Sardiman, Ajat , Djoko Suryo: The Revitalization of Deliberation Values... THE REVITALIZATION OF DELIBERATION VALUES IN THE EDUCATION OF DEMOCRACY IN : A STUDY OF SOEDIRMAN FIGURE VALUES

Sardiman, Ajat Sudrajat, Djoko Suryo3

Abstract

This research aims at analyzing the importance of deliberation values in developing democracy education in Indonesia. This research is a qualitative-historical research, i.e. reconstructing the expression and role of Soedirman struggle and his figure values, especially the value of deliberation. The values were then explored thoroughly using a sociological approach and some of the religious dimensions to get an idea of a more fundamental deliberation value as the principles of democratic development.The results show that Soedirman was successful becoming a leader both within the civil and military community and capable of upholding the values of the deliberation in performing his figure tasks. However, the deliberation values tend to be fading in this reformation era. Also, democracy is liberal and tends to be overly practiced. This should be improved by developing democracy education through the revitalization of deliberation values. The revitalization can be realized by performing dialogues and following deliberation traditions practiced by Soedirmanin order to strenghtenthe implementation of -based democracy (Pancasila Democracy).

Keywords: Figure values, deliberation, democracy.

3Yogyakarta State University, Gajah Mada University. Email: [email protected] 30

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Introduction immature mentality of the society especially Talking about the deliberationvalues in in relation to politics. This is indicated by Indonesia may remind us the content of the horizontal conflicts which frequently occur fourth principle of Pancasila. The fourth after the implementation of general elections, principle is “Democracy guided by the inner either in legislative general election, wisdom in the unanimity arising out of presidential election, or governor election, for deliberations amongst representatives.” instarnce a chaos that was triggered by Based on the fourth principle of Pancasila, the arguments of the defeated parties and founding fathers have determined that cheating allegations addressed to the winner democracy becomes the principle in the of the elections. Moreover, the growing of implementation of Indonesian democracy. money politic practices show that the political Therefore, democracy in Indonesia is well- actors feel unconfidence to exist in the known as “Pancasila Democracy” Indonesian democracy stage. The developed In fact, the implementation of democracy tends to be build based on desire, Pancasila-based democracy in the nation and short term reasons, and without affection. Life state life in Indonesia does not run as it is. which is marked by the arising desire and Pancasila democracy has not been ambition as well as lost of affection has implemented consequently since it was brought public space as a conflict arena and introduced by the founding fathers in unsafety situation. For instance, violence Proclamation era, during the period of increases in the form of murder, fighting independence defense, Liberal Democracy, among groups in the society, and among Guided Democracy, being reviewed in New students. They occur because brotherhood Order, and continued in Reformation era. and deliberation values have been faded. Even, many people in the Reformation era The decreasing of deliberation values consider that democracy is “over”. This was has resulted in the weakening of peaceful confermented by the President Jokowi in his feeling and mutual respect among humans. speech at an inauguration of Hanura Party People feel suspicious do not trust each other. Central Board in Sentul, , 22 February Thus, transparency as the important element 2017 (Kompas. Com. 22, February 2017). The in democracy life can not be developed. “over” democracy is also indicated by the Consequently, various problems in social life widening of extreme political articulation can not be solved. The accumulation of opportunities such as liberalism, radicalism, various problems in the society may create fundamen-talism, sectarianism, terorism, and massive disappointment which impacts on teachings which contradict with Pancasila trust crises toward the government as the ideology. Pancasila gets less attention. Even, it facilitator of nation and state life. This, for becomes jokes for some people (there was an sure, must not happen. artist who mock the fifth principle of Based on the explanation above, some Pancasila as bebek nungging/twerking ducks questions can be formulated as follows. Why (Rachmanto, 2016: 1). doesn’t Pancasila-based Democracy run The overly practiced democracy leads consequently? How significant are the to the unreadiness of infrastructure and deliberation values in developing democracy 31

