Ontology of Consciousness

Percipient Action

edited by Helmut Wautischer

A Bradford Book The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England ( 2008 Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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Ontology of consciousness : percipient action / edited by Helmut Wautischer. p. cm. ‘‘A Bradford book.’’ Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-262-23259-3 (hardcover : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-0-262-73184-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Consciousness. 2. Philosophical anthropology. 3. Culture—Philosophy. 4. Neuropsychology— Philosophy. 5. Mind and body. I. Wautischer, Helmut. B105.C477O58 2008 126—dc22 2006033823

10987654321 Index

Abaluya culture (Kenya), 519 as limitation of Turing machines, 362 Abba Macarius of Egypt, 166 as opportunity, 365, 371 Abhidharma in dualism, person as extension of matter, as guides to Buddhist thought and practice, 167, 454 10–13, 58 in focus of attention, 336 basic content, 58 in measurement of intervals, 315 in Asanga’s ‘‘Compendium of Abhidharma’’ in regrouping of elements, 335, 344 (Abhidharma-samuccaya), 67 in technical causality, 169, 177 in Maudgalyayana’s ‘‘On the Origin of shamanic separation from body, 145 Designations’’ Prajnapti–sastra,73 Action, 252–268. See also Percipient action in Sthiramati’s ‘‘Commentary on [Asanga’s] and Habermas, 521 Abhidharma–samuccaya’’ (Abhidharma- and intelligence, 209, 219–221, 432, 435 samuccaya-vyakhya), 76 and neuron firing, 235 in the First Buddhist Council, 10 and principle of local priority, 303 in the Mahasanghika school, 11 and spirit, 110, 114 in the Sarvastivada ‘‘On the Origin of and Zubiri, 569 Designations’’ (Prajnapti-sastra), 73 causal, 380–381 in the Sarvastivada school, 12 compassion generated, 18 (see also in the Sarvastivada-Vaibhasika ‘‘Great Compassion, Tantra) Elucidation’’ (Abhidharma-maha-vibhasa), 13 folded, 258 in the Sthaviravada school, 10 in Lebenswelt, 514 in the Vibhasa, of the Sarvastivada-Vaibhasika nondisruptive (see also wuwei) subschool, 13 resulting from brain activity, 164, 181 in Vasubandhu’s ‘‘Summary of the Action-carriers, 313, 320, 332, 334–335, 366, [Sarvastivada] Abhidharma’’ (Abhidharma- 368, 378, 381. See also Force carriers kosa) 16, 74, 78 Action-potential, 233, 235, 237 Madhyamika rejection of, 15 Activity. See also Tantra, activity tantra, Aboutness, 107, 365 and mediation, 246–249, 251–253, 256 (see Accident, accidental, 373–377 also Mediation) as absent for mutual relationship, 520 as a hierarchy of actions, 249–268 as intellectual habit, 589 as a level of reflection, 251 606 Index

Activity (cont.) and life force (see also Tonalli), 107, 168, hierarchy of, 251, 259 171 in brain, 234–235 difference of apprenhesion in animal and inner, 248–251 human, 566–567 psychological dimensions of, 262–263 higher animistic entity (ba), 129–130 schemes of, 264 in shamanism, 81, 136, 139, 142, 148, 153– Acupuncture, 129,155, 480 154 Adaptation, biological; preadaptation, 363–366 lower animistic entity (ka), 129, 155 Adequacy, inadequacy, 320, 339, 343, 363 Animate, inanimate, 242–243, 248, 265, 268, Advaita Vedanta, 119n13 475, 479, 483, 490, 580, 582–583 Aesthetic, 112, 116, 120n27, 257, 475, 481, Animism, 280, 485, 497–498 495, 500 Annihilation, annihilate, 377–378, 417 Affective prominence, 332, 334–335, 340. See Anterograde (fixation amnesia), 339–340, 345– also Noergy, Force of imposition 346, 348 Africa, 79, 82, 84, 87, 92, 98, 314, 386, 507– Anthropocentrism, 492 524 passim Anthropology, anthropological, anthropolo- Agent, agency, 326, 329, 343, 362, 364–365, gist, 65, 80, 89–90, 163, 166–168, 170–171, 367, 378, 388–389 173–174, 175 passim, 183, 185, 278–280, Aiolos (King of winds), 194 285, 287, 290, 374, 513, 515, 529 Akan culture (Ghana), 507, 516–518, 520–522 Anthropomorphic, 38, 140–142, 145–149, Albedo, 360–361, 363 151–152, 154–155, 158, 487 Alcmeon of Crotona, 168, 186n15 birdmen, 146, 158 Alethia (unconcealedness, self-disclosure), Anthropomorphism, 144, 484 Nahua notion of, 107–108 Antichronic, 314–315, 379 Allusive speech, as ‘‘helpful wind,’’ 21, 24, 31, Anuttarayoga Tantra (Tib: Neljor-lame-gyud), 60 23–39, 42 Alterity, 181, 567 Apodictic ground, 374–375, 383–384, 386, as every mind’s feature, 375 390–391 nonalterity, 172, 179, 187n21 Apollinaris of Laodicea, 172, 186n6 Ames, Roger, 119n5 Apperception (sensations’ operational Amnesia, 170, 322, 339–340, 345–346, 348– hermeneusis by an appercipient or agent 349, 354 intellect, i.e., a nouˆs poieetiko´s), 343, 354 Amrith. See also Kum-kum, Vibhuti, 534 Apperception (sensations’ operational Ana´nche, 169 hermeneusis by an appercipient or agent A¯nanda, 413 intellect, i.e., a nouˆs poieetiko´s), as opera- Ananda, Buddha’s principal disciple, 10 tionalizing, 322–323, 334–340, 345–349, Anesthesia, 236–237, 313, 319, 323, 332, 352 384, 389 Animal, 211–212, 441–442, 485, 490, 492, Appetition, 458, 460, 595 557, 561 Apprehension, 116, 549, 552–572 and conscious experience, 213–217, 222–223, difference in animal and human, 566–567 231–234, 266, 341, 374, 387, 403, 453–471 gnoseological, 317, 319, 323, 328, 333, 342– passim, 549 343, 362, 365, 374, 376, 383, 389 Index 607

knowledge as causal efficiency, 323–326, 342– in ‘‘Explanation of the Bodhisattva Stage’’ 343, 348–351, 376 (Bodhisattva-bhumi), 20, 67 primordial, 549, 563 namer of of the Yogacara school, 20, 59 Aquiauhtzin (Nahua sage-poet), 103, 119n8 revealer of the compassional foundations of Aquinas, Thomas, 174, 179 consciousness, 20 Architecture (cerebral, cognitive), 337–338, Astrophysics, astrophysical evolution, 352, 342, 363, 371 359, 360, 381 Arete, 193 Asvaghosa’s clarification of the accomplish- Aristotle, Aristotelianisms, 168–169, 173, 175, ments of Buddha Sakyamuni, 15 179–180, 186n15, 187n17, 193, 195, 197, Asymmetry. See also Disymmetry, 375–377, 199, 202n1, 342, 347, 471, 490, 550, 552– 391 553, 564, 576–578 Athapascans, 81 Aristotelian conflation of knowledge and Atisa (Atisha) information, 350, 373–374 in ‘‘The Way of the Bodhisattvas’’ (Bodhi– Art, artist, 115, 166, 200, 583 patha–pradipa), 68 funerary iconography, 127–162 passim producer of the intellectual foundations of the geometric configurations in shamanic themes, Kadam order, 44 150 Attention, attentionally, 7, 14, 313–314, 318, iconographic elements supporting ethno- 320–322, 327, 329–334, 335–342, 344–348, graphic interpretation of shamanic artwork, 355, 364–365, 373–379, 392 131, 134–145 Aufhebung. See Lift-up in Japanese ‘‘dry landscape,’’ 475–505 passim Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo, 169, 198, in shamanism, 102, 112, 118n3, 127–162 497 metonymy in pre-Columbian art, 152 Aurobindo, Sri, 399–427 passim performance art, 103, 112 Avatar, 154, 525–526, 528–529, 542, 544 Pre-Columbian art, 127–157 passim Averroes (Al-Qurtubi), 166 visual representation of introspection, 133– Avicenna (Ibn–Sina), 166, 199 138 Avidya¯, 412, 423n3, 425n18 Aryadeva Awareness xv, xix, xxi, xxiii, xxviii, 5, 25, 29, cognizing experiential aspects of conscious- 85, 307n11, 330, 432, 457–458, 477, 501, ness, 15 555, 576 cultivation of in sleep, 35, 62 as consciousness, 62n27, 133, 234, 259, 453, in ‘‘A Way to Practice Bodhicitta’’ (Abhibodhi- 479 kramo-padesha), 66 human awareness, 196, 268, 567–568 in ‘‘Clear Light on the Completion Stage of in action potentials, 231 the Guhysamaja Tantra’’ (Carya-samgraha- of perfection, 14, 440 pradipa), 35 of spirit, 82 in ‘‘Four Hundred Verses on the teachings of self-awareness, xxviii, 19, 30, 197, 215, 232, Buddha’’ (Catuh-sataka-karika), 59, 66 246, 284, 401–402, 408, 435, 446 Asanga sensory, 59n13, 293, 403, 424n9, 499 in ‘‘Experiential Levels of Yogic Practice’’ subtle, xix, 24, 32, 35, 37, 441 (Yogacara-bhumi-sastra), 20, 59 Axiological, 359, 384, 387–390 608 Index

