Åsa Dahlin Hauken and Timothy J. Anderson

Abstract: This paper presents the corpus of prehistoric rotary querns stored in the Museum of Archaeology of Stavanger, the largest collection of this type of mill in Norway. Most are linked to excavations carried out of early longhouses by Jan Petersen in the early half of the 20th century. The study focuses in part on the question of the introduction of the rotary movement of mills in Norway and quern production based on surface materials predating the direct extractive process identified at the medieval quarry district of Hyllestad.

Keywords: Norway, Rogaland, surface blocks, quarries, petrography, rotary quern classification

Åsa Dahlin Hauken, Konservator. Avd. for samlinger, Arkeologisk Museum, Universitetet i Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway. ++47 51 83 26 81 [email protected]

Timothy J. Anderson, LARHRA, UMR-CNRS 5160, Tablón 18, 18140 La Zubia, Spain, timanderson. [email protected] 243

Introduction upload/Publikasjoner/Rapporter/2014/2014_002.pdf) and Norwegian (http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/viking.6478). The Museum of Archaeology in Stavanger possesses The object of the present study, resulting in a the largest collection (150) of prehistoric rotary querns short monograph (Hauken and Anderson 2014), in Norway. These small hand-driven grain mills centred on the question of the earliest rotary comprising an upper and lower stone and driving querns in Norway, the precursors of the querns fittings are for the most part finds from the extensive and millstones extracted centuries later from the settlement excavations undertaken by Jan Petersen garnet and staurolite mica schist quarries, the main in the 1920’s and 30’s. Due to this large number of focus of the Millstone Landscape project. With the querns, the museum was invited to participate in exception of a short article about the petrography the “The Norwegian Millstone Landscape” research of the querns at the settlement of Ullandhaug in project (2009-2012). Aspects of this project, in Stavanger (Dahl 1986), these early mills have for the particular those related to quarries and extraction most part been neglected in Norwegian archaeology. techniques, have been presented in the colloquia of This study is therefore the first major contribution Rome and Bergen (Heldal and Meyer 2011; Baug to the subject. and Løland 2011; Baug and Jansen 2014; Grenne et The general notion for years was that rotary al. 2014). Moreover, detailed versions of this study querns were introduced in south-western Norway are published in both English (https://www.ngu.no/ in the 4th century AD. Furthermore, although Jan

Anderson, T.J., Alonso, N. (eds), Tilting at Mills:The Archaeology and Geology of Mills and Milling. Revista d’Arqueologia de Ponent extra 4, 2019, 243-254 ISSN: 1131-883-X, ISSN electrònic: 2385-4723, DOI.10.21001/rap.2019.extra-4.17 244

TILtING At MILLS: THE ARCHAEOLOGY AND GEOLOGY OF MILLS AND MILLING Fig. 1: Map of Rogaland and the distribution of the rotary querns in the study. The numbers refer to the catalogue of querns in the study Hauken and Anderson (2014). Map by Theo Gil (AM). Petersen cited a few examples in his study of tools excavations. Yet a fine review of the archaeological from the Viking Age (1951, 438-440), he centred record reveals that Ullandhaug’s history is more his interest on quern finds in burials. He noted, complex than original thought and that it is not for example, several fragments re-used in a burial suitable for casting light on south-western Norway’s cairn dated to the 4th century AD (Petersen 1916, earliest rotary querns. Querns from this site were 9-10, pl. I, figs 11-13, pl. II). These finds indicated nonetheless retained in this study due to their that this type of mill, more sophisticated than the sheer number and to the presence of rough-outs saddle quern driven with a to-and-fro movement, suggesting quern producing at the site. preceded the Migration Period (i.e. before 400 AD). Although Norway is known for its fjords and Yet the notion that the fragments antedated the high mountains, a large part of Rogaland’s coastal area does not have these features (Fig. 2). The

construction of the 4th-century grave, proof that ILLING Jæren lowlands undulating landscape is today rotary querns were introduced in Norway before M one of Norway’s richest agricultural districts. By AND

400 AD, went unnoticed. contrast, sixteen hundred years ago it was a mosaic

The present study focuses on the classification, ILLS of vegetation types nowhere near as green as today. chronology, petrography and production of rotary M