Sardiman, Ajat Sudrajat, Djoko Suryo: The Revitalization of Deliberation Values... education in Indonesia? How can deliberation which will be reconstructed (Abd Rahman values be revitalized and actualized?. With Hamid & M. Saleh Madjid, 2011:19-22). After regard to those questions, it can be confirmed criticizing the sources, the researcher performed an interpretation. This stage that there are problems in the implementation include analysis and synthesis processes of democracy in Indonesia. (Kuntowijoyo, 2013: 78). The objectives of This paper provides description about these processes are to analyze deliberation the issues dealing with some questions above values as the results of the role expressions through the studies of Soedirman’s figure, and struggle of Soedirman. In analyzing the especially deliberation values. delibera-tion values, sociological approaches were applied with some religious dimensions in order that the values become more Research Methods meaningful (inspired by concept of scientific This research is a qualitative-historical cum doctrinaire (Mukti Ali, 2004: 57) Some research, i.e. a qualitative research employing explanations are linked to verses of the Koran. a historical method. This research is intended Therefore, hermeneutics method is required. to understand the meanings of individual or This method is employed as a tool to group attitude and action which describe strengthen interpretation process, explain and social or humanitarian problems (related to rationalize the values which have been Soedirman figure) (Creswell, 2009: 59).This analyzed (Palmer, 1969:23). More-over, research was conducted in Cilacap, psychological approach is used (Sartono and various regions in East Java. Kartodirdjo, 1982) to know the attitude and The subjects of this research include behavior of Soedirman thouroughly so that it Soedirman and some informants who know may help formulate the values behind his Soedirman as the source-persons. This attitude and struggle. The last stage is writing research deals with the efforts of or making a report. This writing process reconstructing past human activities include the efforts to answer some questions, regarding the role expressions and struggle of such as: “what, who, when, where, how and Soedirman and formulating his figure values. why” (Berkhofer, 1980: 284). With regard to The steps taken after determining a research this, explaining skill is needed based on the title consist of collecting sources (heuristic), causality principle (Suhartono W. Pranoto, criticizing sources (verification), 2010: ).Then, the presentation of the writing interpretating (to build) meaning and the last uses an active-dynamic language and has is writing (Gottschalk, 1983:34, see also dramatic power (to build the readers’ spirit Helius Sjamsuddin, 1996). and emotion) (McCoy, 1974:11). In collecting sources, the researcher obtained many documents from Headquarters Research Findings of Army in , interview results Background of Soedirman Figure performed by History Team of Army to the Soedirman was born in Rembang, sourcepersons who lived at the same era as Bodaskarangjati, Purbalingga, on 24 January Soedirman and knew him well. In addition, 1916. He was a son of Karsid and Sijem who interviews were conducted with the witnesses were ordinary people (Dinas Sejarah TNI AD, when Soedirman became the leader of 1985:229). When he was a baby, he was taken guerilla. Selecting the appropriate by R.Tjokrosoenarjo family as an adopted sourcepersons should consider: who, when, child. The family belongs to high social class where, and how the role played by the known as priayi. sourcepersons regarding the events or figures 32