Axon, axons, 370, 393ref Biology, biological, 212–214, 225, 244, 247, Ayocuan Cuetzpaltzin (Nahua sage-poet), 113, 257–258, 265–267, 281, 313–314, 321, 327– 119n10 328, 330, 336, 347, 350, 354, 360–364, 366– Aztec Codices, 131 369, 373–374, 386–387, 407, 413–414, 417, 432, 445, 447, 449, 453, 575, 577–582, 584. Babb, Lawrence A., 529, 531 See also Sociobiology Bacon, Francis, 214 its boundaries, 454, 456, 470n10 Bacterium (patent claim for living organism), its evolution, 359, 361–362, 365–366, 369, 467–468 373, 381, 386, 391, 393ref, 423n6 Bangalore University, 542 Biophysics, 313–314, 339, 344, 355, 366, 376 Barygenesis, 377, 381, 389 Biosphere, biospheric, 326, 359–368, 371, 381, Baryogenesis, 381 390, 431 Bassuk, Daniel E., 526 Black Appearance, Tantric visualization, 30–32 Beating, ciliary cycle, 369–370 Blake, William, 86 Behavioral paradox, peaceful introspection Bliss combined with active curiosity among accessing true bliss (not sexual bliss) while novices, 6 engaged in coitus, 34 Belief, 211, 273–307 passim, 314, 419, 443, as the essence of pure consciousness, 467, 553 as the fundamental bliss-essence of pure Bengal, 85 consciousness, 42 Bereaved, bereavement, 273, 275, 277, 279, as the fundamental creative energy of life, 28– 291, 340 29, 33 Bering Straits, 91 as the fundamental life force, 43 Bettmann Archive, 91 as the great bliss associated with perception of Beyerstein, Dale, 542 the non-reality of subjects and objects, 37 Bhajans, 528, 534–536, 539 as the means to overcome conceptual Bhavaviveka thought, 40 analysis of Nagarjuna’s Middle Way, 68 erotic bliss, 37 criticism of Candrakirti for inattention to the extraordinary bliss, 37 experiential side of Madhyamika, 18 fundamental bliss, 42 in ‘‘Blazing Essence of the Middle Way’’ in ‘‘black appearance visualization,’’ 30 (Madhyamika-hrdaya-karika), analysis of in ‘‘red appearance visualization,’’ 30 Madhyamika, 68 in ‘‘white appearance’’ visualization, 30 in ‘‘Essence of Madhyamika’’ (Madhyamika- in ‘‘white-wind-drop’’ visualization, 29, 60, 63 hrdaya-vrttitarkajvala), acritique of logic, 18 in association with fundamental in ‘‘Wisdom Lamp’’ (Prajna-pradipa- consciousness, 19 mulamadhyamika-vrtti), a rejection of in Buddhaghosa’s ‘‘The Route to Bliss’’ Prasangika logic, 18 (Visuddhi-magga), 12 Bickerton, Derek, 224 in the ‘‘The Six Techniques of Naropa’’ (Naro Big Bang, 316, 352, 383, 466 Choe-drug), 75 Binomial entities (body-soul, brain-mind, in the Completion Stage of Tantra, 28–30, soma-psyche´), 163, 167, 169–170 33–34, 37, 40–43, 60, 63, 69, 73 Biocentric, biocentrism, 492, 499 in the Dechog Tantra, 41 Index 609

in the Guhyasamaja Tantra (of indestructible compression visualization ( je-zhig), 63 bliss), 69 evanescence visualization (rilbu-zinpa), 63 in the Heruka Tantra, 24, 41 nonorganic, artificial, 246, 250, 265, 386, 388 in the Hevajra-Tantra, 69 organic, 246 in the Vajrayogini Tantra, 41 Bolivia, 143, 151 innate ultimate bliss, 41 Bonaventure, St., 169 primordial bliss, 40 Brain, brains, 80, 117, 209, 210, 213, 221–222, sexual bliss, 34 224–227, 231, 266–268, 313–357 passim, supreme bliss, 40 361, 363–371, 466, 469n2, 549, 551, 567– the bliss beyond eroticism, 24 569, 579, 581 the bliss when consciousness enters the as organ of formalization, 549, 561–562 ‘‘white-wind-drop,’’ 60 bursting cells, 236–237 the messenger of bliss, 34 different from mind, 580–581 the mind of great bliss, 37 enlargement, 217–218 true bliss, 34, 37 importance in nervous and mental functions, unexcelled bliss, 41 168 unobscured true bliss, 37 Breath, breathing, 44, 61–63, 106, 119n12, visualizing bliss, 33 129, 163, 171, 187n20, 193, 480, 518, 576, when combining with emptiness, 33, 41 582 Block universe, block nouns, 315, 329, 371 Brentano, Franz, 187n17 Bloom, Harold, 582, 584 British puritanism, 372 Bodhisattva Broad, Charlie D., 545–546 the ‘‘Complete Teachings on the Bodhisattva Bromston, founder of Kadampa sect, 44, 64, 68 Way’’ (Bodhicarya-vatara), by Santivada, 18, Brooke, Robert T., 529 75 Brotherston, Gordon, 108, 115, 118 as integral to the five aspects of yogic Brunner, Emil, 172 realization, 59 Buber, Martin, 490 as the first step of Yogic realization, 59 Buddha Maitreya, 16, 20, 67, 68, 72, 77, 78 as the means to nondual consciousness , 42 Buddha Sakyamuni, 14–15, 20, 67–68, 73, 74, as the vehicle of compassion, 30 75, 76, 77 the ‘‘Bodhisattva Way of Life’’ (Shiksa- Buddhaghosa, author of ‘‘The Route to Bliss’’ samuccaya) by Santideva, 75 (Visuddhi-magga), 12, 70 the ‘‘Earth Encompassing Profound Buddhapalita’s ‘‘Commentary on [Nagarjuna’s] Compassion Sutra’’ (Ksitigarbha-bodhisattva- Middle Way’’ (Buddhapalita-mula- sutra), 69 madhyamaka-vrtti), 17, 70 the ‘‘Teachings on Bodhisattva’’ by Buddhism, 5, 58n7, 114, 160, 282, 404, 406, Manjushri, 73 416, 483, 489, 497–500. See also Mahayana the ‘‘Way of the Bodhisattvas’’ (Bodhi-patha- Buddhism pradipa) by Atisa, 68 the philosophical evolution of, 45, 56, 70 Body Buddhist Councils, 10, 12 and mind, 265–266, 317–320, 341, 351, 353, Burkhart, Louise, 118n2 359, 363–364, 366, 372–377 (see also Burning Essence, the conjoining bliss and Binomial entities) emptiness, 30 610 Index

