Prosesi Adat Pernikahan Melayu Karimun.Pdf

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Prosesi Adat Pernikahan Melayu Karimun.Pdf KATA PENGANTAR Puji syukur kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa karena berkat rahmatNya juga, maka Buku Adat Perkawinan Melayu Kabupaten Karimun ini dapat tersusun. Ucapan terimakasih juga saya sampaikan kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu dalam segala hal, sehingga penyusunan buku ini dapat berjalan dengan lancar. Akhirnya penulis menyadari bahwa masih banyak hal yang belum terangkum dalam penulisan buku ini. Semoga Buku Adat Perkawinan Melayu Kabupaten Karimun ini bisa memberikan sedikit sumbangan bagi masyarakat Melayu Karimun khususnya generasi muda Tanjung Balai Karimun, Mei 2019 i 113 DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................ i DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................ ii BAB I Pengantar .................................................................................1 BAB II Kabupaten Karimun Selayang Pandang ................................ 5 BAB III Prosesi Adat Perkawinan ................................................... 25 BAB IV Perlengkapan Adat Perkawinan Melayu ........................... 79 BAB V Pantun Adat Dalam Adat Perkawinan Melayu ...................88 BAB VI Penutup ............................................................................. 109 DAFTAR PUSTAKA .......................................................................... 111 ii 114 BAB I PENGANTAR Kondisi wilayah Kabupaten Karimun yang berdekatan dengan negara lain disinyalir mudah terpengaruh oleh budaya negatif dari luar.1 Setidaknya bila jika dibandingkan dengan Batam dan Tanjung Pinang dalam wilayah Provinsi Kepulauan Riau yang mudah terjadi gesekan dengan budaya luar. Karimun pernah dijadikan basis kekuatan angkatan laut untuk menentang Portugis sejak masa pemerintahan Sultan Mahmud Syah I (1518-1521) hingga Sultan Ala Jala Abdul Jalil Ri’ayat Syah (1559-1591).Pada kurun waktu 1722-1784, Karimun berada dalam kekuasaan Kerajaan Riau-Lingga dan pada masa itu daerah Karimun, terutama Kundur dikenal sebagai penghasil gambir dan penghasil tambang (seperti : timah, granit, dll) dan Karimun berkembang menjadi daerah perdagangan serta mencapai kejayaan pada masa pemerintahan Yang Dipertuan Muda Raja Haji Fisabilillah. Sehingga dapat dikatakan Karimun memiliki peran dalam sejarah. Sebagai daerah yang memiliki peran dalam sejarah, daerah ini memiliki budaya Melayu yang sangat kental. 1Dahulu, Karimun berada di bawah kekuasaan kerajaan Sriwijaya hingga keruntuhannya pada abad ke-13, dan pada masa itu pengaruh agama Budha mulai masuk. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan adanya Prasasti di Desa Pasir Panjang. Pada masa itu disebutkan Karimun sering dilalui kapal-kapal dagang hingga pengaruh Kerajaan Malaka (Islam) mulai masuk tahun 1414. 1 Secara umum kebudayaan merupakan wujud dari budi daya manusia yang mencakup berbagai pengetahuan, kepercayaan, kesenian, moral, hukum, adat, serta kemampuan dan kebiasaan lainnya yang diperoleh manusia sebagai mahluk sosial. Kebudayaan diwujudkan dalam bentuk tata kehidupan yang mencerminkan nilai budaya yang dikandungnya. Pada dasarnya tata kehidupan dalam masyarakat tertentu merupakan pencerminan yang konkrit dari nilai budaya yang diterapkan dalam dinamika kehidupannya. Dengan demikian karakteristik dari kelompok masyarakat atau etnik tertentu, akan terlihat dengan jelas dari karakteristik budaya yang mencakup seluruh aspek kehidupannya seperti tradisi seni budaya yang membedakannya dengan etnik lainnya. Salah satu etnis yang memegang teguh kebudayaannya adalah Melayu. Masyarakat Melayu tetap memegang teguh identitas kemelayuannya. Dalam tradisi Melayu sendiri, ada semacam ungkapan "Adat Bersendikan Syarak, dan Syarak Bersendikan Kitabullah". Hal ini menyiratkan bahwa, secara langsung atau tidak, tradisi kebudayaan Melayu di Kepulauan Riau khususnya Karimun tetap berpegang teguh pada ajaran Islam. Kebudayaan juga terdapat dalam adat perkawinan orang melayu yang didalamnya terdapat kepercayaan Islam. Pengaruh Islam dalam perkawinan masyarakat Melayu di Kepulauan Riau khususnya Karimun adalah dikarenakan masuknya Islam di Kepulauan Riau tersebut menyebabkan perubahan dalam kehidupan masyarakat Kepulauan Riau. Masyarakat Melayu di Kepulauan Riau mengenal prinsip Adat sebenar adat merupakan prinsip yang bersumber pada agama Islam, aturan adat ini tidak bisa dirubah, adat ini terungkap berdiri karena syara. Hal ini menyebabkan hukum adat Melayu Kepulauan Riau khususnya Karimun tidak dapat dipisahkan dari nilai keislaman. 