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R.Tjokrosoenarjo is an Asistant of Wedono After he graduated from MULO Wiworo (Head of Sub-district) in Rembang, Tomo, Soedirman was fully active in Bodaskarangjati. He is a husband of Tarsem or Muhammadiyah organization. Firstly, Turidawati (Sijem’s sister) (S. Kadarjono, Soedirman was active as a member and then 1961:12). R. Tjokrosoenarjo and Turidawati he became leader of Hizboel Wathan (HW) did not have a child. Therefore, R. boyscout organzation in Cilacap. He guided his Tjokrosoenarjo took Soedirman as an adopted juniors in HW to perform discipline, to be child. Sijem did not mind about it. Sijem family hard worker and independent, do not then lived in R. Tjokrosoenarjo family complain and desperate, have strong belief, environment. and do not miss five times prayers (Sardiman Soedirman’s childhood has a unique story. AM., 2000: 51). Since he was a child, Soedirman’s personality Instead of being active in HW, was influenced by sub-culture around his Soedirman was also active in Pemuda family. Borrowing a terminology of Clifford Muhammadiyah organization Geertz (1976), in R. Tjokrosoenarjo family, (Muhammadiyah Youth Organization) to there were some figures from different sub- develop his skill. In addition, he was cultures, i.e. R.Tjokrosoenarjo and his wife appointed as a leader of Muhammadiyah named Turidawati who represented priyayi Youth organization in Banyumas in 1937 due subculture, Siyem represented ordinary to his skill and capacity. Then, he was elected people (wong cilik) subculture, and small as the leader of Muhammadiyah Youth praying house with the religious teachers organization in province (Dinas represented religious person (santri) Sejarah TNI AD, 1985:198). With regard to subculture. R. Tjokrosoenarjo had inherited this, his responsibility was heavier. Therefore, some values such as heroism, religious, and his duties as a Minister of H.W. in Banyumas disciplines. Turidawati as a mother was Region was given to Soeparno, a teacher at represented as a noble woman who taught Mu’ Muhammadiyah Purwokerto. politeness value, while Siyem had taught However, Soedirman was still actively modesty and hardwork values. In addition, the involved in the programs held by H.W. (S. environment of small praying house and Sulistyo Atmodjo, 1991: 15). In this position, religious teachers at school had instilled Soedirman became so busy that he sometimes religious faith and obedience to Soedirman. did not think of himself. Soedirman grew to be a religious, Soedirman also concerned on education discipline and hardworker person. During his for native people. He became a teacher in HIS study in MULO (Meer Uitgbreid Leger Muhammadiyah Cilacap and he was an idol Onderwijs) Wiworo Tomo, he started to show teacher for his students. Also, he was elected his strong figures. Soedirman actively as the principle in that school. Soedirman had involved in various organizational activities at an obsession to improve the education for the his school. During his study in MULO, the natives. Through education, the intelligence Islamic values of Soedirman had improved. He and social life quality of the native people will never missed five times prayers. Even, he improve. This is a strategic step to decrease frequently performed a midnight prayer and the influence of ideology and bad practice sunnah fasting (based on Mokh. Samingan’s performed by the colonials (Sardiman AM, testimony). Among his classmates and 2000:102). teachers, Soedirman was known as a pious Entering Japanese colonialism era, and religious student, so he was called “kajine” Soedirman became a popular figure in the or a religious person (Soekanto, 1981:51). society. After Japan formed Pembela Tanah Air (PETA) or Country Defender Corp in 1943, 33

Sardiman, Ajat Sudrajat, Djoko Suryo: The Revitalization of Deliberation Values... Soedirman was recruited as a daidanco of (Kedaulatan Rakyat, 5 July 1946). Moreover, PETA in Kroya. When Japan developed Jawa after Renville Agreement was signed, the Hokokai organization in 1944, he was Dutch only recognized RI’s regions in the recruited as well. (Tjokropranolo, 1992: 26). perspective of de facto consisting of After Indonesian independence, Yogyakarta and some parts of East Java. The Soedirman became a commander of BKR content of that Agreement was a “disaster” (Badan Keamanan Rakyat/ Peoples Security and clearly betrayed the ideals of Board) in Banyumas. “Government Edict” Proclamation (Adam Malik (1984:192). Even, concerning the establishment of TKR (Tentara as a complaint, Oerip Somohardjo resigned Keamanan Rakyat/ Peoples Security Army) on from his position as an advisor in military 5 October 1945 was followed up by forming field (Nasution, 1984:77). TKR in many different regions. Moreover, Soedirman was really disappointed and Soedirman was appointed to be the shocked. But, as a democratic state official and commander of TKR Regiment in Purwokerto. religious person, he tried to understand the After TKR was managed nationally, Soedirman political reality gracefully. He kept fighting was appointed as a Division V Commander of until the Dutch left from Indonesia. Soedirman TKR or as a colonel who ruled Kedu and became a victim of Re-ra policy (his degree Banyumas regions (Nasution, 1977: 26-27). was lowered) and he had to face FDR/PKI or In November 12, 1945, a conference was Indonesian Comunist Party rebellion led by held in TKR Headquarters in Yogyakarta to Muso and Amir Sjarifuddinin in Madiun which elect the TKR commander. In that conference, sparked on 18 September 1948. Soedirman Soedirman was elected as a candidate of Great mind fighting the native people. The rebellion Commander of TKR (Johannes, 1978, Berita can be overcome immediately. Buana, 15 February, 1978). He was It seems that the accumulation of inaugurated on 18 December 1945 because Soedirman’s psychological burden effects his Soedirman had to concentrate to encounter physical condition. He was sick and had to be Ambarawa battle toward the Allies force cared intensively. When he was sick, the which was supported by Dutch force. Dutch conducted military aggression to the RI By 1946, the situation in was regions in 19 December 1948. Knowing that getting unsafe. The central government of the the Dutch had attacked, like a miracle, Republic of Indonesia was moved from Jakarta Soedirman got up and took over the command to Yogyakarta, on 4 January 1946. Due to the to lead the battle toward the Dutch (Pour, critical political situation, the strategy of 2010: 81). His physical was actually diplomacy was performed by Sutan Syahrir. vulnerable, but his spirit was never As the Prime Minister, Sutan Syahrir discussed weakening. He had to lead guerilla war. For with the Dutch and the Allies as the mediator about six months, he took more than 1000 km to determine Indonesia’s future. One of the journey, his mental, physical and wealth were diplomatic strategies was performing dedicated for the sake of the Indonesian Linggarjati Agreement in 1947. Moreover, sovereignity. Renville Agreement was implemented in Amir Soedirman’s Figure Values Sjarifuddin cabinet in 1948. Personally, Soedirman disagreed with that agreement In general, value is considered something since Dutch was tricky i.e. in the perspective that is important in humans’ life. Due to its importance, value becomes a belief that could of de facto, they only admitted that the regions influence someone’s behavior. According to of the Republic of Indonesia consisted of Java, Madura and Sumatera. Soedirman, in this case, Hill (1991: 4) fought for the sake of 100% sovereignity of RI 34