Byzantine culture, 163, 166, 168, 170, 174, Chalmers, David, xxii, 214, 403–404, 420, 177–179, 282, 284–285 424n14, 587 Cham, choreographed Tantra, 27 Ca´ceres, A., 116 Chance, its arbitrary nature, 168 Cadacualtez, cadacualtic, 353–354, 371–376, Chari, Cadambur T. K., 531, 538 384–385, 388, 389, 391 Chavin culture (Peru), 131, 142 preconceptual reference to cadacualtez in Chemistry, chemical, 325, 344, 360–361, 467, personal name, 372 471n16 Calcutta, 84, 534 Chi (vital force), 155, 515 Calvin, John, 283, 285–286 Childbirth, pain of women in, 87 Candrakirti Chimu culture (Peru), 136, 142 clarification of difficult meanings in the Cho-gyud, ‘‘Moral Tantra,’’ 23 Guhyasamaja Tantra, 40 Chosang Phunrab, Tibetan Sanskrit scholar, clarification of Nagarjuna’s Middle Way, 17, 55 70 Christianity, 164–166, 170, 173–174, 187n17, demonstration that logic reveals only the 193, 197–199, 201, 287, 307n3, 440–441, absence of truth, not its presence, 17 444, 526–527, 533 details on producing illusory body 35, 40, 70 Chupicuaro culture (Mexico), 151 Cantares mexicanos, 118n1 Churchland, Patricia, S., 232, 424n11 Cappadocian Fathers, 170, 186n5 Cicero, 170, 178 Carmody, Denise, 114, 121n33 Cilia, ciliary, ciliates, Ciliophora, 355ref, 369– Carmody, John, 114, 121n33 370, 393ref Cartesian. See Descartes, Rene´ Circumstance, circumstanced, 313, 317, 319– Carus, Carl G., 429 320, 323–325, 329–336, 339–346, 350, 353, Carya-Tantra, ‘‘Moral Tantra’’ (Tib: cho-gyud), 359, 362–391 passim 23, 42 Cit-s´akti, 406 Castaneda, Carlos, 87 Classical logic (tetralemma, prasanga, nyaya, and Causation, causal, 74ref, 222, 319–320, 323, dialectic), 16, 59. See also Logic 325–327, 351–352, 360, 366, 377–381, 465, Clear-light 545 actual clear-light, the most elemental level of Byzantine reversal of technical and natural consciousness, 36, 60–61 causality, 177 as nonduality of consciousness, 24, 28 causal efficiency, 315, 323, 363, 377–383 as producer of exquisite joy, 32 causation homogeneously transeunt in the death clear-light, the similitude clear-light hylozoic hiatus, 377 produced just before the final moment of Cell, cells, 232, 330, 360, 367–369, 393ref, 459, death, 60 471n14 objective clear-light, emptiness conceptual- Cervantes, Miguel de, 200 ized as an object, 60 Chak-drel, the ‘‘White Appearance’’ of perfect clear-light, as perfected consciousness, detachment from attachment, 30 60 Chakpa-barwa, the ‘‘Black Appearance’’ of realizing actual clear-light in the fifth level of conjoining bliss and emptiness, 30 the Completion Stage, 36–37 Chakrabarty, Ananda, 467–468, 473n28 similitude clear-light, 30 Index 611

sleep-clear-light, the perfect level of sleep as the essence of Action Tantra, 30, consciousness, 62 as the root truth on which all paths to truth subjective clear-light, mentality when it is depend, 18 conceptualizing emptiness, 60 fundamental compassion (sarva-yogacitta), 30 Clinton, Bill, 91 in the ‘‘Earth Encompassing Profound Clock, 314–315, 378, 430 Compassion Sutra’’ (Ksitigarbha-bodhisattva- Cloud of unknowing, 113, 115, 121n32 sutra), 69 Codex Laud, 106 its primordial basis (sarva-bodhicitta), 24 Codex Vaticanus B, 100 its relationship to action, 23 Coercion, coerced, 5, 45, 171, 384, 386, 583. Completion Stage, the stages See also Antichronic, Pythagorean in ‘‘Clear Light on the Completion Stage of Coextension of consciousness with life, 449– the Guhyasamaja’’ (Carya-samgraha-pradipa) 450, 458, 467, 471n13 by Aryadeva, 35 Cognitive, 41, 108, 116, 167, 210, 213, 222– in ‘‘Lamp Illuminating the Five Steps of the 224, 252, 281, 283–284, 286–287, 297–298, Completion Stage’’ (Rimpa-nga)by 303, 307n11 Nagarjuna, 36 ethology, 216 level five, 36–37 maps, 216 level four, 34–36 science, 164 level one, 29–32 Cognizance, cognitive, cognitional, 340, 350, level six, 37 364–365 level three, 33–34 Collective experience, a constant source of joy level two, 32 among Tibetan novices, 47 onset, 26, 29 Colombia, 116, 127, 130–133, 148, 151–153 Composition of matter, 450, 467–469, 473n27 Coma, 234, 313, 319, 321, 323, 329, 352, 402 Concentration Communalism, communitarianism, 507–524 exclusive, as creative principle, 408, 410–411, passim 414, 421 Communication meditative, 19, 34, 37 (see also Bliss, and language, 223–226, 245, 250, 254, 337, Completion Stage, Emptiness) 511, 514 Conceptual Phenomenalism, the basic and reflexive experiment, 253, 255 philosophy of Prasangika-Sautrantika dyadic, 224 subschool, 17–18, 59 Communitas, 87–90, 93–94 Concern, as manifestation of consciousness, Compassion 456–459 as a fundamental requirement for teaching, 22 Concussion, 339, 344 as compassion-generated action, 18, 35 Consciousness. See also Sentient intellection as the basis of consciousness, 15 a variable of brain activity, 232 as the bliss-essence of the fundamental abstracted from conscious acts, 570–571 creative energy beyond sexuality, 28–29 accessing ultimate consciousness through as the compassionate basis of Buddhism, 58 concentrated introspective analysis, 15 as the compassionate unity of all life, 24 altered states of, 133, 266 as the core foundation of truth, 30 and activity, 245, 319–327, 332, 342–344, as the deep source of erotic passion, 24 353, 361–368 (see also Semovience) 612 Index

Consciousness (cont.) Native American view, 158 and neural processes, 231, 234, 254, 258, 266, next step in evolution of, 421–422 320–324, 342, 377–382 nondual, 20, 24, 28–40 and the brain, 266, 350–352 nonextended mathematical points, 466 and the self, 431–435 passim nonordinary consciousness, 89, 92 as a dharma, 12 nonspatiality of, 377, 449–450, 462, 464–466, as Buddha consciousness, 11 470n11, 472n22 as coactuality of the real in sentient nonverbal, 6, 10, 28–39 intelligence, 550 observation of, 213–214, 254, 326–328, 379– as compassion, 15, 18, 20, 22, 24, 28, 30, 36 380 as force, 406 obstructive states of, 29, 30 as primordial unity, 37 ongoing evolution of, 399–425 passim as reified entity, 212–213 operational definition, 232–233 as social self-mediation, 248–249 (see also otherness of, 459 passim Mediation) physical dimension of, 460 as the primary stuff of reality, 411 postconquest, 54, 588 as the sole source of truth, 21 preconquest, 6, 54, 58, 64, 587–588 as virtual space, 209, 222, 224 primordial, 37 beyond dualistic thought, 21 principles of study, 253–254, 319 conceptual (dual), 23, 28, 62, 62, 69 realms subtler than subject-object thinking, 5 development of, 56, 57, 253, 336, 337, 343, reflexive study of, 254–255 347–348, 364–367 renders certain organisms alive, 459 egoless, 417 science of, 587, 589–590 eighty gross levels of, 30–31, 62 second-person, 587, 591 elemental, 60–62 six types, 12, 18, 23 erotic, 38–39 states of not reducible to words, 15 ethics of, 268, 383–391 subjective states, 231, 233–234, 251 expansion into matter, 415, 464 subtle, 5, 10, 21, 28–39, 69 experience in animals, 217 supramental, 399–400, 412–414, 416, 418– first-person, 224, 288, 405, 452, 587–588, 591 419, 421 five Tantric levels, 29–39 Tantric, 21, 23, 25, 28–39, 41–54 four basic types, 23 the Yogacara view that ‘‘all is consciousness,’’ fundamental, 19, 30, 36–37, 40 15 generated by thalamocortical systems, 231– theoretical models of, 256–258 232, 234–235 when merging the root essences of action and hard problem of, 214, 403–406 consciousness, 38 Indian concept of, 406–419 Consort practice, 24, 33–35, 39, 43, 62–63, 68 its neuronal basis, 232–233 Constantinople, 163, 164, 172, 179, 182–183, its relationship to organismic being, 459–460 185, 186n6, 196 localization of, 266, 314–316, 326–331, 352, Constatic experience, 115, 117 362, 382–383 Contemplation, 23, 33, 132, 134, 137, 142, 183, meditation on its inner aspects, 28 197, 318, 364–365, 477, 481, 489, 497, 500 molecular markers, 231, 235 Continuity, principle of, 460–461 Index 613

