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Home , Asia (Roman province), Caria, Carians, Lycia, Lycians, Lydians

Archaeology of Western : Cross Roads of the Ancient World The University of Washington

Course: NEAR E 296/ARCHY 269 Instructor: Stephanie Selover Term: Spring 2017 Office Hours: Wednesdays, 1-3PM Room: SAV 156 Office: Denny M220E Time: T/Th 1:30-3:20 Email: [email protected]

Course Description: Ancient western Anatolia is a diverse and often understudied . Its complexity is largely due to its unclear place in the world of archaeology: is the region part of Anatolia or ? Should Near Eastern or Classical archaeologists study the region? What place does it have in the Achaemenid/Persian empire? There are no clear- cut answers to these questions, for the western coast of modern has connections to many different cultural spheres, as well as its own, often overlooked, vibrant history and cultures. The study of ancient western Anatolian cultures also brings up other questions. How do mythology and archaeology work together? How does our modern understanding of ancient cultures affect the archaeologies of these cultures? The cultures of ancient western Anatolia remain in the modern imagination through the myths and tales of , King , the Knot, , etc. While not realizing it, many of ‘Western Civilization’s’ myths originate from this region. This class is designed to provide students with a general survey of the archaeology of civilizations present along the western coast of Anatolia and their often- neglected place in the identities and of the ancient Near Eastern and Classical world. The time range covered will span from the Early until the conquest of the Great, in 333 BCE. The class will cover both historical and archaeological aspects of the cities of Troy and Ephesus, as well as the civilizations of the , , , and the in Anatolia. Additionally, the class will have four classes devoted to uncovering the complex and easily misunderstood relationship of Western Anatolia and its Anatolian, Aegean, Persian and Greek identities. The class will provide students with an understanding of archaeological practice and literature and how archaeological sites are published. To this end, students will read selections of excavation reports each week, in addition to overviews of the civilizations studied. We will have weekly discussions of these publications regarding the style, content, strengths and weaknesses.

1 Learning Objectives: By the end of this course, students are expected to learn:

• An introductory understanding of the practices of archaeology in general and in Western Anatolia in particular

• A knowledge of the recent archaeological developments in modern Turkey

• A knowledge of the various cultures and cultural practices of ancient western Anatolia

• The various considerations necessary in the comparison of textual evidence to archaeological evidence

• How to use mythological stories to understand the history behind them

• How to critically read archaeological publications

Course Format: Each week, one class will be devoted to a lecture on the history of a region, with a second class devoted to discussion of the archaeology of an exemplary site of that region. Each class is expected to be a discussion rather than a straight lecture by the instructor, so students are responsible for all readings before the start of class and are expected to actively contribute. At times, the class will be split into smaller groups to further discuss the themes of the class and then each group will present their collected ideas. Each week, every student is required to consider and thoughtfully answer one of two to three given discussion questions based on the weekly readings and lectures on the discussion board on the class website. This forum will allow students to contemplate the themes of the class and perhaps to think of new questions of their own. There are no wrong answers, but students are asked to give thought to their responses. Students may bring in their own experiences as they pertain to the subject. Feel free to be creative. Answers are to be submitted to the instructor on the Canvas site by 10pm each Wednesday. Late answers submitted before the start of class will be given half credit. No credit will be given to submissions after class. Each student is responsible for all assigned readings before the start of class and must be prepared to discuss them. The discussion section of the course will utilize both a voluntary method of question and answers, as well as a Socratic one, where the instructor may choose who will answer the question. Each student will be required to present on one mythological or archaeological subject of their choice, from the subjects covered in class before Week 8. A sign-up sheet will be handed out the first week of class, and will be posted on the class Canvas site. For example, students may find a modern retelling of the ancient story or present an aspect of the archaeological excavations of a site, and present it to the class, using questions to

2 begin a class discussion, such as on how myths affect our modern understanding of a region, and what cultural traits remain in the myth. In addition, there will be four classes devoted to the theme of “Connections.” These classes will focus on the connection between Western Anatolia and four related : Anatolia, the Aegean, Greece and Persia. Students will pick one of these topics to present on, and will give a short (10-15 minute) presentation on their findings. Students will speak with the instructor about which aspect of connections they may wish to present on, e.g. burial, architectural, artistic, religious, or cultural similarities.