While farms were on the top of the ridges, the slopes OF querns based on 85 stones from secure chronological were reserved for grasslands and small fields of contexts from 27 different sites (Fig. 1). All but one

hulled barley and oats. The lowlands were marked EOLOGY are from settlements of which about half (16) were by peat bogs, marshes or lakes. Yet its coastal G

explored by Petersen. The review of the excavation AND heathland, marked by a particular variety of heather, reports (Petersen 1933; 1936) proved to be a real dominated the landscape. This is the northernmost challenge, since neither digging techniques, nor the extension of coastal heathland, a type of cultural recording method, follow modern archaeological

landscape was carefully administered through time RCHAEOLOGY standards. and in former times dominated the Atlantic coast A Ullandhaug in Stavanger (numbers 4-21 in Fig. 1), HE

in regions as wide as northern Spain, France, the : T excavated in 1967-1968 (Myhre 1980), yielded the British Isles, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark ILLS

largest number of stones (18). These finds confirm, and Norway up to 690 N (Moen 1998). It was first M A t on the whole, the datings derived from Petersen’s and foremost used for pasture. IL t ING T

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Fig. 2: Aerial view of the Jæren coastal lowlands and Lake Orreand Lake Orre, seen from the west. Photo: Terje Tveit (AM). 246

TILtING At MILLS: THE ARCHAEOLOGY AND GEOLOGY OF MILLS AND MILLING numerals 1 to 3accordingthecircumference their upper surface and rynd cuttings. nonetheless, thattheyall havehandlesocketson to serveforafinerclassification. Itisnoteworthy, as thefewcasesfromStavanger aretoofragmented collection fromDenmark.Type IIIisnotsub-divided mica schistquerns,notpresentinBlochJørgensen’s surface and the absence of rynd cuttings. (or slightlyconcave)cross-sectionofthegrinding handle socket.Commontoalltypesistheflattish convex uppersurface.Italso,attimes,hasa a slightlymarkedtransitiontoslanting, socket. Type IIc has a short, rounded edge with labelled the “doughnut”.Type IIb1hasahandle transition toaconvexuppersurface.Thistypeis a curvedorrounded,slantingedgewithsmooth surface. Type IIa1hasahandlesocket.Type IIbhas marked transition to a flat orslightly convex upper (or occasionallyslightlycurved)steepedgeanda devoid ofahandlesocket.Type IIahasastraight III with roman numerals. Upper stonetypes(Fig.3)arelabelledType Ito lower stonesandtheirsubtypes(1990,2002:fig.3). scholar identifiedtwomaintypesofupperand the currentrotaryquernclassification.TheDanish in Jutland,Denmarkservedasthecornerstonefor from thesettlementsofVorbasse andNørreSnede Rotary quernclassification Lower stonesaresimply classified withArabic Type III,inthis currentwork,denotesgarnet Type Iupperstoneisathick,hemisphericaland Anne BlochJørgensen’s detailedstudyofthequerns Fig. 3: The classification of the Rogaland rotary quern upper stones. Illustration by T. J. Anderson. could also be indicative of repair. radius ofthequern.More thanonetypeoffitting fittings, attachedtothe spindle andspanningthe and a radial slot, indicating more complex handle collection have a combination of a vertical socket fitted withahandleloop. Threestonesinthe strap snuglyattachedtothegirthofstone cuttings andsupposeseitheraropeorleather common, isinferredfromtheabsenceofhandle that heldawoodenhandle.Thesecond,andmost vertical socket,probablypiercedwithabow-drill, of driving fittings (Fig. 5). The first is a circular perforated eye. has acircular, convex grindingsurfaceandtotally counterpart, isofgarnetmicaschistandalways probably portable.Type 3,likeitsupperstone nature. Butmostlowerstonesarelighterand been identified,probably because ofits perishable or driedclay. Thistypeoffeaturehassofarnever with a permanent flour-catcher, possiblyof wood this were thecase, they would have been equipped anchored inapermanentplacethehouse.If stones areveryheavysuggestingthattheywhere is eitherflatorslightlyconvex.Afewofthelower pierced. Thecross-sectionofthegrindingsurfaces surface andablindeye,whereastheeyeof2ais Type 1aispierced.Type 2has an ovalgrinding partially perforated(blind)eye,whereastheeyeof (Fig. 4). of thegrindingsurface,eithercircularoroval This studyhasidentifiedthreedifferent types Type 1hasacirculargrindingsurfacewith