Cooper, David, 98 Dasa-bhumi-kavya-khyana, ‘‘The Ten Stages of Copula (sexual), 368 Realization’’ by Vasubandhu, 78 Core spiritual experiences, 273, 283, 291–292, Dasa-bhumi-vibhasa-sastra, Nagarjuna’s 417 commentary on the Dasa-bhumika-sutra, 58, Corporeal, corporeality, 168, 171, 175, 450, 73, 77 454, 461–462, 464–465 Davies, Paul C., 430 Correlogram, 369–370 Death, 130, 156–157, 194–195, 197–199, 201, Cortex, cortical, corticalization, 225, 231, 234– 248, 276, 281–282, 493, 497 236, 320, 330, 337, 342, 355ref, 369, 392ref, achieving illusory body at the moment of 567 death, 35 Cosmogony, cosmogonies, 376, 381 achieving the subtlest state of mind at the Cosmology, 315, 328, 352, 363, 378, 383, 386, moment of death, 42 388, 390 and postmortality, 353, 359–360, 387–391, Costa Rica, 132, 148, 150 431, 447, 491 Cowan, Walter, 538 choreographic stance denoting inescapable Cranial capacity, 218 death, 27 Creative-artistic activity, its role in Nahua death clear-light (chiwa-wosel), 60 philosophy, 112, 115, 117, 120n26 in Nahua thought, 99–102, 104, 106, 111, Credulity, principle of, 304 119n5 Crick, Francis, 232, 234–235, 285 in spiritual practice, 21, 25, 27, 35, 60n18, Crusius, Christian August, 470n13 60n19 Cultural relativism, relativist, 280, 284–285, near-death experience, 279, 282, 291, 305, 491 313, 577 overcomes hatred and death according to the Cultural source hypothesis, 278, 288 Vajrabhairava-tantra, 69 Culturology, 163, 254, 314 process of death as seen in Tantra, 21 Cupping horns, 83 reproducing the experience of the final Curiosity, as a pedagogic avenue for novices, moment of death, 42 48 solidarity extends from the living to the dead, Cushing, Frank, 150 515 Cut, cutting, 485, 588, 495–496, 500 tantrically mimicking death’s subtle levels of consciousness, 25 Dahlberg, Wolfgang, 466 Yamantaka, the conqueror of death, 41, Dakpo’s graded system of education (lamrim), Decade of the Brain, 214 43 Deccan Chronicle, 542 Damrosch, David, 113 Dematerialization, of mandala figures into a Dante Alighieri, 200–201 White-Wind-Drop during meditation on Daoist, Daoism, 476, 482, 487, 492, 501n3 coitus, 33 Darshan, 538, 540 Dene Tha, 81–82, 84, 86, 92, 94 Darwin, Charles Robert; Darwinian, Dependent coarising, 483, 496, 500 Darwinism, 209, 211–212, 215–216, 225, Desana, 130–131, 145, 157 458, 578 Descartes, Rene´; Cartesian, Cartesianism, xv, Dasa-bhumika-sutra, ‘‘Ten Stages of Sutra,’’ 201, 354, 374, 423n5, 424n13, 425, 452, early Prajnaparamita thinking, 58, 69, 78 458, 484, 487, 507–509, 511, 551, 556 614 Index

Desjarlais, Robert, 80 principal logician of the Madhyamika- Despair, 429, 436–437. See also Emptying Sautrantika sub-school, 17, 44 Consciousness proved raw sensation to be the basis of in relation to objective or fantastic perception, 17 knowledge, 439–440 the source (with Dharmakirti) of the logic of finitude, 440 education used by the Gelug and Sakya Detachment, from attachment, 30 Orders, 44–45 Determination, 62, 259, 263, 376 Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche, grand Tantric master organismic, 382–383, 455–456 of the Nyingma order, 54 plus of, 455 Direct sense, 87 self, 182 Disappearance of objects, 530, 534, 537 Deutsche, Eliot, 119n13 Disciples, 39, 52, 84–85 Devasarman Discursive argumentation, Nahua attitude author of ‘‘Compendium on Consciousness’’ toward, 112 (Vijnana-kaya), 12, 71 Disenchant, disenchantment of the world, 273, identifier of objects that are independent of 279, 287 the senses, 12 Distraction, 332, 339–340. See also Noergy Development, minds’ developmental Disymmetry, 376–377, 391. See also texturing, 334, 337, 343, 347, 351, 354, 360, Asymmetry 364, 365, 367, 371–373, 383, 385, 388, Diverging interests as key to the evolution of 393ref written Buddhist philosophy, 6 Dharmakirti Doˆgen Zenji, 103, 477–478, 487, 489, 497– discoverer of a fallacy in Madhyamika 499, 502n12 philosophy, see ‘‘Valid Cognition’’ (Pramana- Dolphin, dolphins, 222, 366, 386 varttika), 19 Don Genaro, 87 principal philosopher of the Svatantrika- Donnan, Christopher B., 146, 157 Sautantrika subschool, 19 Dourley, John P., 80 separator of conceptualization from sensation, Dower of Byzantinum, 163, 165–167, 175 see ‘‘A Drop of Great Reasoning’’ (Nyala- Dream bindu), 19, 71 activity during, 85, 408, 423n8, 518, 536 the source (with Dignaga) of the logic as a reflection of the basic emotive force of education used by the Gelug and Sakya life, 35 Orders, 19, 44–45 dream-body, 62 Dialectics, dialectical, 9, 16, 46, 48, 98–101, dream practice (nyid-ki-neljor), 44 104, 111, 115, 119n5, 193–194, 196–198, dream time, 589 200, 202, 219, 244, 457, 513, 588 dream yoga, 75 Differentiation, inner diversification of dreaming, 320, 321, 330–332, 336, 339–340, psyches, 317–319, 321–322, 328, 333, 342, 345, 378, 582 347–348, 350–351, 360, 364, 366, 369, 371, in shamanic journey, 106, 128 372, 389–391 in Tantric practice, 35 Dignaga revelatory dreaming, 62, 103, 535 author of ‘‘Precise Clarification of Refined Drog-mi, translator of the Hevajra-Tantra, 44 Cognition’’ (Pramana-samuccaya), 17 Drum, drumming, 83–84, 88, 92, 121n42, 137 Index 615

Dualism of substance, 213 Empties, the four Tantric Dualism, between matter and consciousness, The Empty, 30 101, 103, 167–168, 174, 201, 453, 460–461 The Extremely Empty, 32, 33, 37, 62 Dualistic powers of nature The Great Empty, 32 Quetzalcoatl, 100, 153 The Very Empty, 32 shamans role as intermediary between, 145 Emptiness Dualistic realism, the basic philosophy of the as ‘‘actual clear-light’’ (dhon-kyi-wosel) Mahasanghika school, 9, 11 the nonconceptual experience of pure Dualistic thought, abandonment of, 21, 32, emptiness, 60 167 as ‘‘death clear-light’’ (chiwa-wosel), the Duality, Nahua conception of, 97–99, 118n3 similitude clear-light appearing just before Dupont, Florence, 178 final death, 60 Dura´n, Fray Diego, 115 as ‘‘objective clear-light’’ (yul-kyi-wesel), when Durkheim, Emile; Durkheimian, 90 emptiness is conceptualized as an object, Dux, Gu¨nter, 470n7 60 Dzogchen, Tantric practice that ignores as ‘‘perfect clear-light’’ (sherab-yeshi), perfect scholasticism in favor of an experientialism, consciousness, 60 43 as ‘‘similitude clear-light’’ ( pei-wosel), the subtlest possible conceptual understanding Eagle, 48–49, 103, 194 of emptiness, 60 Eclosion, eclosions, 317, 323–324, 352–353, as ‘‘subjective clear light’’ (yulchen-kyi-wesel), 363, 366, 371, 375–376, 383, 385–387. See when mentality is conceptualizing also Pop-out emptiness, 60 Ecology, ecological, 458, 479, 492 as a conundrum, 20 Ecstatic experience, 32, 114–116 as the bliss essence of the fundamental Ecuador, 131, 151, 157 creative energy of life beyond sexuality, 28 Education, Western style, introduced to as the extremely subtle conceptual under- Tibetan monasteries, 53 standing in nonconceptual perception, 24, 41 EEG, 337, 356refs, 357ref in ‘‘Accomplishing the nondual Realization of Ego, 415–419, 421 Emptiness’’ (Vajrasattva-sadhana-nama)by Einstein, Albert, 379, 558 Candrakirti, 71 Electroencephalography, electroenceph- in ‘‘Clear Ascertainment of Emptiness’’ alogram, electroencephalographic. See EEG (Tattva-viniscaya) by Asanga, 67 Ellingson, Ter, 88, 89 in ‘‘Distinguishing Emptiness from Subjects Emergence, 168, 464 and Objects’’ (Dharma-dharmata-vibhaga- Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 287, 475, 491–493 sutra), 68 Emi (animating energy), 129 in ‘‘Elucidation of [Santaraksita’s] Essential Emotion, 63n29, 106, 109, 130, 214, 233, 435, Principles of Emptiness’’ by Kamalasila, 19 439 in ‘‘Qualities of the Great Vehicle’’ (Mahayana recorded from amygdala nuclei, 232 sutra-lamkara-vyakhya) by Vasubandhu, 20 Empirical experience. See Experiential enquiry in ‘‘The Clear Path to Enlightenment’’ Empsychable, empsyched, 341, 350, 353, 374, ( Jangchub-lamgyi-dron-ma), a Kadam text, 385, 387 44 616 Index