In the second week of the quarter, on April 4, a short map and quiz will be given at the start of class. Understanding the geography of the ancient and modern Anatolia is of great importance in order to understand the various cultures and peoples covered in this course. A midterm will be administered in-class at the start of Week 5, on April 25, covering all material from the first five weeks of the course. A final exam will be administered during final’s week, on June 9, covering material from the entire course, with an emphasis on the final five weeks of the course.

Prerequisites: This course is open to all students interested in archaeology, anthropology, Classics, or Near Eastern studies. No prior knowledge of these areas is necessary.

Required Reading and Attendance: This class does not have a textbook. The readings from this course come from a variety of journals and book chapters. All readings will be made available in .pdf form on the class Canvas website. The assigned readings are to be completed by each student before the start of the class. Staying on top of the readings will maximize a student’s learning experience and prepare them for discussions. It also allows the students to ask relevant questions during class. Readings are subject to change as determined by the instructor, with at least one week's notice. The assigned readings are to be completed by each student before the start of the class. Staying on top of the readings will maximize a student’s learning experience and prepare them for discussions. It also allows the students to ask relevant questions during class. Readings are subject to change as determined by the instructor, with at least one week's notice. Please arrive on time for class. It is rude and disrespectful to both your fellow students as well as the instructor to arrive after the start of class, interrupting lecture or discussion. Everyone here is an adult, so please be responsible for your own time management.

3 Class Requirements:

• Class Discussion/Participation 5%

• Responses to Weekly Reading Questions 15%

• Myth/Archaeology Presentation 15%

• Map Quiz (April 4) 10%

• In-Class Midterm (April 25) 20%

• “Connections” Presentation 15%

• Final (June 9) 20% Grade Scale: You can always track your grades throughout the quarter on the online grade book on Canvas. I encourage you to do so to gauge your progress in class. Please contact us as soon as possible if you suspect any errors.

Letter Number Percentage Letter Number Percentage Letter Number Percentage

A+ 4.0 >95% B- 2.8 83% C- 1.6 71%

A 3.9 94% B- 2.7 82% C- 1.5 70%

A- 3.8 93% B- 2.6 81% D+ 1.4 69%

A- 3.7 92% B- 2.5 80% D+ 1.3 68%

A- 3.6 91% C+ 2.4 79% D+ 1.2 67%

A- 3.5 90% C+ 2.3 78% D 1.1 66%

B+ 3.4 89% C+ 2.2 77% D 1.0 65%

B+ 3.3 88% C 2.1 76% D 0.9 64%

B+ 3.2 87% C 2.0 75% D- 0.8 63%

B 3.1 86% C 1.9 74% D- 0.7 60-62%

B 3.0 85% C- 1.8 73% E 0.0 <62 %

B 2.9 84% C- 1.7 72%

4 Technology in Class: The use of laptops in class is allowed for note taking and for referencing class readings. Surfing the web, checking emails, checking Facebook, online shopping, etc. is prohibited. Such activity is disruptive to the individual, the instructor, and to the remainder of the class. However, I would highly encourage students to take notes in class by hand, as numerous studies have shown handwritten notes to be far more useful for students than typed notes. If I do find a student using a laptop for any purpose other than note taking, the privilege of using the laptop in class will be revoked after one warning. Please turn off your cellphones before coming to class; the use of cellphones is prohibited for any reason.

Extra-Credit: A small number of extra credit assignments may be made available throughout the quarter, to be announced by the instructor. Please do not inquire about any additional extra credit than what is made available to the entire class.

Disability Resources for Students: If you need any type of accommodation, please contact the Office of Disability Resources for Students (http://www.washington.edu/students/drs). We are happy to work with Disability Resources to provide appropriate accommodation.

