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Pr?OBLB:.S APISD7G from a COMPARISON of BUDDHIST THEORIES Pr?OBLB:.S APISD7G FROM A COMPARISON OF BUDDHIST THEORIES OF CAUSATION WITH BRITISH EMPIRICIST ONES BY RITA GUPTA Thesis presented for the Ph.D. degree in Philosophy in the University of London, 1971. ProQuest Number: 10098204 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10098204 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT This thesis seeks to examine to what extent certain Buddhist theories of causation are comparable with the causal theories of some British empiricist philosophers. The thesis starts with an introduction. Its first chapter critically analyses Hume's causal theory, while the second points out that its similarity with the causal theories of Buddhist logicians such as Santaraksita and Kamalasila. Both Hume and these logicians criticised the concepts of causal efficacy and production, and analysed causal connections merely as relations of unvarying sequence. The third chapter critically analyses Mill's causal theory (and, to a certain extent, that of Berkeley), indicating that 'cause' is a collective name for a complex set of conditions. The fourth chapter points out that the Buddhist 'Theravada' and 'Sarvastivada' schools anticipated Mill's theory of the multiplicity of conditions. Moreover, the 'Sarvastivadins' introduced concepts similar to that of Mill's 'negative conditions'. We also tried to compare cund contrast Russell's theory of 'functional interdependence' with Buddhist causal theories. In addition, we suggested that by different devices the Buddhist philosophers and Mill saved themselves from the inconguity of admitting any arbitrary sequence as a causal sequence. Chapter V tries to prove that the Buddhist formula of the 'twelve-membered dependent Origination' contains the incipient attempts of analysing causation 3 only in terms of 'necessary and sufficeint conditions. Chapter VI shows that the concepts of causation and production are co-extensive. Thus there is a dilemma of explaining causation without production. Realization of this probably led the 'Hadhyamika' philosophers to deny causation from the Absolue standpoint. Chapter VII points out that the absence, in Buddhist philosophy, of any distinction - corresponding to that made by some recent Western philosophers - between reasons for actions and causes does not invalidate our comparative study. The appendix to chapter I reiterates Hume's thesis, viz., that causes and effects are not related by logically necessary connections, pointing out that its validity is not disapproved by the recent theories of some philosophers, e.g., Elanshard and Kneale. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis presents the results of my research work under the supervision of Dr. A.R. Lacey of Bedford College and Dr. D.L. Friedman of the School of Oriental and African Studies. I am grateful to both of them for their guidance in the preparation of the thesis. With their constructive criticisms and advice, they helped me to improve its quality. I wish also to record my indebtedness to Dr. Friedman especially for putting his collection of books at my disposal. I am deeply obliged to the authorities of Bedford College for all the assistance they gave me, especially for the financial one,which includes the award of the Susan Stebbing Studentship for my project. I o? the must record my indebtedness to the members of the staff of the^School of Oriental and African Studies, especially Mrs. P. Brown and Mrs. P. Biswas for their assistance. I am also indebted to various friends who helped me in checking the typescript, and sometimes even in typing some portions of the thesis. Without their help and co-operation this work would not have been completed. Finally, I should like to thank Mrs. Helen Friedman for her moral support for my research work and her affection received during my long acquaintance with her. CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT 2-3 ACI(NOWLEDGEI^!ENTS k ABBREVIATIONS 9-11 INTRODUCTION 12-32 CHAÏTER I HUT IE'S THEORY OF CAUSATION 33-72 Section i Exposition of Hume's Theory 33 Section ii Major Defects in Hume's Analysis of 'Causation' as 'Constant Conjunction' 65 CHAPTER II POINTS OF COMPARISON BETWEEN HUI-iE'S THEORY AND /_ THE CAUSAL THEORY PROPOUNDED BY SANTARAKSITA AND KAMALASILA 73-125 Section i Circumstances in which Santarak§ita and Kamalasila 73 Denied Causal Efficacy 6 Page Section ii Critical Examination of the Causal Theory Propounded by . Santarakgita and Kamalasila, 94 Section iii Similarity Between Hume's Causal Theory and that Propounded by Santaraksita and Kamalsila 123 CHAPTER III MILL'S THEORY OF CAUSATION 126-143 Section i Exposition of Mill's Theory 126 Section ii Defects in Mill's Theory of Causation 139 CHAPTER IV POINTS OF COMPARISON BET.