Emptiness (cont.) of domination by verbal rumination, 32 in ‘‘The Heart of Wisdom beyond All Wisdom of the prevailing sense of physical body, Sutra,’’ on the perfection of consciousness, 29 69 Energies, energy, 24, 59n15, 97–99, 104, 106– in ‘‘The Root of the Middle Way to Wisdom’’ 107, 117, 129, 145, 155–156, 168, 181, 183, (Mula-Madhyamika-karika) by Nagarjuna, 74 218, 325, 333, 351–352, 360–361, 364, 367, in Consciousness Tantra, 25 378, 381, 383, 385, 406–408, 410–411, 420, in ‘‘Explanation of the Consciousness that 462–463, 465, 472n19, 475, 479–481, 483, Cognizes Emptiness’’ (Uma Tza-wae Khrid 485–486, 488, 492–493, 496, 499–500, 558, Yek) by Tsongkhapa, 77 563 in ‘‘Verses on the Middle Way’’ (Madhyamaka- Energy, Nahua notion of universal and sacred, lamkara), a Sautrantika-Madhyamika 98, 102, 109 presentation, 75 Engram, engrams, 170, 317, 353–354 symbolized in an iconographic guide to Enlightenment, 166, 179, 199, 273, 283, 286, emptiness, 41 291, 294, 425n22 the Madhyamika view of emptiness, 20 Enstatic experience, 115 the six levels of practice conferring an Entelechy, 195, 202n1 increasingly subtle understanding of Entheogens, 109, 115 emptiness, 28–39 Entropy, 363, 365, 367 transcendental emptiness from which all Ephraim the Syrian, 175 sense of form emerges ( parinispanna- Epistemology, epistemological, epistemic, svabhava), 59 44, 103–105, 107, 109–117, 119n12, when concentrating on the bliss of Red 120n13, 120n25, 121n32–33, 201, 231, Appearance, 30, 32 253 passim, 306n2, 375, 515, 552–553, 556, when consciousness enters the visualized 590–591 ‘‘white-wind-drop’’ at the genital chakra, 60 Equilibrable structures of mental operations, when intensely contemplating the erotic operational equilibrium, 322, 323, 336, 338, sensations of coitus, 33 341, 342, 344, 346–348, 354 when moving toward the nonconceptual Erasmus, Desiderius, 210–211 experience of emptiness, 32 Ergotropic states of hyperarousal, 116–117, when overcoming conceptual thought, 41 121n42 when perceiving actual nondual emptiness Eros, 196–198, 200–201 beyond a mere concept of it, 28 Esemplastic, 332, 335, 336 when perceiving emptiness and consciousness reclustering semoviently regrouping attended- as a single nondual entity, 20 to elements into new accidental units, 335– when realizing actual (ultimate) clear-light, 337, 339, 344, 365 36–37 Estrus, 367 when revealing the most basic emotive force, Eternity, 187n17, 194, 199, 200, 429–431 32 Ethics, 6, 10, 105, 268 passim, 430, 435–438, when seen during White Appearance, 30, 60 440–441, 446, 447n3, 515, 579 Emptying Consciousness Euler, Leonhard, 466 of domination by conceptual thought, 33, Evans, C. Stephen, 447 34 Evans-Pritchard, Edward, 281, 510 Index 617

Evolution, 184, 194, 209–229 passim, 326, interpretation of data, 79, 115, 135, 215, 254, 334, 352, 361–369, 381, 386, 472n19, 577, 256, 276, 286, 292, 315, 450 595 to apprehend the unnameable pure form of involution and, 406–408, 410–412, 415 form, 59 its dialectical properties, 219 to explore subtler levels of consciousness, next stage of, 399–427 passim 32 social intelligence theory, 209, 218, 220, 227 to reach fundamental levels of consciousness, Evolutionary Stable Strategy (ESS), 220 24 Excrement production as life’s biological sense, to validate nonverbal reality, 5 361, 367 Experiential theory of spirit beliefs, 290 passim, Existence, existentiality, existentialities, 5, 12– 292 21, 31, 38, 59, 75, 78, 102–104, 106, 115, Experiment, 49, 175, 216, 224, 233, 541 119n8, 179–181 passim, 201, 241, 245, 255, hierarchical, 254, 255 316–319, 321, 324–325, 328–329, 341–342, Extramental, extramentality, extramentalities, 346–355, 361–366, 371–376, 382–391, 404– 318, 321–334 passim, 338, 341, 342, 346– 425 passim, 429, 434, 441, 449, 516. See also 349, 351–353, 359–360, 363, 366–367, 371, Mind 377–378, 382, 385, 389–391. See also Existentialism, 284, 429–448 passim Hylozoic hiatus Experience, 314, 319, 322–323, 326, 329, 332– 334, 338–354 passim, 364, 374–376, 388 Fact-value distinciton, Nahua denial of, 105 its neurobiological function and mechanism, Fainting, 313, 320, 321, 323, 329–331, 332, 213 335, 352, 361 paranormal, 255 Faith, faiths, 85, 283–284, 372, 375, 443–444, Experiential inquiry 526, 544 as mental concentration on pure Fanibunda, Eruch B., 532, 542 consciousness, 19 Feeling, 110, 116–117, 215, 233, 252, 284–285, as ontological validation, 20 453, 457, 494, 560, 587–589 as opposed to deductive reasoning, 21 Feng shui, 475, 477, 480, 485–486, 494 as the essences that underlie and propel Fertility, shaman’s control over dualistic male speech, 61 and female forces, 150 as the play of novices, 45–54 Fertility, shaman’s role in mediating 136, 144– in ‘‘The [five] Experiential Levels of Yogic 145, 148, 151 Practice’’ (Yogacara-bhumi-shastra) by Asanga, Feuerbach, Ludwig, 513 67 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 507, 511 in ‘‘The Experiential Levels of Yogic Practice’’ Field, physical, 313–357 passim, 361–387 by Asanga, 20 passim in internal Vajra Mantra practice, 62 Finite, existential finitude, 80, 130, 167, 183, in Tantric practice, 21, 26, 33 198, 271, 314, 316–320, 324–325, 353, 355, in the education of Tibetan novices, 48, 49 363–366, 371, 375, 376, 381–382, 384–391 in the Experiential-Phenomenalism passim subschool, 18 Fischer, Roland, 109 in the Svatantrika-Yogacara subschool, 19 Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of in White-Wind-Drop exercise, 29, 34 New Spain, 123, 125, 130 618 Index

Flower and song (in xochitl, in cuicatl), Nahua Generation Stage, first stage of Tantric practice, notion of, 110, 112–114, 116–117, 120n26 25–28 Flower, flowers, 103, 108, 110, 112–115, 326, Genetic intervention, 209 492, 496 Genetically modified organism, 467–468 Folk belief, 289, 291, 298 Gertrud, German mystic, 198 Force carriers, 321–324, 325–326, 329–333, Gesche, Adolphe, 168 336, 352, 366, 377, 380, 382. See also Action Geshe Tashi Gyaltsen, 55, 65 carriers Gibbon, Edward, 165 Force of imposition, 332–336, 341, 344–345, Gingerich, Willard, 107–108, 118 368. See also Affective prominence, Noergy Gluons, 377, 382 Form, relative significance of, 160 Gnoseology, gnoseological, 319–320, 323–326, Fortes, M., 510 328, 333, 342–343, 349–351, 362–365, 376, Foster, John, 471n18 383, 389 Foucault, Michel, 171 Gnoseological apprehension, definition of, Four Empties, the, 30, 32–33, 35, 62 324, 349–351, 381 Four Joys, the, 33, 63 God, gods, 88 passim, 89–90, 92, 100, 113, Fox, Clifton R., 163 119n12, 152–154, 168–171, 179, 181, 183– Frame of reference, reference frame, 330–332, 185, 197–201, 202n3, 277, 282–283, 286– 344–347, 365–366, 369–372, 374, 379, 380, 287, 305–306, 376, 383, 399, 414–415, 420, 385, 389 430, 437–438, 444, 467, 490. See also Fraud, fraudulent, 529, 542–544 Ground, Apodictic ground Freedom, 51, 159, 169, 177, 201 based on metaphysical assumptions, not as possibility (choice), 433, 578 subject to proofs, 430, 446 bound by its surrounding circumstances, 177 Gateway God at Tiwanaku, 143 normative responsibility, 171, 386, 432, 569 god-men 525–546 ontological freedom, 248, 384, 455–457 Platonic concept of, 195 Freud, Sigmund, 447n4, 518, 578 Raimondi Stela, 142–143 Friedson, Stephen, 80 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 178, 212–213, Functionalization, 215, 359, 362, 364, 389–391 475, 490–491, 493–494, 578 Fungible, opposite of psyches’ reciprocal Golden Age, 414 transcendence, 316–320, 372–376, 391 Gopis, 86–87 Furst, Peter T., 121n39, 135, 148 Goulet, Jean-Guy, 80–82, 86, 278–279, 282, 289, 292, 293, 302, 306 Galaxy, metagalaxy, 352, 377, 385 Gracia, Diego, 554–555 Game theory, 218, 220 Graham, Mark Miller, 135–136 Gampopa, founder of the Kagyud Tibetan Granite, 490–491, 494 Tantric school, 43, 71 Gregory of Nazianzus, 175, 186n5 Ganglia, nervous; ganglionary, ganglionariza- Gregory of Nyssa, 174, 186n5 tion, 316, 342, 369–371 Ground, 179, 181, 374, 375, 386–388, 490, 492 Gap between spatial and nonspatial reality, Guhyasamaja Tantra, 24, 25, 29, 31, 33, 35, 39 490–492 40, 43, 57, 60–63, 69, 70, 73–75, 77, 78 Gelug, Tibetan Tantric order emphasizing Guo Pu, 480–481, 490 scholarship, 19, 44–45, 50, 63 Guru, 84, 85, 527, 529, 531, 536 Index 619

