Contr. Tert. Quatern. Geol. 36(1-4) 3-8 Leiden, December 1999 Notes on the molluscan genera Clavilithes Swainson, 1840 and Rhopalithes Grabau, 1904 (Gastropoda, Fasciolariidae) MartinAvery+Snyder Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA Martin Notes the molluscan Clavilithes Snyder, Avery. on genera Swainson, 1840 and Rhopalithes Grabau, 1904 (Gastropoda, Fasciolariidae). ■— Contr. Tert. Quatern. Geol., 36(1-4): 3-8. Leiden, December 1999. The Clavilithes 1840 and 1904 the and fasciolariid gastropod genera Swainson, Rhopalithes Grabau, have same type species hence are The situation used the for objective synonyms. is complicated by the fact that most authors have wrong type species designation Clavilithes and thus most of the species which are actually Clavilithes (s. str.) have been placed in Rhopalithes. Most ofthe species presently regarded in in asClavilithes (s. str.) must fact be placed a differentgenus or subgenus: Clavellofusus Grabau, 1904 is used for this purpose. Key words — Gastropoda, Fasciolariidae, taxonomy. M.A. Snyder, 745 Newtown Road, Villanova,Pennsylvania 19085, USA. resembled and Clavatula Contents closely Clavagella (Swainson, 1840, p. 78 footnote). He placed four species in the genus, Introduction viz. Fusus clavellatus Lamarck, 1816 (pi. 425, fig. 2), F. p. 3 longaevus Lamarck, 1816 (pi. 425, fig. 3), F. noae Taxonomic notes p. 3 Lamarck, 1816 (pi. 425, fig. 5), andClavilithes ponderosa Acknowledgements p. 6 References Swainson, 1840 (p. 304; see also Lamarck, 1816, pi. 425, p. 6 fig. 4). The modern citation of these species is as follows: Introduction Fusus clavellatus Lamarck, 1803 (p. 317, pi. 5, fig. 8a-c), F. (Cyrtulus) parisiensis Mayer-Eymar, 1876 (p. 89, based the same the fasciolariid Having type species, gastropod on the species misidentified as F. longaevus (Solander in Clavilithes 1840 and genera Swainson, Rhopalithes Brander, 1766) by Lamarck (1803, p. 317, pi. 5, figs 9, Grabau, 1904 are here shown to be objective synonyms. Murex noae Holten, 1802 senior of 14), (p. 62, a synonym Most previous authors have used the type species wrong Fusus noae Lamarck, 1803 (p. 317, pi. 5, fig. 13, ex designation for Clavilithes, which means that most of the Chemnitz), and Clavilithes ponderosa Swainson, 1840 (p. species which are Clavilithes have been actually (s. str.) 304; see also Lamarck, 1816, pi. 425, fig. 4). in The of placed Rhopalithes. majority species presently The type species, when designated, had to be chosen regarded as belonging in Clavilithes (s. str.) must in fact be from among these four taxa. The type species of placed in a different or For this genus subgenus. purpose Clavilithes designated by Herrmannsen (1846, 246) , p. Clavellofusus Grabau, 1904 be used. may was Fusus noae Chemnitz (subsequently of Holten, 1802, and This reiterated Lamarck, 1803). designation was by Cossmann (1901, p. 18), and correctly noted by MacNeil TAXONOMIC NOTES & Dockery (1984, p. 148). Gray (1847, p. 13) stated the type species ofClavilithes The Clavella Swainson genus was proposed by (1835, p. to be Fusus longaevus (Solander in Brander, 1766). This 21) but no species were placed in it. The name had was followed H. and A. Adams already designation by (1853, p. been used Oken for by (1815, 358) a crustacean and Cossmann 172; see Palmer, p. genus. 