Make-Up Policies: Make-ups for the midterm, presentations or final paper will not be permitted except in the case of documented emergencies or medical reasons. No make-up exams will be allowed for the midterm or final unless for dire situations, (kidnapped by aliens, leg caught in a bear trap at the time of midterm, etc.), with proper documentation. Please be on time to class, and if for any reason you must leave early, please leave quietly and do not disrupt the other students on your way out. No talking during class, except during discussion periods. However, always feel free to ask the instructor a question at any point during class. If you have a question, chances are five other students have a similar question, please speak up.

Academic Honesty: Students are expected to treat their fellow classmates and instructors with honesty and respect throughout the course. All exam answers and online posts must reflect original

5 work. No form of cheating will be tolerated. The following link has information on academic honesty, plagiarism, and consequences: http://www.washington.edu/uaa/gateway/advising/help/academichonesty.php

Student are expected to adhere to the University of Washington Code of Student Conduct which can be found at the following link: http://apps.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=478-120

The University of Washington is committed to fostering an environment where the free exchange of ideas is an integral part of the academic learning environment. Disruption of classroom discussions can prohibit other students from fully engaging and participating. Any student causing disruption may be asked to leave any class session, and, depending on the severity and frequency of that behavior, an incident report may be filled with Community Standards and Student Conduct. As a condition of enrollment, all students assume responsibility to observe standards of conduct that will contribute to the pursuit of academic goals and to the welfare of the academic community. For more detailed information on these standards, please visit: http://apps.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=478-120.

6 Course Outline:

Week 1- Introduction to Anatolia and Archaeology March 28: Introduction to the Class and the Geography of the Region Required Readings: G. McMahon 2011, The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia, S. Steadman and G. McMahon, eds., Chapter 2 “The Land of the Peoples of Anatolia Through Ancient Eyes,” pages 15-33 J. Yakar 2000, “The Anatolian Landscape” in Ethnoarchaeology of Anatolia: Rural Socioeconomy in the Bronze and Iron Ages, pages 5-18 Recommended Readings: M.S. Joukowsky 1996, Early Turkey, “Introduction: Archaeology, The Greatest Human Interest Story” pages 1-48

T.J. Wilkinson 2003, Archaeological Landscapes of the , Chapter 2: “Environmental Context” pages 15-34

March 30: The History of Archaeology in Anatolia Required Readings:

R. Matthews 2011, The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia, S. Steadman and G. McMahon, eds., Chapter 3 “A History of Preclassical Archaeology of Anatolia” pages 34-55

Recommended Readings: S. Lloyd 1963, Mounds of the Near East. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh: Chapter 1, pages 13-27 E.J. Davis 1874, Anatolica, or the Journal of a Visit to Some of the Ancient Ruined Cities of , , and D.T. Potts 2012, A Companion to the Archaeology of the Volume 1: Chapter 2 “Antiquarianism, Copying, Collecting” pages 27-50

7 Week 2 – Troy and Its Surroundings April 4: Legends and Reality of Troy

Map Quiz at the Start of Class Required Readings: T.R. Bryce 2006, Trojans and Their Neighbors Chapter 1 “The Poet and the Tradition,” pages 1-28 and Chapter 5 “Troy’s Role and Status in the Near Eastern World,” pages 52-60 Recommended Readings: C.W. Blegen 1963 Troy and the Trojans. Thames and Hudson, H.G. Jansen 2000, Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. Vol 2., J. Sasson ed. “Troy: Legend and Reality,” pages 1121-1134 S. Lloyd 2013, Ancient Turkey: A Traveller’s History, Chapter 5 “The Trojan Enigma,” pages 52-60