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Fig. 4: The classification of the Rogaland lower stones. Illustration by T. J. Anderson. 247

Raw material and extraction reveals that the material chosen by the mill makers production techniques reflects local rock types (Fig. 7). Gneisses and mica gneisses are common in the Stavanger area, whereas The main bedrock outcrops of Rogaland date granite is more characteristic of the Bjerkreim- from the Precambrian period and include gneisses Egersund area (in addition to gabbros, syenites and granites (Fig. 6). These are seconded by vast and anorthosites). anorthosite and gabbro complexes in the south-east. Most of the querns were carved from erratic Phyllite and mica schists, locally garnetiferous, are surface blocks or boulders. Some, most often mica found in the Stavanger area and northwards. Gneisses gneisses, were cut from slabs formed by natural and granites are also contained in the Caledonian processes. The “quarry origin aspect” of a few granite thrust nappes overlying phyllites and mica schists. and syenite querns (Fig. 8) is difficult to explain as The Jæren lowlands along the western coastline these rocks that do not readily lend themselves to are dominated by extensive Quaternary deposits, in splitting into flat blocks by natural processes such particular moraines rich in erratic blocks deposited as frost weathering. These do not only have flat by the retreating glacier 12,000 years back. There upper surfaces and vertical edges, but are almost are still areas that have not been cleared of these blocks, affording the impression of the prehistoric perfectly circular, which suggests the use of a sort landscape. of compass to define their contour. Table 1 lists the rock types exploited for the The idea that certain Norwegian querns as rotary querns in Rogaland. Apart from the garnet early as the 5th century AD were the products of mica schists from Hyllestad and Saltdal, all of true extractive quarries (cut from bedrock leaving querns are of local rock types. Mill makers favoured circular hollows) is controversial. Although there gneiss and mica gneiss, reasonably soft to carve, is no evidence of this extractive technique, known albeit hard enough to grind grain. Granite, 25% of since Roman times in Central and Southern Europe, the lower stones, was also sought, most likely due no field work has focused on this question outside to its hardness. the areas dominated by garnet mica schists. This is Examining two zones, Stavanger in the north yet another aspect of Norwegian quern production and Bjerkreim/Eigersund in the south, more closely that merits future research. 248

TILTING AT MILLS: THE ARCHAEOLOGY AND GEOLOGY OF MILLS AND MILLING This datingcoincides withthatofthe oldest rotary pushed backtothemid or late2ndcenturyAD. that theintroductionof the rotaryquerncanbe X A,datedbetween130-390 AD.Thisfi ndindicates oldest intheRogalandregion, comesfromBuilding other. at thesametime,astheyarefartooclosetoeach since thetwoconstructionscouldnothavestood provides aterminuspostquemforBuildingCLVI, in BuildingCLVI [80-430].BuildingCLV [20-400] quern wasprobablyusedasforitsoriginalpurpose other halfwasinBuildingCLVIII [130-540].The quern wasinBuildingCLVII [210-570]while the XVI A[130-530],aswellonehalfofaType I fragments ofaType IIaupperstoneinBuilding containing the querns are listed in Table 2. ante quem.Thecalibrated 14C-datings ofthefeatures position, theircontextscanonlyserveasterminus the Forsandmoenquernswerefoundinsecondary nine fragmentsfromfi verotaryquerns.Sinceallof were broughttolight.Theassemblagecomprises of the site’s southwestern sector, where the querns and Anderson2014:6).Fig.9isasimplifi edmap took placein1992,1994and2007(seeHauken 1980 and1990.Subsequentsmaller-scale operations means ofmechanicaltopsoilstrippingbetween can beconsideredavillage.Itwasexcavatedby onwards, itisNorway’s onlypre-historicsitethat buildings spanning 2000 years from c. 1500 BC is Forsandmoen(Fig.1,nos.69-73).With its285 introduction oftherotaryquern in S-WNorway Rotary quernchronology Fig. 5: Schematic representation of the rotary handmill driving fi ttings. a) vertical handle socket, b) “strap” type handle, The oldestrotaryquernat Forsandmoen, alsothe The rotaryquernsatForsandmoeninclude The keysitetoestablishthedateof c) radial slot handle. Illustration by T. J. Anderson. unanswered questions, signifi cantprogress hasbeen settlements are explored. be resolved when more Rogaland Late Iron Age typological developmentofrotaryquernswillonly directly frombedrock.Thislacunarelatedtothe by Medieval garnet mica schist querns extracted cannot beruledoutthattheirshapewasinfl uenced nicely circularanddisplaya‘quarrycharacter’,it from theEarlyIronAge.However, astheyarefl at, vicinity, it is reasonable that they were originally dating to the Migration period (400-550 AD)in the position asbuildingmaterial.Sincethereisa indicates that they were probably in secondary found indifferent places. Theirfragmentedstate recorded; thereportsimplynotesthattheywere the exact position of the different querns was not (Hauken andAnderson:cat.34-36).Unfortunately, a fragment of a garnet mica schist lower stone were unearthedinthesamebuildingalongwith These fragmentedsyniteandagabbroidstones the twoType IIastonesfromtheMedievalperiod. relevant. Theschemaisdisturbed,however, by indicates thattheclassifi cationalsoischronologically horizontal lines.Thechartfortheupperstones estimated timespandisplayedbymeansofbold have beenarrangedaccording to types,withtheir 10 and 11). 150 yearsearlierthanpreviouslythought(cf.Figs the rotaryquern,therefore,tookplaceapproximately AD (BlochJørgensen1990,48).Theintroductionof quern atVorbasse inDenmark,estimatedat150-180 Conclusions In spiteofthemanyunsolved problemsand The quernsinthediachroniccharts(Fig.11) ILLING M AND