85) (1889, p. 1937, p. 356 Swainson (1840, p. 304) emended the genus name to footnote 551). Clavilithes but did not designate a type species. He Most authors have designated Fusus (Cyrtulus) substituted the new name Clavilithes, based however, not parisiensis Mayer-Eymar, 1876, on the species because it but because he it was a homonym, thought too misidentified as Fusus longaevus (Solander in Brander, 4 either named in 317, 5, 9, as the A list of species 1766) by Lamarck (1803, p. pi. figs 14), (possibly incomplete) Clavilithes. This all of which are Clavilithes type species of subsequent type or assigned toRhopalithes, (s. made Grabau and is follows: designation was by (1904, p. 104), str.), as followed by Wrigley (1927, p. 224), Palmer (1937, pp. angulatus Lamarck, 1803, 385, 6, fig. o (a and b), 356, 357), Glibert (1938, p. 108), and Wenz (1943, p. (Fusus) p. pi. in Clavilithes Cossmann 173); placed in 1251). placed by (1889, p. Grabau renamed Rhopalithes Grabau Rhopalithes by (1904, p. 136), Rhopalithes was proposed as a new genus by lamarcki Wrigley, 1927, Eocene ofFrance; with the Fusus (1904, p. 135) type species designated as bolivarensis (Rhopalithes) Clark in Clark & Durham, 1946 (p. noae Lamarck, 1803 (a junior synonym of Murex noae 39, pi. 22, fig. 1), Eocene of Columbia; Holten, 1802; see Winckworth, 1943). This genus was clavelloides (Rhopalithes) Grabau, 1904, p. 137, pi. 9, fig. 22, discussed and accepted as valid by Cossmann (1904, p. Clavilithes placed as a variety of noae (Lamarck, 1803) by Since both and Wenz 1252, as Rhopalites). 234) (1943, p. Cossmann Eocene of (1907, p. 264), France; Clavilithes and Rhopalithes have the same type species, diptychophorus (Clavilithes) Cossmann, 1897, p. 299, pi. 5 [10], these and the latter is a genera are objective synonyms figs 11, 12, placed in Clavilithes (Rhopalithes) by Cossmann of the former. Some authors have treated Eocene of France; junior synonym (1919, p. 71), in Rhopalithes as a subgenus of Clavilithes. goniophorus (Fusus) Bellardi, 1854, p. 13, pi. 1, fig. 8, placed (1906, and in Rhopalithes There are a variety of genera or subgenera closely Clavilithesby Oppenheim p. 315), Newton Cenozoic of relatedtoClavilithes: by (1912, p. 76), Egypt; incertus (Clavilithes) Woods, 1922, p. 100, pi. 14, fig. 3, placed in & Durham Eocene Rhopalithes by Clark (1946, p. 39), of — Chiralithes Olsson, 1930 (type species Clavilithes Peru; Eocene of (Chiralithes) cynosuris Olsson, 1930, Peru; in japeti (Fusus) Tournouer, 1872, p. 501, pi. 6, fig. 7, placed introduced as of Vinassa de subgenus Clavilithes); Clavilithes by Regny (1898, p. 193), and in Clavilithes— Perulithes 1930 Grabau of central Olsson, (type species Rhopalithes by (1904, p. 141), Cenozoic introduced peruvianus Woods, 1922, Eocene of Peru; as Europe; subgenus ofClavilithes); lagunitensis (Clavilithes) Olsson, 1928, p. 88, pi. 21, figs 4, 7, placed in Rhopalithes by Olsson (1928, 88), Eocene of —Austrolithes Finlay, 1931 (type species Fusus bulbodes p. Peru; Tate, 1888, as emended by Pritchard, 1904, pp. 320-322, name for Clavilithes lamarcki (Rhopalithes) Wrigley, 1927, p. 237, new Eocene of Australia); placed as a subgenus of Fusus angulatus Lamarck, 1803, non Roding, 1798; Eocene by Wenz (1943, p. 1253); of England; —FususCosmolithes Grabau, 1904 (type species loiseli (Fusus (Clavilithos [sic])) Chedeville, 1904, p. 87, pi. 4, uniplicatus Lamarck, 