April 6: Archaeology of Troy and the Surrounding Countryside Required Readings: P. Jablonka 2011, The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia, S. Steadman and G. McMahon, eds. “Troy in Regional and International Context” pages 717-733 H.P. Schliemann, 1881, Ilios: The City and the Country of the Trojans: The Results of the Researches and Discoveries on the Site of Troy and through the in the Years 1871-72-73-78-79; Including an Autobiography of the Author, pages 21-43, 65- 66, Recommended Readings: C.W. Blegen 1950, Troy: General Introduction, The First and Second Settlements: Volume I. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ H.P. Schliemann and L.D. Schmitz 2009, Troy and Its Remains: A Narrative of Researches and Discoveries Made on the Site of Ilium, and in the Trojan Plain

8 Week 3 – The Phrygians April 11: Phrygian History and Legends

Required Readings: L.E. Roller 2011, The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia, S. Steadman and G. McMahon, eds., “Phrygians and the Phrygians”, pages 560-578 M. Vassileva 2005, “King Midas in Southeastern Anatolia.” In Anatolian Interfaces: , and Their Neighbors: Proceedings of an International Conference on Cross-Cultural Interaction, September 17-19 2004, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. B.J. Collins, M.R. Bachvarova, I.C. Rutherford, eds., pages 164-171 Recommended Readings: S. Lloyd 2013, Ancient Turkey: A Traveller’s History Chapter 6, “The Kingdom of Midas” pages 61-66 S. Berndt-Ersoz 2006, Phrygian Rock-Cut Shrines: Structure, Function and Cult Practice. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 25, Leiden, Brill G.K. Sams 2000, Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. Vol 2., J. Sasson ed: “Midas of Gordion and the Anatolian Kingdom of Phrygia” pages 1147-1160

April 13: Archaeology of Phrygia: Gordion and Karkeneş Dağ Required Readings: K. DeVries 1990, “The Gordion Excavation Seasons of 1969-1973 and Subsequent Research” In American Journal of Archaeology 94:3, pages 371-406 M.M. Voigt 2011, The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia, S. Steadman and G. McMahon, eds., “Gordion: The Changing Political and Economic Roles of a First Millennium BCE City, pages 1069-1094 Recommended Readings: K. DeVries 1988, “Gordion and Phrygia in the Sixth Century BC” In L. Schneider (ed.) Phrygian Art and Archaeology. Ars Brevis, New York, pages 51-59 M.S. Joukowsky 1996, Early Turkey, “The Phrygian Period” pages 368-401

9 Week 4 – The Lydians April 18: Lydian History and Legends

Required Readings: A. Payne and J. Wintjes 2016 Lords of Minor: An Introduction to the Lydians. “From to Scrooge McDuck” pages 117-119 2007, The Landmark Herodotus, Strassler, R. B, (ed.) Anchor Books, New York, pages 16-32 (1.25-1.57), and pages 40-56 (1.69-1.95) S. Lloyd, 2013, Ancient Turkey: A Traveller’s History - Chapter 9 “The Reign of Croesus” pages 85-93 Recommended Readings: C.G. Greenwalt 2000, Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. Vol 2., J. Sasson ed. “Croesus of and the Lydian Kingdom of Anatolia” pages 1173-1183 D.G. Hogarth 1992, “ and ” In Cambridge Ancient History Vol. III, The Assyrian Empire, J.B. Bury, S.A. Cook and F.E. Adcock, eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pages 501-526 M.J. Mellink 1987, “Lydia and Sardis in Anatolian Context” In E. Guralnick (ed.) Sardis: Twenty-Seven Years of Discovery. Papers Presented at a Symposium Sponsored by the Archaeological Institute of America. The Chicago Society, Chicago, pages 16-25 G.M.A. Haufmann 2008, “Lydian Relations with Ionia and Persia” In 100th International Congress of Classical Archaeology, pages 25-35

April 20: Lydian Archaeology: Sardis Required Readings: C.H. Greenwalt 2011, The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia, S. Steadman and G. McMahon, eds., “Sardis: A First Millennium BCE Capitol in Western Anatolia,” pages 1112-1130 G.M.A. Hanfmann 1983, Sardis from Prehistoric to Roman Times: Results of the Archaeological Exploration of Sardis 1958-1975. Chapter III, “Lydia Excavation Sectors” Recommended Readings: J.G. Pedley 1968, Sardis in the Age of Croesus, The Centers of Civilization Series C.H. Roosevelt 2009 The Archaeology of Lydia, from Gyges to Alexander