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when people speak of values they are usually In addition, according to Abimanyu referring to those beliefs held by individuals (1978) the Great Commander Soedirman was to which they attach special priority or a pious, honest, modest, and confident and worth, and by which they tend to order their never give up. He was a wise figure, the real lives. A values is, therefore, more than a patriot who voluntarily dedicated his soul, belief; but it is also more than a feeling. physical, even wealth for the sake of the nation and state. Meanwhile, according to In line with Hill, Milton Rokeach (1969:160) Suadi (1974) (the document of Army says that value is a belief that influences and Headquarters, History Office) who knew him directs someone’s attitude and behavior even well when they joined PETA exercises in it becomes self assessment and other Bogor said that Soedirman was a friendly, assessment instruments. Therefore, values are democratic, mature, transparent, open person something that are essential and valuable as a in discussing everything. Also, he was a family belief that could be a guide in human life. man. He was pleased to work hard and Value plays important roles, i.e. as an sacrifice for the sake of his nation; being attracting power and a base for a human’s assertive and firm (especially when the attitude and action. In addition, it encourages decision had been made through humans to realize the values they find in deliberation); having strong belief and faith actions. Values will drive and direct toward but still performing high tolerance; easily humans’ self indetification through the apologizing and forgiving other people activities they do (Rokeach, 1969: 160). (Document of Markas Besar AD, Dinas Therefore, values can be a guidance for life Sejarah). Soedirman has complete values and personal establishment, even for national which can be a role model in social life. personality. According to Ary Ginanjar (2009), among Based on the arguments above, those values, they can be formulated into Soedirman’s figure values can be understood some main values. The structure of values as something good and essential, something proposed by Max Scheler as written by that is valuable and exists behind thought, Wahana (2004: 60-61) consist of (1) purity attitude and behavior of Soedirman. values, i.e.religiosity and piety, (2) spiritual According to the witnesses who were close values, i.e. honesty and affection; (3) vitality and knew Soedirman well, there were values, i.e. nationality, unity, democracy; (4) leadership values owned by Soedirman. For happiness values, i.e. modest and hardwork. example, according to Adisoelardjo’s opinion, Soedirman figure values can alsobe arranged Soedirman’s classmate, Soedirman was a based on the sequence of the principles of helpful friend. Moreover, Sarwono, his Pancasila, i.e. First Principle, Religiosity; schoolmate in MULO (1978) said that Second Principle, affection, caring, Soedirman is a firm, discipline, and religious responsibility; Third Principle, nationality man, diligent in doing religion’s instructions. spirit, unity, and sacrifice; Fourth Principle, Soewarjo (1978), another schoolmate of democracy, deliberation; Fifth Principle, i.e. Soedirman in MULO explained that Soedirman modesty, discipline, and hard working. This had good personality, modest life, firm in paper analyzes Soedirman figure values, action and obey religion’s instructions. especially democratic and deliberation values Soedirman is a responsible, democratic, and which had been practiced by Soedirman mature person.When he became a leader of empirically. HW, he performed good characters such as Democracy, derived from Greek’s word leadership, hardwork, and discipline. democratia, demos which means society, dan kratia which means government (Hasan 35