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Fig. 6: Geological map of Rogaland. The sites referred to in Hauken and Anderson 2014 are marked with white circles. Map by NGU, adapted by Theo Gil (AM). 250

TILtING At MILLS: THE ARCHAEOLOGY AND GEOLOGY OF MILLS AND MILLING

so astomaintain ahigherdegreeof control over “light” (space)betweenthe upperandlowerstones stability andtheoptionto regulatetheamountof the Viking Period, provided the mill with more technological feature,probably introducedduring cuttings bytheeyeon stone’s lower surface.This introduction oftherynd,asseenbyopposite from theLateIronAge(550-1050)isverylimited. the numberofexcavatedsettlementsinRogaland Period. Butthisnotionmeritsfurtherresearch,as to carryoninto the LateIronAgeand Medieval contemporary. Type Iic,andpossiblyType Iia,appear the different rotaryquern typesappeartobe earlier (Prøsch-Danielsen and Soltvedt 2011). to hulledbarley-asthischangetookplacemuch cereal crops-specificallythetransitionfromnaked quern wasnotrelatedtotheadoptionofcertain Project hasshownthattheintroductionofrotary a separatestudyintheframeworkofMillstone coincided (Hauken and Anderson 2014: 57). Moreover, suggesting thatsaddlequernsandrotary replaced thesaddlequernasthereisnoevidence previously. Furthermore,therotaryquernrapidly AD, abouttwocenturiesearlierthanestablished introduced inthesecondhalfof2ndcentury Norway. Itisnowclearthattherotaryquernwas Project regardingtheearliestrotaryquernsinS-W made intheframeworkofMillstoneLandscape

Rock Bjerkreim use, and An importanttechnologicaldetailisthe Except fortheupperstoneType I,theoldest, Fig. 7: Pie charts of the types of rocks exploited for rotary querns in the Stavanger and Bjerkreim/Eigersund areas. Rock St use, n=23 n=23 avanger k. n=24 Eigers und Anorthosite N rock Gabbroid Syenite Garne Granites gneiss Mica Gneisses N schist Mica otomylonites Pr Garne Granites gneiss Mica Gneisses ot ot determined determined k. t t mica schist mica mica schist mica

