A Follow-Up of Patient Reported Outcomes in Chronic Plantar Heel Pain Participants Treated with Graston Technique: a Mixed Methods Approach
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University of Northern Iowa UNI ScholarWorks Dissertations and Theses @ UNI Student Work 2016 A follow-up of patient reported outcomes in chronic plantar heel pain participants treated with Graston Technique: A mixed methods approach Troy Richard Garrett University of Northern Iowa Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Copyright ©2016 Troy Richard Garrett Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd Part of the Physical Therapy Commons, and the Physiotherapy Commons Recommended Citation Garrett, Troy Richard, "A follow-up of patient reported outcomes in chronic plantar heel pain participants treated with Graston Technique: A mixed methods approach" (2016). Dissertations and Theses @ UNI. 344. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/344 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses @ UNI by an authorized administrator of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Copyright by TROY RICHARD GARRETT 2016 All Rights Reserved A FOLLOW-UP OF PATIENT REPORTED OUTCOMES IN CHRONIC PLANTAR HEEL PAIN PARTICIPANTS TREATED WITH GRASTON TECHNIQUE: A MIXED METHODS APPROACH An Abstract of a Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Education Approved: ____________________________________ Dr. Peter J. Neibert, Committee Chair ____________________________________ Dr. Kavita R. Dhanwada Dean of the Graduate College Troy Richard Garrett University of Northern Iowa December 2016 ABSTRACT Chronic Plantar Heel Pain (CPHP), commonly known as “plantar fasciitis,” is a condition that is estimated to affect 10% of the American population. A treatment for CPHP and other soft tissue overuse conditions that is increasing in popularity is the use of metal instruments for deep tissue massage for 10 minutes, twice a week for six weeks, called the Graston Technique. The purpose of this study is to longitudinally examine the foot pain and function of participants who received Graston Technique treatment approximately two years before this study. A mixed methods design where quantitatively, three self-reported survey instruments were utilized, and qualitatively, an interview regarding foot pain and function, as well as quality of life, was completed. This study is motivated by three research questions: (1) Will participants treated with Graston Technique for CPHP report a maintenance or decrease in pain levels two years posttreatment? (2) Will participants treated with Graston Technique for CPHP report a maintenance or improvement in functional outcomes two years posttreatment? (3)What are the lived experiences of participants treated with Graston Technique for CPHP? The findings of this case series design demonstrate that 13 out of 15 participants maintained or improved pain levels and functional outcomes near two years posttreatment. Qualitatively, 10 out of 15 of the participants described having foot pain at the cessation of treatment, with the pain subsiding a few months later. This could occur from the long-term mechanical changes that Graston Technique can impose on degenerated tissue, such as in CPHP. The findings support that Graston Technique may be an effective treatment for CPHP to maintain pain and functional levels two years after the treatment has ended. A FOLLOW-UP OF PATIENT REPORTED OUTCOMES IN CHRONIC PLANTAR HEEL PAIN PARTICIPANTS TREATED WITH GRASTON TECHNIQUE: A MIXED METHODS APPROACH A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Education Approved: ____________________________________ Dr. Peter J. Neibert, Chair ____________________________________ Dr. Todd A. Evans, Committee Member ____________________________________ Dr. Laura L. Pitts, Committee Member ____________________________________ Dr. Kelli R. Snyder, Committee Member Troy Richard Garrett University of Northern Iowa December 2016 ii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my wife Jennifer, also my daughters Marissa and Delaney, who have supported me through this entire process. I am also grateful for the encouragement of my parents, Richard and Ann Garrett, who have wholeheartedly supported me through my entire education, from reading to me as toddler through graduate school. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Over the past eight and a half years, I have received support from numerous individuals. First, I am indebted to Dr. Christopher R. Edginton for his encouragement to become a doctoral student. I am grateful for the work of my dissertation committee, Dr. Peter Neibert, Dr. Todd Evans, Dr. Kelli Snyder, and Dr. Laura Pitts for their assistance throughout the complete process. I also owe gratitude to Dr. Carlin Hageman for recommending the conceptual framework of this dissertation, and to Dr. Neibert and Dawn Jacobson, MS, ATC, for assisting in treating the participants and data collection. This dissertation would not have been completed without the assistance of local podiatrists who aided in recruiting participants, so many thanks to Dr. Greg Lantz, Dr. Patrick Weires, Dr. Ronald Cervetti, Dr. Phillip Morreale, Dr. Kelsey Harvey, and especially Dr. Ronald Kane. I would also like to thank Mark Jacobson at the University of Northern Iowa Statistical Consulting Lab for the statistics assistance. Additionally, a majority of the reference materials came from Rod Library, and the assistance from the library staff is greatly appreciated. Finally, I would like to thank the cooperation of the participants who without them, this dissertation would not have been possible. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................1 Statement of the Problem ...............................................................................................2 Purpose ...........................................................................................................................2 Significance....................................................................................................................3 Research Questions ........................................................................................................3 Delimitations ..................................................................................................................4 Limitations .....................................................................................................................4 Definition of Terms........................................................................................................5 CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE .......................................................................7 Plantar Fascia and Associated Foot Anatomy ...............................................................7 Plantar Fascia Biomechanics .......................................................................................12 Chronic Plantar Heel Pain (CPHP) ..............................................................................19 Plantar Fasciitis vs. Plantar Fasciosis ..........................................................................21 CPHP Symptoms and Clinical Presentation ................................................................23 Risk Factors for CPHP .................................................................................................25 Rates of Occurrence of CPHP ......................................................................................27 CPHP Common Treatments .........................................................................................28 Plantar Fascia Specific Stretching (PFSS) ...................................................................30 Graston Technique History ..........................................................................................33 v Instrument Assisted Soft Tissue Massage (IASTM) and Histological Studies ...........34 IASTM Publications ....................................................................................................36 Foot Health Status Questionnaire ................................................................................42 McGill Pain Questionnaire ..........................................................................................45 Visual Analog Scale .....................................................................................................46 Summary ......................................................................................................................47 CHAPTER 3. METHODS .................................................................................................49 Previous Investigation ..................................................................................................50 Current Investigation ...................................................................................................52 Data Analysis ...............................................................................................................53 Trustworthiness ............................................................................................................54 CHAPTER 4. RESULTS ...................................................................................................56 Participant Outcomes ...................................................................................................57