Sardiman, Ajat Sudrajat, Djoko Suryo: The Revitalization of Deliberation Values... Sadeli, dkk. 1980: 784). Democracy is will not be wrong and firm heart will not be governmental system from, by, and for the lost” (Ali Muhammad Ash-Shallabi, 2014: 35). people. Something in life is actually derived Democratic life is, therefore, can not be from the people, discussed by people, and separated from deliberation activity. agreement is taken for the sake of people’s Democracy is togetherness, not competition goodness. In general, democracy is the order or hostility because the real democracy is of the government that admits the right of the intended to find out the solution for all. people to determines or influences political Soedirman is a democratic figure who liked decisions either directly or indirectly deliberation much. For him, deliberation is a (representative system). part of worship because it is instructed by Historically, democratic values have God. It is explained in the Koran of Ali Imran: “ grown in Old Greek Rome Era. Precisely, when …so pass over (their faults), and ask for there was a change of military tradition into a (Allah´s) forgiveness for them; and consult social life order or dialogue-based political them in affairs (of moment). Then, when social order in Athena- deliberation is thou hastaken a decision put thy trust in intended to look for an agreement. They also Allah. For Allah loves those who put their started to solve various conflicts through trust (in Him).” (the Koran, Surah Ali Imran deliberation, peacefully, without violence (2): 159). (Doni Koesoema, 2007: 210). Also, in establishing a social life order or The God’s verse teaches human in order to governmental system, a dialogue was also perform deliberation optimally to reach the performed to achieve agreements in best agreement.Then, the agreements are regulating life. implemented and rely on God for the results. Historically, democracy is closely related It means that there is no complaint and no one to deliberation. Deliberation is a process of blames each other, because in a deliberation, thoughts sharing. Deliberation is an opinon each has used his/her thought sincerely and sharing performed by some people who deal seriously. This is the best pactice in the nation with a problem (Ilyas Ismail, 2009:242). and state life. So, if the democracy applies Deliberation can be performed to take representative system, those who represent decisions regarding simple problems in family people should be wise, pious, good, smart, life scope and also in a government, national visionary, and sincere for the sake of people’s and state life. Deliberation is also an wellbeing. These characters are possesed by important political activity in realizing Soedirman. people’s well being. Deliberation offers freedom of thinking to develop thoughts and The Revitalization of Deliberation Values as alternative ideas which are appropriate to Democracy Education Processes formulate an agreement which can be used as Why is the revitalization of deliberation a guidance of life. The more freedom and values needed to be realized in the nation and wider thinking the people have, the more state life in Indonesia? It links to the alternatives ideas to formulate rules in social implemen-tation of democracy in Indonesia. life will be. Due to the importance of the There are many critics which state that the deliberation aspects in people’s lives, Khalifah implementation of democracy in Indonesia is Umar bin Abdul Aziz states that “indeed, not in accordance with the nation’s deliberation and thought sharing is a blessing personality, Pancasila. Pancasila-based and key of wellbeing. The decisions made democracy is democracy that is based on the based on deliberation and thought sharing principles of deliberation and togetherness values intended for people’s wellbeing. 36