UTSIRA N Fig. 8: Quern fragments of granite and syenite with a 0 25km morphology that suggest a quarry origin. SOLA STAVANGER 5189-d-fur-7 SANDNES 4900-i-fnr-21 6435-e-fnr-4 4787 -p. 3 EIGERSUND S-5044-L 30 cm HORDALAND 6 ROGALAND VEST-AGDER AUST-AGDER the quality of the flour (and reduce the amount querns and millstones of volcanic rocks were being of grit). Yet this notion remains to be confirmed traded over long distances as early as Roman times. since the Stavanger collection only has one upper Garnet mica schists, an exogenous rock exploited stone dating to the Viking Period and it is devoid in quarry districts such as Hyllestad, only arrived of rynd cuttings. in the Rogaland in Medieval times, after 1050. A final important fact is that the early rotary querns of south-western Norway were produced Acknowledgments locally, using local rocks. There is no evidence of large production centres commercialising their products The petrographic analyses of the querns were over long distances. In this sense this study area undertaken by Gurli Meyer, Tom Heldal and Øystein differs from central and southern Europe where J. Jansen of the Norwegian Geological Survey (NGU). ILLING M AND

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Fig. 9: Simplified map of the south-western sector of the settlement of Forsandmoen. Buildings with quern finds are marked with a circle. Original map by the Forsand project, vectorised by T. J. Anderson. 252

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Upper stone type Lower stone type III IIc1 IIc IIb1 IIb IIa1 IIa I 3 2a 2 1a 1 0 0 Early Roman Early B1 Early Roman Early Fig. 10: Diachronic chart of the cross sections of the lower stones from Rogaland arranged by type and Iron Age 1B 1C 3D 2Early D2 D1 C3 C2 C1 B2 B1 Iron Age Fig. 11: Diachronic chart of the cross sections of the upper stones from Rogaland arranged by type and 100 100 B2 C1 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0010 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 Late Roman Late Roman Iron Age Iron Age C2 300 73 22 69 72 C3 23 11 18 400 12 63 80 45 64 25 14 13 17 16 15 19 44 79 78 D1 70 Migration Migration Period Period 66 29 65 500 chronology. Illustration by T. J. Anderson. 47 52 21 51 D2 chronology. Illustration by T. J. Anderson. 10 71 49 50 48 20 5 33 32 9 81 53 6 46 54 55 56 43 42 40 68 41 57 37 82 83 38 84 67 600 Early Merovingian 62 61 Merovingian Period Period 700 Late Late 800 Early Early 900 Period Viking Period Viking Late Late 1000 30 85 31 1100 Early Early 76 1200 36 35 High Medieval High Period Medieval 1300 Period 3010 1500 1400 1300 1 3 2 59 34 60 1400 Late Late 75 74 1500 30 cm 30 cm 26

77 Early Early Modern Modern Bibliography Grenne, T., Meyer, G.B., Heldal, T., Jansen, Ø. J. and Løland, T., 2014. Technological development Baug, I., Løland, T., 2011. The millstone quarries in in millstone quarrying through the Middle Ages: Hyllestad: an arena of research and education. In: D. the Salten quarries, Northern Norway. AmS-Skrifter Williams and D. Peacock (eds), Bread for the People. 24, 227-44. The Archaeology of Mills and Milling. Proceedings of a Colloqium held in the British School at Rome Heldal, T. and Meyer, G.B., 2011. The rise and 4th-7th November 2009. University of Southhampton fall of the Hyllestad millstone quarry landscape, Series in Archaeology 3, Oxford, 349-56. western Norway. In: D. Williams and D. Peacock (eds), Bread for the People. The Archaeology of Mills Baug, I., Jansen, Ø. J., 2014. Did the North Atlantic and Milling. Proceedings of a Colloqium held in the region constitute a market for quernstones from ILLING British School at Rome 4th-7th November 2009. Norway during the Viking Age and the Middle Ages? M University of Southhampton Series in Archaeology AND AmS-Skrifter 24, 245-55. 3, Oxford, 325-39. ILLS

Bloch Jørgensen, A., 1990. Kværn- og knusesten: En M OF undersøkelse af materialet fra Vorbasse og Nørre Moen, A., 1998. Nasjonalatlas for Norge. Vegetasjon. Snede med særlig henblik på jernalderdreiekværnen. Statens kartverk, Hønefoss. Hovedfagsspeciale i forhistorisk arkæologi. Århus EOLOGY G universitet. Myhre, B., 1980. Gårdsanlegget på Ullandhaug. AmS- AND Skrifter 4. Stavanger. Bloch Jørgensen, A., 2002. Investigations of Danish rotary querns from the Iron Age: archaeological Petersen, J., 1916. Gravplassen på Store-Dal. Norske evidence and practical experiments. In: H. Procopiou RCHAEOLOGY

