Contr. Tert. Quatern. Geol. 36(1-4) 3-8 Leiden, December 1999
Notes on the molluscan genera
Clavilithes Swainson, 1840
and
Rhopalithes Grabau, 1904
MartinAvery+Snyder
Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA
Martin Notes the molluscan Clavilithes Snyder, Avery. on genera Swainson, 1840 and Rhopalithes Grabau, 1904 (Gastropoda,
Fasciolariidae). ■— Contr. Tert. Quatern. Geol., 36(1-4): 3-8. Leiden, December 1999.
The Clavilithes 1840 and 1904 the and fasciolariid gastropod genera Swainson, Rhopalithes Grabau, have same type species hence are
The situation used the for objective synonyms. is complicated by the fact that most authors have wrong type species designation Clavilithes
and thus most of the species which are actually Clavilithes (s. str.) have been placed in Rhopalithes. Most ofthe species presently regarded
in in asClavilithes (s. str.) must fact be placed a differentgenus or subgenus: Clavellofusus Grabau, 1904 is used for this purpose.
Key words — Gastropoda, Fasciolariidae, taxonomy.
M.A. Snyder, 745 Newtown Road, Villanova,Pennsylvania 19085, USA.
resembled and Clavatula Contents closely Clavagella (Swainson,
1840, p. 78 footnote). He placed four species in the genus,
Introduction viz. Fusus clavellatus Lamarck, 1816 (pi. 425, fig. 2), F. p. 3 longaevus Lamarck, 1816 (pi. 425, fig. 3), F. noae Taxonomic notes p. 3 Lamarck, 1816 (pi. 425, fig. 5), andClavilithes ponderosa Acknowledgements p. 6
References Swainson, 1840 (p. 304; see also Lamarck, 1816, pi. 425, p. 6 fig. 4).
The modern citation of these species is as follows: Introduction Fusus clavellatus Lamarck, 1803 (p. 317, pi. 5, fig. 8a-c),
F. (Cyrtulus) parisiensis Mayer-Eymar, 1876 (p. 89, based
the same the fasciolariid Having type species, gastropod on the species misidentified as F. longaevus (Solander in Clavilithes 1840 and genera Swainson, Rhopalithes Brander, 1766) by Lamarck (1803, p. 317, pi. 5, figs 9,
Grabau, 1904 are here shown to be objective synonyms. Murex noae Holten, 1802 senior of 14), (p. 62, a synonym Most previous authors have used the type species wrong Fusus noae Lamarck, 1803 (p. 317, pi. 5, fig. 13, ex
designation for Clavilithes, which means that most of the Chemnitz), and Clavilithes ponderosa Swainson, 1840 (p.
species which are Clavilithes have been actually (s. str.) 304; see also Lamarck, 1816, pi. 425, fig. 4). in The of placed Rhopalithes. majority species presently The type species, when designated, had to be chosen
regarded as belonging in Clavilithes (s. str.) must in fact be from among these four taxa. The type species of
placed in a different or For this genus subgenus. purpose Clavilithes designated by Herrmannsen (1846, 246) , p. Clavellofusus Grabau, 1904 be used. may was Fusus noae Chemnitz (subsequently of Holten, 1802,
and This reiterated Lamarck, 1803). designation was by
Cossmann (1901, p. 18), and correctly noted by MacNeil
TAXONOMIC NOTES & Dockery (1984, p. 148).
Gray (1847, p. 13) stated the type species ofClavilithes The Clavella Swainson genus was proposed by (1835, p. to be Fusus longaevus (Solander in Brander, 1766). This
21) but no species were placed in it. The name had was followed H. and A. Adams already designation by (1853, p. been used Oken for by (1815, 358) a crustacean and Cossmann 172; see Palmer, p. genus. 85) (1889, p. 1937, p. 356 Swainson (1840, p. 304) emended the genus name to footnote 551). Clavilithes but did not designate a type species. He Most authors have designated Fusus (Cyrtulus)
substituted the new name Clavilithes, based however, not parisiensis Mayer-Eymar, 1876, on the species because it but because he it was a homonym, thought too misidentified as Fusus longaevus (Solander in Brander, 4
either named in 317, 5, 9, as the A list of species 1766) by Lamarck (1803, p. pi. figs 14), (possibly incomplete)
Clavilithes. This all of which are Clavilithes type species of subsequent type or assigned toRhopalithes, (s.