10 Week 5 – The Carians April 25: In Class Midterm

April 27: Class Canceled

Week 6: The Lycians

May 2: History and Archaeology of the Carians: Required Readings: G.M. Beckman 2000, Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. Vol 2., J. Sasson ed. “Soldier to Pharaoh: The Carians of Southwest Anatolia,” pages 1185-1194 C. Ratte and R.R.R. Smith 2004, “Archaeological Research at Aphrodisias in Caria, 1999-2001” In American Journal of Archaeology 108:2, pages 145-186 Recommended Readings: R.T. Marchese 1989, The Historical Archaeology of Northern Caria: A Study in Cultural Adaptations, B.A.R. International Series 536 T. Linders, P. Hellstrom, eds. 1989, Architecture and Society in Hecatomnid Caria: Proceedings of the Uppsala Symposium 1987. Uppsala Studies in Ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern Civilization 17, Almqvist and Wiksell J. Isager 1994, Hekatomnid Caria and the Ionian Renaissance: Acts of the International Symposium at the Department of Greek and Roman Studies, Odense University, 28-29 November, 1991. Odense University Press, Odense

May 4: Lycian History and Legends Required Readings: T.R. Bryce 1986, The Lycians in Literary and Epigraphic Sources: The Lycians, Vol. 1” Museum Tusulanum Press, Copenhagen, 1986. Chapter 2, “Early Lycia and Greek Literary Tradition” pages 11-42 T.R. Bryce 2000, Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. Vol 2., J. Sasson ed. “The Lycian Kingdom in Southwestern Anatolia,” pages 1161-1172 Recommended Readings: A.G. Keen 1998, Dynastic Lycia: A Political History of the Lycians and Their Relations with Foreign Powers, c. 454-362 B.C. E.J. Brill, Leiden

11 J. Zahle 1991, “Achaemenid Influences in Lycia (Coinage, , Architecture): Evidence for Political Changes in the 5th Century B.C.” In Sancisi- Weerdenburg, Heleen and Amelie Kuhrt (eds), Asia Minor and : Old Cultures in a New Empire: Proceedings of the Groningen 1988 Achaemenid History Workshop, pages 145-160 W.A.P. Childs 1981, “Lycian Relations with and Greeks in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries Re-Examined.” Anatolian Studies, Vol. 31, pages 55-80

Week 7: The Ionians May 9: Lycian Archaeology: and Karataş-Semayuk Required Readings: M.J. Mellink 1964, “Excavations at Karataş-Semayuk in Lycia, 1963” In American Journal of Archaeology 68:3, pages 269-278 M.J. Mellink 1980, “Excavations at Karataş-Semayuk and Elamı, 1976” In Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi 25-1, pages 175-186 Recommended Readings: G.E. Bean 1978, Lycian Turkey: An Archaeological Guide Ernest Benn Limited, London B.T. Bryce 1991, “Tombs and the Social Hierarchy in Ancient Lycia.” Altorientalische Forschungen 18, pages 73-85 N. Çevik 2000, “A Dead-Cult Place in : Lycian Open-Air Rock-Cut Sanctuaries and Their Anatolian Aspects.” Studien Zur Religion und Kulter Kleinasiens und des Ägäischen Bereiches: Festschrift für Baki Ögün zum 75 Geburtstag, ed. Cengiz Isik, Dr. Rudolf Habelt GMBH, Bonn, pages 37-50 M.J. Mellink 1976, “Local, Phrygian, and Greek Traits in Northern Lycia.” Revue Archéologique, 1, pages 21-34

12 May 11: Ionian Migration and History Required Readings: K. W. Harl 2011, The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia S.R. Steadman and G. McMahon eds., Chapter 34 “The Greeks in Anatolia: From the Migrations to ” pages 752-776 Herodotus 2007, The Landmark Herodotus, Strassler, R. B, (ed.) Anchor Books, New York, pages 75-82 (1.142-1.151)