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Pancasila Democracy contains religious Order, democracy was “blurred”, but the awareness aspects and refuses atheism; builds Reformation era offers wider freedom of truth and love; based on good attitude and democracy. The imple-mentation of personality of Indonesia; balance among democracy has accelerated in the reformation individuals and society, between human and era. The direct Presidential election, one man their God physically and mentally (Taufik one vote, is the proof of the imple-mentation of Abdullah (ed.) (2015 : 273). In its democracy. However, Indonesia does not implementation, individual’s fredom is not show readiness regarding the culture, absolute but it should be suitted with social structure, and infrastructure for example, the responsibility, public interests and common practices of impolite political manners, win- interests in the nation and state life by lose-solution, low self esteem of democracy keeping the principles of togetherness. actors so that it leads to money politic Therefore, there is no ”majority dominance” practices, conflicts and crash among or ”minority tyranny” in the implemen-tation candidates because of low political awareness. of Pancasila Democracy (Taufik Abdullah (ed.) The description above shows that the (2015 : 274). All problems in the nation and democracy in Indonesia is built through state life are solved based on the principle of general election and politically it is unable to togetherness through deliberation. Pancasila create safety and wellbeing of the people. The Democracy is a democracy which is based on national and local general elections only deliberation and appropriate with Indonesian become power seizure for the elites. The personality. Unfortunately, this noble general election using political party system is democracy does not run as it is. still fragmented and unable to create a clean For the reason of applying modern and dignified government; authoritative, democracy, Indonesia has popularizedan protective, and stable government; and election model which utilize the principle of attentive government toward the people one man one vote. In this case, Indonesia has interests (Soepriyatno, 2008: 5).The strong, implemented the elections of President, Vice civilized, and noble people’s representatives President, and also Governor directly. who are prioritizing mind and heart to However, the election process usually remains perform deliberation for the sake of the many basic problems. Constitutionally,this people’s wellbeing are rare. practice is not relevant with Pancasila With regard to the problems above, the Democracy. Also, it has grown passion and tradition of deliberation should be revitalized, haslimited conscience in democracy. In this performed, and strengthened in every context, there is a competition in which institution, either in government or private political groups will defeat other political institution, even representative / legislative opponents. If the political opposition is lost, institu-tion. The revitalization process of the then the winning political group will be happy. deliberation values is a process of democracy The emphaty of the citizens disappears. Win- education intended to realize a democracy lose-solutionis ap-plied. Money politic that is appropriate with Indonesian culture. practices for the sake of winning the political The revitalization process will educate society power are increasing. As a consequence, dis- to be smarter in selecting and determining satisfaction of the loser may sometimes cause their representatives in legislative and a chaos. executive institution, i.e. people who have a In the reformation era, there is a term wide vision so that they can perform ”overly practiced democracy”, even some call deliberation wisely based on sincere heart democracy as an “emergency democracy” (not only ambission for winning) for the sake (Alfan Alfian, 2009: 48). During the New of the people’s wellbeing. 37