Gyaltsab Je, 45 72 as formal function, 160 Gyaltsab Je’s ‘‘Six Texts’’ (Gyaltsab-je-sung-bum- features of, 270–271 druk), 45 of mediation, 247–248 Gyekye, Kwame, 507, 510, 516–518, 520–522 Hinduism, 86, 404, 525–527, 533, 537, 538, 545 Habermas, Ju¨rgen, 514, 521 Hippocampus, 339, 348–349 Hakuin, Ekaku, 496 Hippocrates of Cos, 163, 167, 174–175 Hall, David, 110, 114–115 Hislop, John S., 529 Hallucination, 116–117, 132–133, 160, 275– Hita (meridian, flow of vital force), 129 276, 279, 288, 291–293, 306, 478, 583 Hobson, J. Alan, 233, 581 Hamilton, William D., 219 Hodology, hodologies, 353, 369, 371. See also Harivarman’s ‘‘Thesis on True Attainment’’ Ganglia, Neural nets (Satyasiddhi-sastra), 14, 72 Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, Harner, Michael J., 157 216–218, 225, 227n2, 258, 265 Hartmann, Nicolai, 449–459, 461–466, 469n1, Hoz’ho, Navajo concept of, 105 472n19 Hultkrantz, A˚ ke, 128 Hatha-yoga, a meditation reducing obstructive Humanity, 89, 172, 193, 200, 212, 279, 286, habitudes of mind and body, 44 406, 421, 460, 493, 510 Healing, 83–85, 88–90, 93, 132, 156, 174, its diabolical etymological origin, 201 186n12, 283, 305–306, 534–535, 537 Hume, David, 286, 378–380, 550–552, 556 Heart, 32–34, 106–110, 112–115, 130–131, Hunger, hungers, hungry, 367, 577 410–411, 416, 418, 484, 488, 518, 581 Husserl, Edmund, 453, 469n4, 513, 550–556, Egyptian equivalent of mind, 130 559–560, 572 seat of the higher animistic entity, 130 Hybris, 169 Heat production as life’s biological sense, 360, Hylemorphic, 375 361, 367 Hylozoic hiatus, 324–325, 343, 374, 377, 385– Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 193, 196, 199, 386, 391. See also Extramentality 200–201, 245, 441, 497, 507, 509, 511, 513, Hyperformalization, 567–569 554 Hypnotic states, 133 Heidegger, Martin; Heideggerian, 107, 123, Hypnotic states, 346 383, 453–454, 469n4, 497, 513, 553–554, Hysteresis, 335–337, 341 556, 559, 597 He´nad, 170 Ideal being, 450 Henning, Doug; American magician, 530 Idealism, 10, 14–17, 20, 193, 404, 554 Hermeneutic, 195, 199, 280–281, 283–285, Identity, 104, 115, 134, 159, 175, 178, 201, 289, 291 202, 307n3, 375–377, 413, 417, 419, 456– Heruka Tantra, 24–26, 38, 40–41, 44, 57, 63, 457, 463. See also Cadacualtez 69, 70, 76 Ihamba ritual, 82, 84 Heruka uniting with Vajrayogini, 38 Ihiyotl, Nahua concept of, 106–107 Hibernation, 313, 319, 323, 352 Illusion, Nahua epistemological conception of, Hierarchy, 160, 242, 270–272, 401, 406, 412, 103, 105 421 Illusionism, of the Sautrantika-Satyasiddhi and development, 255, 270 subschool, 13 620 Index

Illusory body. See Mayadeha three moments of (noetic, noematic, noergic), Immaterial, immateriality, 167, 242, 285, 353, 559 465, 518 Intelligence, sentient, 365, 389, 550, 555, 559– Inattention. See also Apperception 561, 566, 569, 570–571 as deoperationalizing of apperceptions, 313, Interaction, in any modality of causal effi- 321–322, 330–333, 338–339 ciency, 315, 317, 323, 326–327, 329–330, as nonoperationalizing of sensations, 341– 333–334, 347, 351–353, 362, 366, 380–381, 342, 345 385 Incommunicable, existential incommunica- Intercommunion, 82 bleness, or minds’ reciprocal transcendence, Interiorization, 255 371, 375 of nervous fibers, 369 Incompleteness theorem, Go¨del’s, 562 Interpersonal relationships within the India, 10, 12, 22–23, 40, 42, 47, 56–57n1, 79, unoriginated portion of reality, 386 128, 130–132, 155, 383, 400, 405–406, 414, Interpretation, 44, 105, 156, 181, 196, 223– 416, 425n17, 425n22, 483, 525–528, 534, 224, 256, 303–312 passim, 401 539, 542, 545–546 Intersubjective, 587, 591 Indian Skeptic, 529 Interval, intervalic, 314–316, 321, 326–328, Indifference, 31, 385, 417, 449, 454, 457 345, 361, 368, 376–380, 382, 385, 389 Indigenous, 57, 85, 100, 102, 106, 120, 137– Intracerebral eyelids or ‘‘neurodynamic 162 passim, 476, 484, 587–588 palpebra,’’ 330 Individual, principle of individuation, 317, Intransformativity, 362, 380, 382 326, 337–338, 344, 354, 363, 365–368, 370– Inwardness, 452–463 374, 388 Ireland, 87 Individuality and solidarity, among Tibetan Ituri forest, 89 novices, 8 Inertial mass, 321, 326–329, 336, 359, 377, Jackson, Michael, 80 380–382 Jaguar metate, 148, 150 Infantile amnesia, 322, 346 Jakob, Christfried, 169, 347, 356, 370, 392– Inferential reasoning, to bring empirical 393 experience into the realm of truth, 18–19 Jangchub-lamgyi-dron-ma, ‘‘The Clear Path to Inner voice, 343, 583 Enlightenment,’’ major text of the Kadam Instant, 332, 338, 361, 380, 382, 385, 389 order, 44 instant’s ‘‘thickness,’’ 314–317, 321, 326, Jangsem (semen). See White-wind-drop 326–329, 368, 381 Jesus of Nazareth, 87, 171–173, 176, 180, Integrity 186n6, 199, 286, 444, 537 and mediation, 246 (see also Mediation) Jigje-lha-chusum-ma, Yamantaka as thirteen of the world, 243 (see also World) personified entities, 41 Intellection, 349, 550–551, 553–573 passim Jigje-pawo-chikpa, the ‘‘Solitary Hero’’ form of as foundation for understanding, 565 Yamantaka, 41 defined, 557 Jigje-shinje-shae, Yamantaka as ‘‘defeater of direct, immediate, unitary, 557 ego-oriented emotion,’’ 42 partially a ‘‘becoming aware of,’’ 551, 555 Jonas, Hans, 453–461, 463, 469n4, 470n13 Index 621