1803, Eocene ofFrance); placed as a fig. 5, 5bis, placed in Clavilithes (Rhopalithes) by Cossmann ofClavilithes by Cossmann (1907, p. 264); subgenus Eocene of (1907, p. 264), France; —MancorusMancorus Olsson, 1931 (type species montanus (Fusus (Cyrtulus)) Mayer-Eymar, 1887, pp. 57, 110, grabaui Olsson, 1931, Oligocene of Peru and Columbia; pi. 5, fig. 10, placed in 'the same group as Clavella noae’ by as a ofClavilithes Wenz (1943, and in of placed subgenus by p. Cossmann (1888, p. 779), Clavella (a synonym Cossmann Eocene of 1253); Clavilithes) by (1901, p. 20), France; of Clavilithes — 1957 RhopalithesAfricolithes Eames, (type species noae (Murex) Holten, 1802, p. 62, type species africanus Newton, 1922, Eocene of Nigeria); Swainson, 1840; type species of Rhopalithes Grabau, 1904, Eocene of England and France; -Cyrtulus Hinds, 1843 (type species Cyrtulus serotinus pachyrhaphe (Fusus (Clavella)) Bayan, 1870, 50, pi. 6, fig. 5, Hinds, 1843, Recent of Polynesia). p. in of Cossmann placed Clavella (a synonym Clavilithes) by in with Clavilithes (1901, p. 20), placed synonymy This entire is in need of revision. The resolution group goniophorus (Bellardi, 1854) [in Rhopalithes ] by the in the of Clavilithes-Rhopalithes problem present paper and Oppenheim (1906, p. 315), Cenozoic of Europe Egypt; first in this with the should be viewed as a step direction, rugoides (Rhopalithes) Grabau, 1904, pi. 9, figs 9-12, Eocene of recognition of the need for furtherrevisions. France; in There are roughly 160 potentially valid taxa in this rugosus (Fusus) Lamarck, 1803, p. 316, pi. 5, fig. 11, placed Clavella by Bellardi (1873, and in Clavilithes entire group. It is possible to properly place some of these p. 217), Le Pacaud for (Rhopalithes) by Renard & (1995, p. 117), in Clavilithes (s. str.) and in the substitute genus Eocene of Europe; Rhopalithes, and this is done below, but the resulting lists superbus (Clavilithes (Rhopalithes)) Traub, 1938, p. 89, pi. 7, are assuredly not complete. fig. 13a,b, Palaeocene of Europe; with Murex Clavilithes (s. str.), type species noae toyei (Clavilithes (Rhopalithes)) Adegoke, 1977, p. 178, pi. 28, Holten, 1802, is characterised by fusiform shells with two figs 1-3, Palaeocene of Nigeria; or more oblique plicae on the columella. The body is tuberculoides (Rhopalithes) Grabau, 1904, p. 138, pi. 9, figs 23, ribbed with crossing spiral striae. According to Grabau 24, Eocene of France; the consists of one and a half (1904, p. 135) protoconch villatae (Clavilithes (Rhopalithes)) Staid-Staadt in Malian & whorls. Staid-Staadt Eocene of (1968, p. 112, pi. 1, figs 4-7), Spain. 5 All of these must be to Clavilithes clavellatus 8a-e species assigned (s. (Fusus) Lamarck, 1803, p. 317, pi. 5, fig. (based in Brander, str.). Two other species assigned to Rhopalithes at one parte on Fusus deformis (Solander in 1766), pi. 22, 37, 38 8, in Clavella time have subsequently been assigned otherwise, viz. figs (non pi. fig. 93)), placed (a of Eocene synonym Clavilithes) by Pezant, 1908, p. 173, of France; africanus (Rhopalithes) Newton, 1922, p. 32, pi. 2, figs 9, 10, conjunctoides (Clavilithes) Grabau, 1904, p. 122, pi. 8, fig. 19, type species ofAfricolithes Eames, 1957, Eocene of Nigeria; Eocene of England; dameriacensis (Fusus) Deshayes, 1864, atlas 2, pi. 85, figs 23, 1834, 70, 16, 17; 1835a, in conjunctus (Fusus) Deshayes, pi.