Sardiman, Ajat Sudrajat, Djoko Suryo: The Revitalization of Deliberation Values... According to Muh. Yamin, deliberation examples from Soedirman’s leadership principles offer some advantages. (1) practices which always prioritize deliberation. Deliberation will smoothen the way of Therefore, the revita-lization of the struggling and working based on God’s deliberation values by performing dialogues teaching (because deliberation is a God’s and imitating deliberation practices of instruction, as stated in the Koran. Surah asy- Soedirman in the nation and state life is an Syura (42): 38). (2). The nation is not only educational process to implement Pancasila thought by individuals, but it becomes the Democracy. responsibility of all components of the nation. Since Soedirman became a leader of HW (3). Deliberation will reduce or even eliminate and Muhammadiyah Youth (Pemuda mistakes of the nation life practices (Taufik Muhammadiyah) in Banyu-mas, he often Abdullah (ed.), 2015: 213). practiced deliberationn in making decisons. The revitalization of the deliberation The deliberation offers various opinions. For values can be performed by learning from Soedirman, those different opinions are an history. Educating through a history-based advantage. The most important thing, for him, learning is a ”toll road” educational process is how each person can understand or because it provides direct examples. recognize the weakness of their opinions and Therefore, it requires people who have wide be willing to respect others’ opinions insights, who are willing to use heart and (Sardiman AM. 2000:60). clear thoughts, who always respect other, and Also, when Soedirman became a teacher who have ”positive thinking.” Educating and and principle in HIS Muhammadiyah, he was learning through history have become popular as a democratic and inspiring traditions during Prophet Muhammad Saw era principal. He was also known as a fatherly and (Najib Khalid al-‘Am, 2002: 121). History- mature person to his subordinates (Dimiyat’s based education offer some benefits, i.e. (1) testimony, in Sardiman AM, 2000: 89). Learning history may give influences on The deliberation skill of Soedirman was mental and thoughts of the learners. Even, the also performed when he was making an events are still lasting or leaving marks/ agreement with Japanese army concerning sites/evidences which can be observed by weapon submission (S. Sulistyo Atmodjo, using five senses. (2) It provides an open 1991: 58). In the beginning, Japan refused to dialogue, so that it will develop thinking and submit their weapons to Indonesia because it insight, either by teachers or students. violated the provision of the Allies. Soedirman Theoretically, history has provided a reconfirmed and convinced regarding the lessonas explained by Morthon White (1969: future of Japanese people in Indonesia after 1) stating that learning the past can become a Indonesia’s inde-pendence. Soedirman tried to mirror/to be imitated (the good ones) for reconvinced Japan about the advantage and present time and it can give enlightenment for disadvantage if they refused to submit their the future. Moreover, history is full of moral weapons to Indonesia (Mayjen Abimanyu’s learning (Wang Gungwu, 1968: 5). History can testimony, 1977). Considering Soedirman’s be a media for the nation’s character building. charisma and the honesty of Indonesian Howard Gardner (1993: 7-8) gives a strategy delegation, Resident Iwashige and the official to improve the leadership and nation life by of Japanese Army agreed to submit all the learning and performing dialogue with the weapons to Indonesia, under the condition histories of the great figures, such as Marthin that their safety was guaranted and the Luther King, Jr., Margaret Thatcher, and weapons would be returned if the Allies asked Mahatma Gandhi. The analogue of this idea is them (Radik Utoyo Sudirjo, 1985: 41). performing dialogues and implementing the Soedirman then agreed on it. Due to late night, 38

IJSS.Vol.13, No.1, September 2017 the weapons handover was performed in the “Dirman, you are a soldier. Yourplace is in next morning. Soedirman then gave the battle with your armies. Your place is instructions and his authority to Abimanyu to not my place to flee. I must live here….. run weapons hand over process from Japan. Soedirman answered “… if BungKarno In the battle, Soedirman never skipped washere, you would probablybe killed… and deliberation tradition. When dealing with if I move from here, the Dutch Ambarawa battle, Soedirman performed a wouldprobablyshoot me? ( said). In deliberation with other commanders to those things, I certainly would die……” arrange strategies to win the battle. In that Soedirman immediately balled his hand up meeting, Soedirman proposed a great and and said “…..I would warn the Dutch, if they sudden attack simultaneously from various hurted Soekarno, there was no forgiveness. sectors from the nearest distance. Then, the The Dutch would experience a massacre. reserve army was formed in the second layer Soedirmanthen stepped outside slowly. A and the attack was done simultaneously. The moment later, he anxiously visited Bung attack was proposed on 12 December 1945 at Karno and asked. “Whatis the last instruction 04.30 WIB. (T. Wedy Utomo, 1978). In that before I leave?”. Sukarno answered, “do not strategy, there was no “supiturang” strategy perform battle in the streets of the city…but (Abimanyu’s testimony, 1978). All agreed with move your armies outside the city. Dirman, the ideas proposed by Soedirman. The great performed the battle until death. I ask you to attack ran as it was. In the battle, the deploy all the armies to villages. Move your Indonesian strugglers successfully casted out armies in all valleys and hills. Place your the Allies and Dutch from Ambarawa. That is subordinate at every bush. This is guerilla the advantage of deliberation, i.e. building war. Eventhough we had to return with togetherness. amputation without using drug or using In a critical situation, Soedirman still kept banana leaves as the bandage, do not let the performing adialogue and deliberation to world says that our independence is a gift in a determine the next step of struggle that diplomat’s bag. Show world, we buy should be taken, for example, when the independence expensively, with blood and Military Agression II which was performedby sweat and desire that is neveroff…Indonesia … the Dutch on 19 December 1948. The Dutch will never give up”. Armies had entered the city, the shot guns had That is the dialogue between the President been directed to the palace, Soedirman still and Soedirman. The agreement was achieved firmly wanted to meet the Presidentof with different opinions (President Sukarno Soekarno. Soedirman asked the President to was still in the palace with the possibility of leave the palace immediately and led the being catched by the Dutch, while Soedirman guerilla war. However, the President chose to was out of the city to lead guerilla war). Both keep living in the palace and asked Soedirman gave spirit each other for the success of each to leave the palace to take rest because he was for the sake of the united Indonesia, NKRI. sick (Salim Said 1991: 98). Soedirman did not During guerilla war, Soedirman never want to live in the city because it was so risky skipped the deliberation habit. Every step that and he wanted to go outside the town to led he took was often deliberated with his guards the guerilla war.Throuhgthis dialogue, they in advance. Even, when he stayed several days finally understood the argument each other. in Bajulan, Nganjuk, in the middle of the Pay attention to thedialogue between forest, there was a cemetery and he used that President of Sukarno and Soedirman below place for doing the meeting. Therefore, the (Cindy Adam.s report (2011: 306) monument existing in Bajulan described Soedirman who chaired the deliberation. On 39