made Grabau and is follows: designation was by (1904, p. 104), str.), as
followed by Wrigley (1927, p. 224), Palmer (1937, pp.
angulatus Lamarck, 1803, 385, 6, fig. o (a and b), 356, 357), Glibert (1938, p. 108), and Wenz (1943, p. (Fusus) p. pi. in Clavilithes Cossmann 173); placed in 1251). placed by (1889, p. Grabau renamed Rhopalithes Grabau Rhopalithes by (1904, p. 136), Rhopalithes was proposed as a new genus by lamarcki Wrigley, 1927, Eocene ofFrance; with the Fusus (1904, p. 135) type species designated as bolivarensis (Rhopalithes) Clark in Clark & Durham, 1946 (p. noae Lamarck, 1803 (a junior synonym of Murex noae 39, pi. 22, fig. 1), Eocene of Columbia; Holten, 1802; see Winckworth, 1943). This genus was clavelloides (Rhopalithes) Grabau, 1904, p. 137, pi. 9, fig. 22, discussed and accepted as valid by Cossmann (1904, p. Clavilithes placed as a variety of noae (Lamarck, 1803) by Since both and Wenz 1252, as Rhopalites). 234) (1943, p. Cossmann Eocene of (1907, p. 264), France; Clavilithes and Rhopalithes have the same type species, diptychophorus (Clavilithes) Cossmann, 1897, p. 299, pi. 5 [10], these and the latter is a genera are objective synonyms figs 11, 12, placed in Clavilithes (Rhopalithes) by Cossmann
of the former. Some authors have treated Eocene of France; junior synonym (1919, p. 71),
in Rhopalithes as a subgenus of Clavilithes. goniophorus (Fusus) Bellardi, 1854, p. 13, pi. 1, fig. 8, placed
(1906, and in Rhopalithes There are a variety of genera or subgenera closely Clavilithesby Oppenheim p. 315),
Newton Cenozoic of relatedtoClavilithes: by (1912, p. 76), Egypt;
incertus (Clavilithes) Woods, 1922, p. 100, pi. 14, fig. 3, placed
in & Durham Eocene Rhopalithes by Clark (1946, p. 39), of
— Chiralithes Olsson, 1930 (type species Clavilithes Peru; Eocene of (Chiralithes) cynosuris Olsson, 1930, Peru; in japeti (Fusus) Tournouer, 1872, p. 501, pi. 6, fig. 7, placed
introduced as of Vinassa de subgenus Clavilithes); Clavilithes by Regny (1898, p. 193), and in
Clavilithes— Perulithes 1930 Grabau of central Olsson, (type species Rhopalithes by (1904, p. 141), Cenozoic
introduced peruvianus Woods, 1922, Eocene of Peru; as Europe;
subgenus ofClavilithes); lagunitensis (Clavilithes) Olsson, 1928, p. 88, pi. 21, figs 4, 7, placed in Rhopalithes by Olsson (1928, 88), Eocene of —Austrolithes Finlay, 1931 (type species Fusus bulbodes p. Peru; Tate, 1888, as emended by Pritchard, 1904, pp. 320-322,
name for Clavilithes lamarcki (Rhopalithes) Wrigley, 1927, p. 237, new Eocene of Australia); placed as a subgenus of Fusus angulatus Lamarck, 1803, non Roding, 1798; Eocene by Wenz (1943, p. 1253); of England;
—FususCosmolithes Grabau, 1904 (type species loiseli (Fusus (Clavilithos [sic])) Chedeville, 1904, p. 87, pi. 4, uniplicatus Lamarck, 1803, Eocene ofFrance); placed as a fig. 5, 5bis, placed in Clavilithes (Rhopalithes) by Cossmann ofClavilithes by Cossmann (1907, p. 264); subgenus Eocene of (1907, p. 264), France;
—MancorusMancorus Olsson, 1931 (type species montanus (Fusus (Cyrtulus)) Mayer-Eymar, 1887, pp. 57, 110, grabaui Olsson, 1931, Oligocene of Peru and Columbia; pi. 5, fig. 10, placed in 'the same group as Clavella noae’ by
as a ofClavilithes Wenz (1943, and in of placed subgenus by p. Cossmann (1888, p. 779), Clavella (a synonym
Cossmann Eocene of 1253); Clavilithes) by (1901, p. 20), France;
of Clavilithes — 1957 RhopalithesAfricolithes Eames, (type species noae (Murex) Holten, 1802, p. 62, type species
africanus Newton, 1922, Eocene of Nigeria); Swainson, 1840; type species of Rhopalithes Grabau, 1904,
Eocene of England and France; -Cyrtulus Hinds, 1843 (type species Cyrtulus serotinus pachyrhaphe (Fusus (Clavella)) Bayan, 1870, 50, pi. 6, fig. 5, Hinds, 1843, Recent of Polynesia). p. in of Cossmann placed Clavella (a synonym Clavilithes) by