Recommended Readings: Villing, A. (ed.) 2005, The Greeks in the East. The Press, London Collins, B.J., M.R. Bachvarova, I.C. Rutherford, eds. 2006, Anatolian Interfaces: Hittites, Greeks and Their Neighbors: Proceedings of an International Conference on Cross-Cultural Interaction, September 17-19 2004, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, Oxbow Books, New York

Week 8 – Languages and Trade in Western Anatolia: Connections Part I May 16: History and Archaeology of Ephesus Required Readings: J.T. Wood 1877 Discoveries at Ephesus, Including the Site and remains of the Great Temple of Diana. Longmans, Green, London. Page numbers TBA Recommended Readings: A. Bammer 1997, “Ephesus” In E.M. Meyers (ed) The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, Vol. 2, Oxford University Press, New York, pages 252- 255

S. Erdemigil 1989, Ephesus. Net Turistik Yatinlar, Istanbul P. Scherrer 2001 “The Historical Topography of Ephesos” in Urbanism in Minor, D. Parrish, ed., pages 57-87

13 May 18: The Indo-Europeans in Asia: Connections Between Central Anatolia and the Western Coast of Anatolia Required Readings: G. Steiner 1990, “The Immigration of the First Indo-Europeans into Anatolia Reconsidered.” Journal of Indo-European Studies 18, pages 185-214

H.C. Melchert 2011, The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia S.R. Steadman and G. McMahon eds., Chapter 31 “Indo-Europeans” pages 704-716

Recommended Readings: T.R. Bryce 2003, “Relations Between Hatti and Ahhiyawa in the Last Decades of the Bronze Age,” Fs Hoffner, pages 59-72

Week 9 – The Politics of the : Connections Part II May 23: The Greeks in Anatolia: Ionia and the ‘’ Required Readings:

A.M. Greaves 2011, The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia S.R. Steadman and G. McMahon eds., Chapter 21, “The Greeks in Western Anatolia,” pages 500-516 J.M. Cook 1962, The Greeks in Ionia and the East. Thames and Hudson, London, Chapter 1 “Western Asia Minor Before the Greeks, pages 17-22, and Chapter 2 “The Great Migrations and the Dark Age, pages 23-35 Recommended Readings: S. Lloyd 2013, Ancient Turkey: A Traveller’s History Chapter 8, “The Coming of the Greeks” pages 76-84

May 25: The Persians in Anatolia: The Persian Empire Required Readings: S. Lloyd 2013, Ancient Turkey: A Traveller’s History Chapter 11, “The Persian Empire” pages 110-121 A. Sagona and P. Zimansky 2011, Ancient Turkey “The Achaemenid Conquest and Its Antecedents” pages 367-372 Recommended Readings: L. Khatchadourian 2012, A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East D.T. Potts, ed., Chapter 51 “The Achaemenid Provinces in Archaeological Perspective,” pages 931-962

14 H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg 2000, Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. Vol 2., J. Sasson ed. “Darius I and the Persian Empire,” pages 1035-1050 N. Sekunda 1991, “Achaemenid Settlement in Caria, Lycia and Greater Phrygia.” In Heleen Sancisi-Weerdenburg and Amelie Kuhrt eds., Asia Minor and Egypt: Old Cultures in a New Empire: Proceedings of the Groningen 1988 Achaemenid History Workshop, pages 83-143

Week 10 – Conclusions

May 30: The Current State of Anatolian Archaeology Required Reading: R. Bernbeck 2012, A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East D.T. Potts, ed., Chapter 5 “The Political Dimension of Archaeological Practices” pages 87-105 E. Stokstad 2016 “Turkish Government Shuts Down Important Archaeological Dig, Apparently to Punish Austria” Science: http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/09/turkish-government-shuts-down- important-archaeological-dig-apparently-punish-austria

June 2: Class Canceled

Final Exam– Friday, June 9, 2017, 230-420 pm, SAV 156

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