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and R. Treuil (eds), Modre et broyer: L’interpretation HE : T fonctionelle de l’outilage de mouture et de broyage Petersen, J., 1933. Gamle gårdsanlegg i Rogaland dans la préhistoire et l’Antiquité: actes de la Table fra forhistorisk tid og middelalder. Instituttet for ILLS Ronde internationale, Clermont-Ferrand, 30 nov.-2 déc. M A t

sammenlignende kulturforskning, Serie B: Skrifter 1995. II. Archéologie et histoire: du Paléolithique XXIII. Oslo.

au Moyen Âge, Paris, 183-96. IL t ING T Petersen, J., 1936. Gamle gårdsanlegg i Rogaland. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 Dahl, J.M.,1986. Kvernsteinene på Ullandhaug. Frá 69 Fortsettelse. Instituttet for sammenlignende 253 I 73 haug ok heiðni. 1, 1986, 4-7. 54 kulturforskning, Serie B: Skrifter XXXI. Oslo. , 12 14 30 cm Dahlin Hauken, Å. and Anderson, T., 2014. Collection 44 etersen 16 Report: Rotary Querns in the Museum of Archaeology, P , J., 1951. Vikingtidens redskaper. Skrifter 17 IIa 25 University of Stavanger. Report number: 2014.002, utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi I Oslo, 65 48 II. Hist.-Filos. Klasse, 4. Oslo. 33 Project Millstone - The Norwegian Millstone Landscape. 40 42 37 Prøsch-Danielsen, L. and Soltvedt, E-C., 2011. 38 35 Grenne, T., Meyer, G. B. and Heldal, T., 2014. 72 36 Unravelling the history of a complex millstone From Saddle to Rotary Hand Querns in South- 19 IIa1 15 quarry landscape: Tolstadkvernberget, South Norway. Western Norway and the corresponding Crop Plant 50 32 AmS-Skrifter 24, 209-26. Assemblages. Acta Archaeologica 82, 129-62. 71 23 70 13 78 IIb 79 5 55 46 9 41 67 Upper stone typeUpper stone 83 IIb1 10

18 57 IIc 82 61 11 49 IIc1 56

84 31

76 1 III 2 3 74 77 75 B1 B2 C1 C2 C3 D1 D2 Early Late Early Late Early High Late Early Roman Late Roman Migration Merovingian Viking Medieval Early

Iron Age Iron Age Period Period Period Period Modern 254

TILtING At MILLS: THE ARCHAEOLOGY AND GEOLOGY OF MILLS AND MILLING -93BuildingXa T-5903 -95Bidn V 1710+/-70 BuildingXVIa T-5905 -76BuildingCLV T-8716 -62BuildingCLVI T-8692 -64Bidn LII1705+/-80 BuildingCLVIII T-8694 -81 uligCVI1670+/-75 BuildingCLVII T- 8714 a.rf uligUncalibrated Building Lab. ref. oktp ubro tns()TpsUprnTpsLwrn Types Lower n Types Upper Numberofstones(n) Rock type Gneiss Granite Mica gneiss schist Garnet mica Mica schist Augengneiss Gabbro Anorthosite schist Mica gneiss/ Syenite protomylonite Granitic granodioritic Gneiss, protomylonite Granodioritic determined* Not granitic Gneiss, TOTAL 1( y a IIc1,III 11 (3Hy, 4Sa) Table 1. Table of Rogaland querns by rock type and morphology. Table 2. Calibrated 14C-datings (OxCal 3.9) from Forsandmoen. 85 date BP 1760+/-70 1820+/-80 1760+/-70 IIb1 I, IIa1,IIb, I,Ib I 6 14 IIa, IIb,IIc IIa, IIb,IIc IIb, IIc1 IIa, IIb I,Ib D3 IIa, IIb,ND IIa, IIb I, IIb IIa Roughout ND ND, IIa CalibrateddateAD(1σ) Calibrated dateAD(2σ) 60 13 8 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 3 130-540 130-540 210-570 80-430 20-400 80-430 1,1a,2 1a,2a 1,2 1,2 2a 1a 130-390 240-420 130-390 240-430 250-530 24 80-390