ÆEN THEORIES OF CAUSATION INTRODUCED BY MILL AND RUSSELL AIJD RELEVANT 144-213 ASPECTS OF BUDDHIST CAUSAL THEORIES Section i Emphasis on the Multiplicity of Conditions in Both Mill's Theory ^Hd in the Causal Theories Developed by 'Theravada* and 'Sarvastivada* Philosophy 144 Section ii Critical Analysis of the 'Theravada' Theory of the Multiplicity of Conditions 147 Page Section iii A Critical Analysis of the 'Sarvastivada* Classification of Causes ('Hetlis') and Conditions ('Pratyayas' ) gj Section iv Is There Anything in Buddhist Causal Theories Corresponding j to Mill's Insistence that the Causal Sequence Must be Unconditional? 204 Section v Can Russell's View of Causation be Compared with the Buddhist Views? 207 CHAPTER V RE!/ARKS ON THE THEORY OF THE 'TWZLVE-M3/BERED DEPENDENT ORIGINATION* 214 Section i Significance of the 'Doctrine of the Twelve-membered Dependent Origination* 220— 268 Section ii More Explanatory Remarks About the 'Twelve Members' 226 Section iii Analysis of the Twelve 'Members' as Necessary and Sufficient Conditions 249 8 Page CHAPTER VI IS A VALID EXPLANATION OF CAUSATION POSSIBLE WITHOUT THE CONCEPT OF PRODUCTION? 269-301 Section i Attempts to Explain Causation Without the Concept of Production 269 Section ii Denial of Production led to Denial of Causation Itself in 'Hadhyamika' Fhilosophy gg? CHAPTER VII REASONS AND CAUSES 302-338 Section i Examination of Arguments Against Considering Reasons for Actions as Causes 305 Section ii Is There a Distinction in Buddhist Philosophy Between Reasons and Causes? 329 APPmPIX TO CHAPTER I FURTHER ATTEMPTS TO PROVE THAT THERE IS A LOGICALLY NECESSARY CONNECTION BSTVÆEN A CAUSE AND AN EFFECT 339-358 BIBLIOGRAPHY 359-377 9 ABBREVIATIONS AK; L* AbhidharinaTj^osa de Vasubandhu AN ; The Anguttapa Nikaya AKV; Abhidharmakosavyakhya BLt Buddhist Logic Buddhist Philosophy; Buddhist Philosophy In India and Ceylon. BTIt Buddhist Thought In India. Buddhist Thought; The History of Buddhist Thought CBN : The Concert ion of Buddhist Nirvana CCB; Central Conception of Buddhism... DN; The Digha Nikaya Enquiries ; An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding and An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals. FBDC: La Formule Bouddhique des douze Causes. GAP; Guide Through the Abhidhamma Pitaka HOG : Harvard Oriental Series IC: Instant et Cause JP: Journal of Philosophy JPT3: Journal of the Pali Text Society JRAS: Journal of Royal Asiatic Society 10 MKV I4adhyamakavry(Mâdhyamikâsütras de Nâgârjuna, avec la Prasannapadâ Commentaire de Candjrakirti ), éd., De La Vallee Poussin. MMK MulaCVia-dhyamaka-karikas, Nagârjuna. M The Ma.i.ihima Nikaya. CUP Oxford University Press PAS Proceedings of the Aristpteli^^^ Society PQ Philosophical Quarterly PIS Pâli Text Society SBB Sacred Books of the Buddhists SBE Sacred Books of the Last SN The Saipyutta Nikâya SL A System of Logic TDDC Theprie Des Douze Causes Treatise A Treatise of Human Nature TSP Tattva-Sanrgraha - paii.jikâ Î.O. 11 UCR : University of Ceylon Review VM The Visuddhi-Kag.ga S U1 i- LE I.h NT AK i 1.1 -, 1 J'UlVXA-TJCNS W Essavs Cpncernl Undere tanhinj^, Locke, John. Ts^c^c>Vo*^‘xcolV pVVxics I fit y\&nvv(J Ps*;^c-V\o\&^i c a l C-ft y. U ^ vid ^ ’Some Problems’: ’Some Problems of Translation and Interpretation y; UCR.vol.. VII, pp. 2 0 3 -2 2 4 . 1 2 INTRODUCTION From the very traceable beginning of the history of ideas man has been engaged - in one way or another - in causal speculations. The world around him was full of things and events which appeared mysterious to him, and he wanted to know what caused them. More serious thinkers even indulged in speculations about what caused the world ' itself. Even today philosophers are trying to solve many difficult problems about causation. Thus the concept of causation has gone through a long evolutionary process - starting from relatively primitive conceptions, to sub­ sequent criticisms and modifications, and finally to the emergence of the present sophisticated notions of cause. But although there is a very long history of causal theorising,some of these causal theories stand out among the rest. Their outstanding character is due to their conspicuous break with the tradition. In the present thesis we shall consider two such streams of causal theorising, one coming from the Occident, the other from the Orient. Our main purpose in considering them here is to point out the remarkable similarity that exists between these two sets. The relevant Western theories were introduced by empiricist philosophers like Berkeley, Hume and Mill.^ The Eastern 1. Hume inherited the main spirit of Berkeley's causal theory, viz. natural phenomena do not have any 'power' to cause anything. (See Berkeley's Principles of Human Knowledge, Secg.XXV and XXVI).
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