in with Clavilithes (1901, p. 20), placed synonymy This entire is in need of revision. The resolution group goniophorus (Bellardi, 1854) [in Rhopalithes ] by the in the of Clavilithes-Rhopalithes problem present paper and Oppenheim (1906, p. 315), Cenozoic of Europe Egypt; first in this with the should be viewed as a step direction, rugoides (Rhopalithes) Grabau, 1904, pi. 9, figs 9-12, Eocene of
recognition of the need for furtherrevisions. France;
in There are roughly 160 potentially valid taxa in this rugosus (Fusus) Lamarck, 1803, p. 316, pi. 5, fig. 11, placed
Clavella by Bellardi (1873, and in Clavilithes entire group. It is possible to properly place some of these p. 217),
Le Pacaud for (Rhopalithes) by Renard & (1995, p. 117), in Clavilithes (s. str.) and in the substitute genus Eocene of Europe; Rhopalithes, and this is done below, but the resulting lists
superbus (Clavilithes (Rhopalithes)) Traub, 1938, p. 89, pi. 7, are assuredly not complete. fig. 13a,b, Palaeocene of Europe; with Murex Clavilithes (s. str.), type species noae toyei (Clavilithes (Rhopalithes)) Adegoke, 1977, p. 178, pi. 28, Holten, 1802, is characterised by fusiform shells with two figs 1-3, Palaeocene of Nigeria; or more oblique plicae on the columella. The body is tuberculoides (Rhopalithes) Grabau, 1904, p. 138, pi. 9, figs 23, ribbed with crossing spiral striae. According to Grabau 24, Eocene of France;
the consists of one and a half (1904, p. 135) protoconch villatae (Clavilithes (Rhopalithes)) Staid-Staadt in Malian &
whorls. Staid-Staadt Eocene of (1968, p. 112, pi. 1, figs 4-7), Spain. 5
All of these must be to Clavilithes clavellatus 8a-e species assigned (s. (Fusus) Lamarck, 1803, p. 317, pi. 5, fig. (based
in Brander, str.). Two other species assigned to Rhopalithes at one parte on Fusus deformis (Solander in 1766), pi. 22, 37, 38 8, in Clavella time have subsequently been assigned otherwise, viz. figs (non pi. fig. 93)), placed (a
of Eocene synonym Clavilithes) by Pezant, 1908, p. 173, of
France; africanus (Rhopalithes) Newton, 1922, p. 32, pi. 2, figs 9, 10,
conjunctoides (Clavilithes) Grabau, 1904, p. 122, pi. 8, fig. 19, type species ofAfricolithes Eames, 1957, Eocene of Nigeria; Eocene of England; dameriacensis (Fusus) Deshayes, 1864, atlas 2, pi. 85, figs 23, 1834, 70, 16, 17; 1835a, in conjunctus (Fusus) Deshayes, pi. figs p. 24; 1865, p. 256, placed Clavilithes by Cossmann (1889, in in 527, placed Clavella (a synonym of Clavilithes) by de p. 174), Clavilithes (Rhopalithes) by Cossmann & Pissarro Gregorio (1880, 92), placed in with Clavilithes (1911, pi. 41, fig. 198-8), removed from this subgenus and p. synonymy clavellatus (Lamarck, 1803) Le Renard (1992, 8), in Clavilithes Glibert by p. placed (s. str.) by (1963, p. 137), Eocene of western Eocene ofFrance. Europe;
based custugensis (Clavilithes) Cossmann, 1923, p. 118, on
species misidentified as Clavilithes rugosus (Lamarck, 1803) Clavilithes parisiensis (Mayer-Eymar, 1876) has a Doncieux Eocene of by (1908, p. 66), France; markedly different shell morphology from C. noae Eocene cylindricus (Clavilithes) Wrigley, 1927, p. 230, fig. 22, (Holten, 1802). The general shell form is as in Clavilithes ofEngland; (s. str.) but the columella is smooth, lacking plicae. The dameriacensis (Fusus) Deshayes, 1864, atlas 2, pi. 85, figs 23, protoconch has from two and a half to four whorls (see 24; 1865, p. 256, placed in Clavilithes by Cossmann (1889,
Grabau, 1904, 104). It was, of course, these differences p. p. 174), and in Clavilithes (Rhopalithes) by Cossmann & which led Grabau the Those to erect genus Rhopalithes. Pissarro (1911, pi. 41, fig. 198-8), removed from this