Sardiman, Ajat Sudrajat, Djoko Suryo: The Revitalization of Deliberation Values... 12 January 1949, Soedirman performed a wellbeing for the sake of the nation and state’s deliberation with Minister Soepeno and advancement. For example, the election of Minister Soesanto Tirtoprodjo, the member of President and Vice President or Governor and BPKNIP Nona Soesilowati in the resident Vice Governor through deliberation will house in Banyutowo. They discussed about obtain the candidates who had been filtered Military Government and emergency laws their quality to struggle for the people’s (Tarjo, 1984: 36). Soedirman had dialogues interests. The mechanism of democracy and deliberations with some commanders in performed with the real deliberation, wise each sector. This was usually done through attitude, and sincere feeling will avoid money courier that usually brought letters from him politics practices and power ambition. to the field commanders or vice versa. For Democracy that is based on deliberation is the example, the testimony of Mbok form of the Pancasila Democracy Mangoensoekarto or Sri Soekamti who had strengthening. ever become a trusted courier of Soedirman. Conclusions and Suggestions Even, Sri Soekamti was almost killed by the Conclusion Dutch army because she was accused as the ’s wife (Buana Sunday, 7 The implementation of democracy in Indonesia, since the introduction of Liberal December 1975). Democracy, Guided Democracy, Pancasila Due to the habit of performing dialogues Democracy in , until now in and deliberations, those values had been embedded to Soedirman’s personality. Reformation era, has not been relevant with Therefore, in ordinary condition or daily life, the concepts of the real Pancasila Democracy. Even, liberal democracy is developing recently when he was “talking” with his friends, and tends to be “over” because it has Soedirman often talked about the importance of deliberation to solve the problems, neglected deliberation values and principles. including the problems of the nation and state The representative system that forms the highest forum to deliberate and build life. For example, when Soedirman was talking togetherness has transformed into with I.J. Kasimo, Soedirman said that various opinions and different opinions in the competitions and conflicts that are government were solved easily through characterized by win-lose-solution characteristic.The problems related to deliberation. Soedirman had ever said to I.J. democracy must be overcome by revitalizing Kasimo (1970) as follows. “Mr. Kasimo! the deliberation. One of the strategies is Actually, if we perform good ethics as the base of all different opinions among us, we can performing dialogues and taking the examples of deliberation that had been practiced by solve the problems easily at dining table while Soedirman. This process is an indirect having a cup of tea” (I.J. Kasimo’s testimony, educational process to strengthen the 1970) (the document from Army Headquarters, History Office). implementation of democracy in Indonesia The real deliberation to achieve an ideal based on Indonesian culture or Pancasila Democracy. agreement is considered the best for the society. In this case, deliberation becomes a Suggestions filter in order to get the best agrrements. The Based on the conclusions above, some filter in this context is dialogue and thought suggestions are offered as follows: sharing among deliberation members whole 1. This research is a theoretical research. heartedly and wisely. Employing a fresh mind, Therefore, it is important to conduct they proposed their best ideas and insights further research about the implementation which were expected to realize people’s of Pancasila Democracy. 40

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