2 Dalam masyarakat tradisi Alam Melayu, konsep adat memancarkan hubungan mendalam dan bermakna di antara manusia dengan manusia juga manusia dengan alam sekitarnya, termasuk bumi dan segala isinya, alam sosiobudaya, dan alam gaib. Setiap hubungan itu disebut dengan adat, diberi bentuk tegas dan khas, yang diekspresikan melalui sikap aktivitas, dan upacara- upacara. Adat ditujukan maknanya kepada seluruh kompleks hubungan itu, baik dalam arti intisari eksistensi sesuatu, dasarukuran buruk dan baik, peraturan hidup seluruh masyarakat, maupun tatacara perbuatan serta perjalanan setiap kelompok institusi.Adat muncul sebagai struktur dasar dari seluruh kehidupan dan menegaskan ciri kepribadian suatu masyarakat. Oleh karena itu, adat biasanya memiliki cerita atau mitos suci, watak-watak asal- usul yang gagah dan unggul, serta memberikan dasar makna terhadap setiap peristiwa dalam siklus hidup manusia, serta eksistensi institusi dalam masyarakatnya.Dengan demikian, dalam masyarakat tradisi, adat memiliki kedudukan suci hingga mencapai martabatnya; dipancarkan oleh kelakuan yang benar serta halus; sebuah ciri kehidupan yang menyerap sistem kepercayaan, hukuman, dan denda. Setiap individu yang melanggar, menyelewengkan, melebihi, mengurangi, atau menafikannya, akan menerima balasan dan hukuman, baik melalui pemegang kekuasaan adat itu sendiri maupun Tuhan dalam kepercayaan mereka. Sebaliknya, setiap yang berhasil melaksanakan adat, akan berkuasa, berwibawa, juga memegang, menjalankan, dan patuh kepada adat. Dengan demikian, adat memberi makna konfigurasi yang mendalam, serta makna kestrukturan dalam sebuah masyarakat dan kebudayaannya. Adat merupakan identitas yang berfungsi untuk mengintegrasikan seluruh masyarakat dan kelompok kecil masyarakat tersebut. Setiap kelompokakan dikenali oleh kelompok lain dengan perbedaan adatnya. 3 Namun demikian, pada masa sekarang, masih banyak masyarakat khususnya masyarakat Karimun yang belum mengerti bagaimana prosesi adat terutama adat pernikahan. Oleh karena melalui tulisan ini diharapkan masyarakat lebih memahami pengetahuan tentang potensi sejarah dan budaya Karimun khususnya prosesi adat perkawinan Kabupaten Karimun. 4 BAB II KABUPATEN KARIMUN SELAYANG PANDANG Mengenal Karimun Asal-usul penyebutan nama Karimun ada beberapa versi. Sindu Galba dkk (2001), menyebutkan ada 3 (tiga) versi. Pertama, nama Pulau Karimun diberikan oleh pedagang yang berasal dari Gujarat. Dengan amannya pulau ini dari bahaya laut terutama perompak, maka banyak pedagang dari India Selatan dating ke daerah ini seperti dari Arab, Yaman, India dan Mesir. Pada umumnya mereka berdagang permata. Dikisahkan, suatu ketika ada sebuah kapal yang sedang berlayar di Selat Malaka dihantam gelombang badai. Kapal tersebut kemudian terdampat di suatu pulau yang sekarang ini bernama Karimun anak. Kemudian, dikisahkan ada seorang pedagang bernama Sech Jalaluddin berada di kapal tersebut. Dikarenakan kapal yang membawanya mengalami kerusakan, ia tidak dapat melanjutkan perjalanannya menuju ke Pulau Jawa. Oleh karena itu, ia dan rombongannya terpaksa bermalam di pulau tersebut. Sebagai seorang penganut agama Islam, ia memperhatikan alam sekitarnya. Betapa terkejutnya ketika ia melihat cahaya yang keluar dari gunung yang ada di tempat itu. Warna cahayanya sangat menakjubkan yaitu kuning keemasan yang belum pernah dilihatnya. Secara spontan ia mengangkat tangan dan berdoa serta memuji kebesaran Allah dengan menyebut “Ya Allah Ya Karim Yang Mulia”. Selanjutnya, penyebutan Karim itu berkembang menjadi Karimun untuk menyebut tempat yang bercahaya tersebut. Jadilah pulau itu bernama Karimun. 5 Versi kedua menyebutkan bahwa asal-usul nama Karimun terjadi saat kapal-kapal dagang dari Gujarat yang melintasi pulau itu kehabisan air. Selanjutnya, mereka berhenti di suatu pulau setelah mencari kesana kemari. Suatu ketika beberapa orang dari mereka melihat sumur yang terletak di tepi pantai, lalu mereka mencicipi air tersebut. Setelah merasakan air itu pedagang-pedagang itu terkejut karena air sumur itu tawar rasanya. Karena begitu bahagianya menemukan air tawar yang baik dijadikan air mun, maka mereka ungkapkan dengan rasa syukur kepada Allah yang berbunyi: “Ya Allah Ya Karim yang artinya Allah Yang Mulia. Penyebutan Karim ini kemudian berkembang menjadi Karimun, Versi ketiga, Karimun diyakini sebagai nama sepasang suami istri yang merupakan orang pertama yang tinggal di Pulau Karimun. Nama suami itu diyakini bernama Karim, sedangkan istrinya bernama Maimun. Keduanya menginjakkan kaki di Batu besar (Teluk Lekop) yang diyakini pada malam hari 27 Rajab. Namun tahunnya tidak pasti. Bukti sejarah di Karimun tepatnya di Desa Pasir Panjang Kecamatan Meral berupa Prasasti Pasir Panjang. Dalam prasasti ini tertulis aksara nagari yang berasal dari abad 9-10. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa pada abad 9-10, di wilayah Karimun sudah berkembang agama Budha. Selanjutnya, Karimun mulai dicatat dalam sumber tertulis pada abad ke-14. Sumber ini ditulis oleh Taa-I Chihyang disusun kembali oleh Wan Tay (seorang pengelana Cina) yang mengunjungi
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