in Clavilithes and in Clavilithes species originally placed (s. str.), based upon subgenus placed (s. str.) by Glibert (1963,
the mistaken of Clavilithes Eocene ofFrance; type species designation p. 137),
be in deformis (Murex) Solander in Brander, 1766, 22, pi. 2, figs 37, parisiensis, must now placed a separate genus, or p. 38, 8, 93 2, 37, 38 possibly subgenus. pi. fig. (species represented by pi. figs renamed Fusus clavellatus in is Lamarck, 1803), placed There an available generic name, Clavellofusus Clavilithes Cossmann of by (1889, p. 173), Eocene England; Grabau, 1904, and this will here be used for this purpose. in egregius (Fusus) Beyrich, 1856, p. 78, pi. 22, figs 1-5, placed Grabau (1904, p. 99) proposed the genus Clavellofusus, Clavella of von Koenen (a synonym Clavilithes) by (1865, p. with the type species designated as Clavellofusus spiratus 479), as a variety of Fusus (Clavella) longaevus (Solander in Grabau, 1904 (p. 99). He placed two other species in this Brander, 1766), Cenozoic of Europe; C. Grabau, 1904 and C. genus, macrospiratus (p. 102), 17 elongatus (Clavilithes) Wrigley, 1927, p. 229, figs 16, (ex
tuberculatus 1904 All three taxa are Grabau, (p. 101). Newton, 1891), Eocene of England; from the Lower Eocene of the Paris Basin, and are Martin in Martin & fennemai (Fusus (Clavella)) Icke, 1906, p. illustrated in Grabau's (1904) monograph. 307, pi. 45, fig. 729, placed in Clavilithes (Clavilithes) by
Cossmann (1904, p. 234) reviewed Grabau's 1904 Beets (1986, p. 35), Mioceneof Java;
hantoniensis (Clavilithes) Wrigley, 1927, fig. Eocene work, and found the genus Clavellofusus 'difficult to p. 226, 10, of England; accept', finding all three species assigned to it difficult to hexacolpus (Clavella) Cossmann & Pissarro, 1901, 50, pi. 11, distinguish from various forms of Fusus longaevus. He p. 15 is of Eocene of fig. (Clavella a synonym Clavilithes), concluded that Clavellofusus was generically identical to France; Clavilithes; as such it becomes the next available name to
kennedyanus (Clavilithes) Harris, 1895, p. 73, pi. 7, fig. 8, be used for the species grouped with Clavilithes Eocene of Texas; It also be noted that parisiensis. may Wrigley (1927, p. Solander in longaevus (Murex) Brander, 1766, p. 22, pi. 2, fig. 236) rejected Clavellofusus as a distinct genus, sharing in 40, pi. 6, fig. 73, pi. 8, fig. 93, placed Clavella (a synonym Cossmann's view that the founded genus was on juvenile de of Clavilithes) by Gregorio (1880, p. 91) [species differences in the specimens exhibiting only slight illustrated in pi. 8, fig. 93 renamed Clavilithes solanderi
to be the Wenz protoconchs, as seems case. (1943, p. Grabau, 1904], Eocene of Europe and Egypt; also with Clavilithes 1252) synonymised Clavellofusus (s. macrospira (Clavilithes) Cossmann, 1889, p. 173, pi. 6, fig. 7,
str.), with the presumed type species Clavilithes placed in synonymy with Clavilithespinus (Perry, 1811) by
Le Renard Eocene parisiensis. (1992, p. 8), of France; macrospiratus (Clavellofusus) Grabau, 1904, 102, pi. 1, figs A (possibly incomplete) list of species which are to be p. 21, 24-25, 27-28, placed in Clavilithes (s. str.) by Le Renard placed in Clavellofusus is as follows: & Pacaud of (1995, p. 117), Eocene France;
maximus (Fusus) Deshayes, 1835, p. 526, pi. 71, figs 11, 12,
britannicus 1927, Eocene in Clavilithes Cossmann Eocene of (Clavilithes) Wrigley, p. 226, fig. 15, placed by (1889, p. 177),
of England; France;
carinatus Doncieux, 1908, 62, 3, nilotica (Clavilithes) p. pi. fig. 9a-c, (Clavilithes) Abbass, 1967, p. 92, pi. 18, figs 3-5,
Eocene of France; Eocene ofEgypt;
chamberlaini Johnson & nilotica (Clavilithes) Grabau, 1902, p. 602, (Clavilithes) var. depressa Abbass, 1967, p. 92, pi.