Joy, pervasiveness of, 403, 417 as a feature of causal sinks and sources, Judaism, 173, 287, 437 definition, 318, 343–345, 362, 367, 377 (see also Gnoseological apprehension) Kadam, Tantric order of Tibet, 44–45 by direct acquaintance, 117 Kadam-che-tud, ‘‘Compendium of Kadam by presence, 113 Instruction,’’ 44 discursive, 110, 112–113 Kagyud, Tantric school, 43–45, 57 mystical, 112 Kairo´s, 169, 180–181 nondiscursive, 110 Kalachakra Tantra (Tib: Dhuekor), 25, 42–43, of self, 440 60, 62–63, 77 propositional, 112 Kali, 85 rational, 112–113 Kamalashila the noetic act or act of knowing, 317–326, ‘‘Elucidation of [Santaraksita’s] Essential 328, 330, 334, 338, 342–343, 346–352, 360– Principles of Emptiness’’ (Tattvasamgraha- 366, 374, 381, 386 panjika), 19 the unarticulable realms of, 6 ‘‘Three Stages of Meditation’’ (Havana-krama), transcendental, 16, 19, 21, 29, 43–44, 58–59 19, 72 transformation of eros from knowledge to Kami, 476–477 agape, 198, 200 Kant, Immanuel; Kantian, 193, 201, 378, 507, Vedic concept of, 420–423 511, 549–552, 556, 564 Krishna, M., of Hyderabad, 533 Karma, 12, 85, 273, 486 Kriya-Tantra, ‘‘Activity Tantra’’ (Tib: Jha-gyud), Kasturi, Narayan, 527–528, 531 23, 42 Kathavatthu, ‘‘Points of Controversy’’ the text Kuhn, Helmut, 472n22 presented at the first of two Third Buddhist Kuhn, Thomas, 289 Councils, 12, 73 Kuˆkai, 475, 478, 497–499 Katyayaniputra, the Sarvastivada author of Kumar, Amarendra, 530–531 Abhidharma-jnana-prasthana-sastra,12 Kumar, Krishna, 531, 533, 536, 541 Kawabata, Yasunari, 476, 501n2 Kum-kum, 534, 537–538. See also Amrith, Kennedy, Eugene, 80 Vibhuti Key Marco, 149–150 Khedrub Je’s ‘‘Twelve Texts’’ (Khedrub-je-sung- Lakshmanan and Raman, 531, 541 bum-poe-chu-nyi), 45 Lamrim-chenmo, ‘‘Great Graded Path to Khorlo-dhompa, Heruka in his role of Enlightenment’’ by Tsongkhapa, 45 ‘‘completion through great bliss,’’ 40–41 Landscape. See Art, artist, in Japanese ‘‘dry Kierkegaard, Søren, 196, 284–285, 429–448 landscape’’ passim Language, 10, 21, 110, 423n3, 498, 516 Knock Shrine, 87 abstract, 217 Knowing, as a process, 549–551 and evolution of human mind, 209–229 Knowledge, 59n9, 110–111, 194, 198, 297, passim 423n3, 443, 555–556, 564–565, 572 and mediated communication, 253 and activity, 253 as means to form linguistic identity in and understanding, 564–565 communities, 210, 226 622 Index

Language (cont.) Living beings, 176, 245, 360–383, 385, 449– concepts relating to shared realities, 131 450, 454, 459, 461–462, 467, 469–471, 567, creole, 224, 227 576, 577, 584 distinguishing feature of human nature, Llina´s, Rodolfo R., 235 577 Local acceptance, principle of, 296–300 inner voice, 343 Local priority, principle of, 296, 302–304 its refinement in evolution, 210 Localizability, 464–466 mass nouns in Oriental languages, 371 Localization metonyms, artistic representation of complex emplacement of existentialities at breaks of symbolism, 150 efficient causal chains, 325, 374, 383–384 of universals, 195 mnesic localization, 338–339, 348–349 (see prepositional plugs, 93 also Visio generalis) protolinguistic achievements, 210, 224–227 of consciousness, 452 sender-receiver interaction, 223 of the observer’s operative interactions at Lao Tzu, 101, 105 brain microphysical components, 314–316, Larchet, Jean-Claude, 180, 182 321–323, 325, 327–330, 347, 352–353, 363, Law of specific energies (Mu¨ller’s Law), 364 382–383, 392ref Lecourt, Dominque, 178, 179 Locke, John, 372, 376, 551 Leelamma, M. L., 537 Logic, 5, 9, 13, 15–21, 44–45, 59n8, 59n11, 67, Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 199, 460, 551 71, 74, 75, 335, 376, 416 Leo´n-Portilla, Miguel, 107, 115, 118n1, 119n6, education via athletic exercise, 8–9, 16, 43, 120n25 45–46, 48, 71 Leopold, Aldo, 492–494 hierarchical, 240–242, 270–272 Les-kyi-chak-gya, consort union during the of the infinite, 410–412 Completion Stage, 33 Logo´s spermatiko´s, 169 Levine, Michael, 119n6, 120n25 Lo´gos, 177, 180–182, 184, 390–391 Lewis, C. S., 447n3 and tro´pos, 182 Lhasa, 64, 88, 89 Lok Kya Sherab Tzek, 39–41 Libet, Benjamin, 234 Lokottaravada, subschool of Mahasanghika Life, 24, 99, 101, 245, 255, 360–362, 401, 407, focused on supramundane realism, 11 414, 425n19, 434, 451, 453–459, 461, 463– Lo´pez Austin, Alfredo, 106, 120n16, 130 464, 470n8, 471n15, 489, 493, 517 Lorentz, Hendrik, 316, 326, 379 and mediation, 248 Losang Choegyen, 34, 73 and organisms, 249, 360–371 Losang Nawang Khensur, 54–55 as a shine-dulling planetary process, 360– Losang Tenzin Khensur, abbott of Gyudmed 363 Tantric University, 54–55 Life-affirming twin possibilities: Enjoyment Lourdes, 87 and pain, 453 Lift-up, 247, 272 Ma’at, 130 Liminal harmonization among novices while Macaracas culture (Panama), 146–147 practicing different recitations, 7 Madhyamika Lingala, 510–511 as the initial Mahayana (‘‘Middle Way’’) Linne´, Carl von, 212 philosophy, 15–20 Index 623

in Bhavaviveka’s ‘‘Blazing Essence of the Mahayana Buddhism, 14–21 Middle Way’’ (Madhyamika-hrdaya-karika), as rationally justified experiential inquiry, 10 68 as the basis of Yogacara, 20 in Bhavaviveka’s ‘‘Wisdom Lamp’’ (Prajna- in Asanga’s ‘‘Commentary on [Maitreya’s] pradipa-mula-madhyamaka-vrtti), 18 Mahayana-uttara-tantra’’ (Mahayana-uttara- in Buddha Sakyamuni’s ‘‘Accomplishments of tantra-sastra), 67 Buddha’’ (Buddha-carita), 15 in Asanga’s ‘‘Compendium of Mahayana in Buddhapalita’s ‘‘Commentary on Teachings’’ (Mahayana-samgraha), 67 [Nagarjuna’s] Middle Way’’ (Buddhapalita- in Asvaghosa ‘‘Awaking Faith in Mahayana’’ mula-madhyamaka-vrtti), 17 (Buddha-carita), 67 in Candrakirti’s ‘‘Clear Words on in Buddha Maitreya’s ‘‘Qualities of the Great [Nagarjuna’s] Middle Way’’ (Mula- Vehicle’’ (Mahayana-sutra-lamkara), 20 madhyamaka-vrtti-prasanna-pada), 17 in Buddha Sakyamuni’s ‘‘Lanka Sutra’’ in Dharmakirti’s ‘‘Discussion of Valid (Mahayana-sutra-lanka-vatara), 69 Cognition’’ (Pramana-varttika), 19, 71 in Buddha Sakyarmuni’s ‘‘Treatise on Supreme in Dignaga’s ‘‘Precise Clarification of Refined Perfection’’ (Sri-parama-dinama-mahayana- Cognition’’ (Pramana-samuccaya), 17 kalpa-raja), 69 in Nagarjuna’s ‘‘Root of the Middle Way to in Nagarjuna’s ‘‘Verses on the Great Vehicle’’ Wisdom’’ (Mula-madhyamika-karika), 15 (Mahayana-vimsika), 74 in Santideva’s ‘‘Complete Teachings on the in Santideva’s ‘‘Complete Teachings on the Bodhisattva Way’’ (Bodhicarya-vatara), 18 Bodhisattva Way’’ (Bodhicarya-vatara), 18 in Santiraksita’s ‘‘Essential Principles of in Santideva’s ‘‘Outline of Instruction’’ Emptiness’’ (Tattva-samgraha), 19 (Shiksa-samuccaya-karika), 18 in Tsongkhapa’s ‘‘Extensive Commentary on in Vasubandhu’s ‘‘Explanation of [Maitreya’s] Nagarjuna’s Middle Way’’ (Uma Tza-wae Tsik Mahayana-sutra-lamkara’’ (Mahayana-sutra- Lui Je-pae Namshed Rig-pae Gyaltso), 77 lamkara-vyakhya), 16, 78 in Vasubandhu’s ‘‘Establishment of Cogni- its Lokattaravada and Mahasanghika tions Only’’ (Vijnapti-matrata-siddhi), 17 foundations, 58 the Madhyamika-Sautrantika focus its philosophical precursors, 14 (perceptual phenomenalism), 16–17 its Prajnaparamita foundations, 14 the Prasangika-Sautrantika focus (conceptual its principal philosophical accomplishment, phenomenalism), 17–18 21 the Svatantrika-Madhyamika focus the Mahayana Sutras, 58 (experiential phenomenalism), 44, 76 Maine de Biran, Franc¸ois P.-G., 343 Madhyamika-lankara-karika, ‘‘Ornament of Makonde, 512 The Middle Way,’’ by Santaraksita, 19 Malebranche, Nicholas, 169, 354 Magic, magical, 35, 137, 145, 157, 283, 487, Mana (sacred power), 12, 129 529, 532, 542 Mandala, as iconographic diagrams, 26, 33, Magnetosphere of Jupiter, 365–366 40–43, 60, 69 Mahasanghika, Theravada school advocating Mandir, 538, 543 dualistic realism, 11–12, 14, 58, 73 Mantra, 24, 29, 32, 42, 44, 60n19, 61n23, 88 Mahavastu (‘‘Great Subjects’’), the Vinaya of Marcel, Gabriel, 176 the Mahasanghika school, 11, 58, 73 Markman, Peter, 111 624 Index

