinden. Die Untersuchungen in dieser Forschungsarbeit zeigen auf, dass Gesellschaft und öffentlicher Raum in Amman auf vielen Ebenen enge Wechselwirkungen haben. Diese werden ausführlich analysiert. Zudem zeigt die Forschung eine Reihe unterschiedlicher Methoden der Produktion, Reproduktion und Koproduktion des öffentlichen Raumes in Amman. Dabei sind die dargestellten Räume in hohem Maße der globalen Kräfte des Kapitalismus, der Globalisierung, des Neoliberalismus und schließlich der Privatisierung ausgesetzt. Auf der Mikro –und Meta-Ebene des alltäglichen Lebens in Amman dominiert ein komplexes Geflecht von Vorschriften und Kräften, welche die Produktion, Reproduktion und Koproduktion öffentlicher Räume in Amman beeinflussen. Zudem zeigen die Ergebnisse dieser Forschungsarbeit auf der Mikro-Ebene ein auf stadtplanerischer und städtischer Gestaltungsebene vielfältiges Konstrukt verschiedener Typologien im Raum auf. Eine wesentliche Erkenntnis ist es u.a., dass auf einer übergeordneten Planungsebene ein systematisches Netzwerk fehlt, das Nachhaltigkeit im Nebeneinander von Verkehr und Fußgängern sichert. Schlussendlich zeigt diese Forschungsarbeit Vorschläge und Planungsansätze für eine Verbesserung der raumplanerischen Strategien in Amman auf. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Neither the research nor the analysis would have been realized without the help of several people. My deepest gratitude goes to my PhD advisors, Professor Reicher and Professor Gruehn, for their invaluable help in organizing my thoughts since the beginning of this research and for their efforts in narrowing the scope of my research and keeping me on the right track. A special thank is due to Prof. Reicher for her personal and technical support since I applied for a scholarship for my PhD in Jordan until the final submission of this dissertation. I also owe a deep thanks to Dr. Maram Tawil from Jordan, who encouraged me to do my PhD at the TU Dortmund University and for her personal and academic support and insightful suggestions on how to approach public spaces in Amman. During my stay at the Department of Urban Design and Land Use Planning at the Faculty of Spatial Planning at the TU Dortmund, I was privileged to have outstanding colleagues. They have all welcomed me as one of them and shared knowledge with me whenever I needed. I would like particularly to thank Jan Polivka who exposed me to a wide range of scientific material and activities that has enriched my knowledge about the planning of the Ruhr area in Germany. I am grateful also to my PhD colleagues, particularly Sara Gauda and Ahmad El Atrash for the countless fruitful discussions and feedback. My fieldwork in Amman was enriched by many institutions and individuals. I gratefully acknowledge the support of Arch. Nema Qatanani, and Arch. Abd El Azeez Al Kresha from the Greater Amman Municipality (GAM) for providing me with all the data that I needed for my research during the fieldwork trips in Amman. Another deep thanks goes to Dr. Mohammad al Asad from the Center for the Study of the Built Environment (CSBE) for his generosity in sharing his knowledge about the history of the city of Amman and its public and social sphere and Dr. Myriam Ababsa from the Institut Français du Proche- Orient (ifpo) for sharing some literature about the history of Amman. Without their support, the empirical analysis would not have taken place. I would also like to acknowledge the contribution of the German Academic Exchange Services (DAAD) for granting me the scholarship and for their comprehensive technical
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