Eocene ofTexas; 18, figs 6-8; Eocene of Egypt; 6
nilotica 1986. Molluscan fauna ofthe Lower Beds s. (Clavilithes) var. saghaensis Abbass, 1967, p. 92, pi. Beets, C., Gelingseh
timur — 18, figs 1, 2, Eocene of Egypt; str., Sangkulirang area, Kalimantan (East Borneo).
based 82: 1-82. parisiensis (Fusus (Cyrtulus)) Mayer-Eymar, 1876, p. 89, Scripta Geol.,
L., 1854. dei fossili nummulitici on species misidentified as Fusus longaevus (Solander in Bellardi, Catalogo ragionato
della raccolta del di Brander, 1766) by Lamarck (1803, p. 317, pi. 5, figs 9, 14), d'Egitto regio museo mineralogico
Torino. Torino 35 placed in Clavilithes by Grabau (1904, p. 110), Eocene of (Stamperia Reale), pp.
France; Bellardi, L., 1873.1 molluschi dei terreni terziarii del Piemonte e
della Parte 1. parvetorbis (Clavilithes) Garvie, 1996, p. 78, pi. 17, figs 1, 2, Liguria. Cephalopoda, Pteropoda, Heteropoda,
— Mem. reale Accad. Eocene of Texas; Gastropoda (Muricidae et Tritonidae).
1-15 issued as a ponderosa (Clavilithes) Swainson, 1840, p. 304; Lamarck, 1816, Sci. Torino, (2)27: 33-294, pis [also
pi. 425, fig. 4, Eocene of England and France; separate, 264 pp.].
in E., 1853-1856. Die des norddeutschen scalaris (Fusus) Lamarck, 1816, p. 6, pi. 425, fig. 7, placed Beyrich, Conchylien
— Z. dt. 5: 4-8 Clavilithes by Grabau (1904, p. 117), Eocene ofEurope; Tertiargebirges. geol. Ges., 273-358, pis
solanderi 1904, (1853); 6: 408-500, 726-781, pis 9-18 (1854); 8: 21-88, 553- (Clavilithes) Grabau, p. 123, pi. 14, figs 5, 6, pi. 588, 16-28 with continuous 15, figs 1, 2, based onMurex longaevus Solander in Brander, pis (1856) [reprinted pagination
and two extra the Fusus section of the issued 1766, pi. 8, fig. 93 only, placed as a 'race' of Clavilithes plates, reprint
longaevus by Cossmann & Pissarro (1913, pi. 65, fig. 198-1), in 1856],
Chedeville, P.J., 1904. Liste et des fossiles and as a subspecies of Clavilithes houdasi Cossmann, 1907 generate synonymique
— Bull. Soc. Etude Sci. Eocene of and tertiaires du Bassin de Paris. nat. by Dolin et al. (1980, p. 31), western Europe Elbeuf, 22: 375-438 Fossiles du Egypt; [also published as nouveaux
Bassin de Paris. — La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, spiratus (Clavellofusus) Grabau, 1904, p. 99, pi. 1, figs 17, 20, (4)401: 26, pi. 18, fig. 4, type species ofClavellofusus Grabau, 1904, 85-87],
B.L. & J.W. 1946. Eocene faunas from the Eocene of France; Clark, Durham,
Grabau, 10, department of Bolivar, Columbia. — Mem. geol. Soc. Am., subscalaris (Clavilithes) 1904, p. 114, pi. fig. 1, pi. 16: 1-126, 1-27. 12, figs 1-3, 7-12, placed as a variety of Clavilithes pis
1888. Revue de 1'annee Cossmann Cossmann, M., paleontologie pour 1887, parisiensis (Mayer-Eymar, 1876) by (1907, p.
Douville. — and that dirigee M.H. Mollusques: 264), as a subspecies of taxon by Glibert (1963, p. par Gasteropodes. Rev. Geol. 4: 765-785. 139), Eocene ofFrance; Paleont.,
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l'Eocene des environs de Paris faisant suite aux travaux 19, 22, Eocene of France;
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