Markman, Roberta, 111 definition, 317, 359 Marler, Peter, 223 dependence on operatory resolution, 343, Marpa Lotsawa, 40, 43, 62, 73, 75 347–349 Marx, Karl, 250, 265, 507, 509, 513, 578 neuronal recordings in frontal lobe, 232, 323, Masks, Nahua views on, 99, 100, 102, 104, 108, 348 110, 112, 119n7 retention by lack of time course within minds, Masturbate, 367 327–329 Materialism, 243, 244 Menkiti, Ifeany A., 516–517, 520 integrity of, 243 Menos (vigorous force of life), 163, 193 Matter, 97, 167, 242–244, 415, 420, 449–451, Mental content, 317–320, 328, 341, 349, 360, 455–457, 460 364–371. See also Differentiation concept of honam in Akan thought, 518 definition, 317–318, 360 in Aristotelianisms, 372–375 higher-order processing, 221, 233 integrity of the, 243 Mental illness, 174–175, 291, 582 its composition, 102, 104, 117, 173, 462–464, Mental process, 251–252, 325, 351–355 471n16 Mental states that lead to truth, Nagarjuna’s ‘‘Matter minted by quantity’’ (materia signata six, 18 quantitate), 373–375 Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 176, 177n20 Nahua conception of, 104, 117–118 Mesoamerica, 100, 102, 107, 111, 118n3, Maximus of Chrysopolis, 163, 179–183, 185 119n6, 119n7, 127, 135, 137, 144, 148, 156 Maya philosophy, 103, 105, 119n12 Metabolism, 245, 248, 332, 349, 449, 455–459, Ma¯ya¯, 414 461, 464, 468 Mayadeha (Tib: Gyumae-lus), ‘‘illusory body,’’ Metamorphosis, 144, 154, 176, 202 merging pristine emotive force and subtlest Metate (grinding stone associated with concept consciousness, 34–36 of transformation), 148, 150 Maynard Smith, John, 219–220 Methodological symmetry, principle of, 296– Mbuti, 89, 90, 92 297, 302 McClenon, James, 526 Mexico, 87, 97, 116, 118, 128, 131, 132, 135, McDowell, John Holmes, 148 138, 145–146, 148, 153 McGinn, Colin, 403, 452, 466 Michael, Monsignor Chester, 93 Mead, George Herbert, 582 Microorganisms, 360, 369 Meaning, 57n1, 259, 260–261 Microphysics, microphysical, 313–314, 341, Mechthild, German mystic, 198 359, 366, 377, 379, 385 Mediation, 246–249 Milarepa, 43–44 between senses and objective knowledge, 420 Milkmaids, 85–87 misconception of intervention, 381, 459, 461 Mills, Antonia, 80 universal, 248, 253 Mind, 17, 167, 317, 324–325, 550, 580–582. Medical science, 164, 174 See also Binomial entities Meditation, 15, 19, 32–33, 41–44, 67, 72, 76, and body, 167–168, 170, 173–176, 212, 265– 114, 116, 142, 402, 424n9, 425n19, 589, 591 266, 325, 341, 351, 371–377, 431, 453, 460, Memory, memories, memorizing, 317–323; 508 327–329, 347–349, 352–355. See also Recall, and language, 226 Retentiveness and planes of consciousness, 412–415 Index 625

as intermediate stage of evolution, 406, 413 Moche culture (Peru), 132, 134–135, 144, 146– eliminating obstructive types states of mind, 147, 157–158 20 Mode of being, 176, 452, 455, 462 iconic contents in Byzantine era, 167 Moggaliputta Tissa, president of the Third in the Svatantrika-Madhyamika school Buddhist Council, 12, 73 (phenomena as products of mind), 18 Molar reference to mental contents, molarly, isolation of mind in the Completion Stage of 341, 366, 385 Tantra, 33 Moment, as subjective counterpart of its relation to language, 209–229 extramental instant, 314, 326 mastering ordinary habitudes of mind, 44 Monism, 99, 101, 103–104, 111, 115, 117, 119, means to achieve innate ultimate bliss, 41 164, 167, 170, 182 passim, 242–243, 374, method for achieving subtlest state of mind, 405, 479 42 integrity of, 243, 374–376 mind of great bliss, 37 Monohemispheric sleep, 331 mind reading, 337 Monotheism, monotheist, 171, 372, 374 Nahua conception of, 99, 104 Montesquieu, Baron de, 164 objective definition, 324 Motility, 449, 457–459, 461, 467 refining states of mind in Dual Tantra, 23 Motor the eighty obstructive states of mind, 31 attentional motor patterns, 318, 337, 339, the Sarvastivada concept of mind, 13, 356ref the Yogacara view that objects are products of cells in sensomotor arch, 369 mind, 20 inner immediate apperception of motor effort, thirteen salutary states of mind revealed in 343 the Jige Tantra, 41 shortest-path disordering as the motor driving three basic aspects of mind in Madhyamika biological evolution, 361 17, Mountain, 102, 107, 112, 456, 476–483, 486– three forms of mind, 59 488, 490, 493, 497–499, 501n3, 537 transformation of mind during Guhyasamaja Mountcastle, Vernon B., 234 Tantra, 40 Muir, John, 492 ultimate nature of mind, 61 Mula-madhyamaka-vrtti-prasanga-pada, ‘‘Clear vajra mantra repetition as protection from Words on [Nagarjuna’s] Middle Way’’ by conceptual rumination, 61, Candrakirti, 17 vajra-mantra meditation to access subtler Mula-Madhyamika-karika, ‘‘The Root of the states of mind, 29 Middle Way to Wisdom’’ by Nagarjuna, 15, verbal mind, 61 58, 77 Mindalyzer, 589 Mu¨ller, F. Max, 130–131, Minding, as activity, 575, 582–584 Mu¨ller, Johannes, 364 Mineral, 184, 479, 482, 484–485, 490–492, Multiplications of food, 525 494 Muscle, 337, 369, 560 Minkowski, Hermann, 379, 382 Musoˆ, Soseki, 478, 488–489, 497, 499 Miracle Committee, 542 Mystic’s Gift, 589 Mirror, mirroring, 119n12, 148, 151, 164, 170– Mysticism, mystical, 114–115, 121n33, 306n2 174, 176, 224, 333–334, 359, 405, 489 vital union, 515 626 Index

Nabokov, Vladimir, 390 Neuroactivity, neural, 267, 322, 330, 336, 339– Nagarjuna, 15–18, 21, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 342, 371, 463 40, 58–61 68, 70–73, 77 brainstem circuitry, 232, 235–236 Nagel, Thomas, 402–403, 581 intrinsic properties of bursting neurons are Nahua axiology, 105 overwhelmed by synaptic activities, 231 Nahua conception or concept of Neurobiology, (electro)neurobiological, 313– afterlife, 110–11 315, 318–321, 323–324, 330–332, 334, 336, Ahnelli (unrooted, untrue), 103, 108 339, 348–349, 351, 353, 355, 356ref, 368, animistic energies, 106–107 381, 392ref balance-and-purity, 105, 118 Neurobiology, 170, 213, 313, 316, 318–319, becoming, 98, 101–102, 105, 115 353 dialectical polar monism, 99, 101, 104, 111, Neuromythology, 463 115, 119n5 Neurophysiology, 463 nelli (well-rooted, true), 113 Neuropil, neuropilarization, 369 neltiliztli (truth, well-rootedness), 107–108 Neuroprosthesis, 326, 337, 356ref teyolia, 107–109, 130 Neuroscience, 164, 167, 171, 207, 213, 237, tlamatiliztli (wisdom), 107 285–286, 316, 330, 354, 452, 463, 579 tlamatini (tlamitinime pl.) (sage, sage-poet, Neurosensory, 369 philosopher, knower of things), 97, 103–104, New Guinea, 587, 588 112 New World shamanism. See Shaman tonalli, 106–109, 129, 145, 156–157 Newfoundland, 288 Nahual (nahualli), Nahua notion of, 102, Newton, Isaac; Newtonian, 256, 314, 326, 328, 104 381, 564, 595 Naropa, Indian Tantrist who uncovered the Nezahualcoyotl (Nahua sage-poet), 103, Vajrayogini Tantra, 40–41, 43–44, 75–77 119n10 Nashookpuk, Henry, 91 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 201, 475, 491, 493–494 Natural science, natural sciences, 179, 211, Nigeria, 516 214, 256, 305, 318, 333, 359, 375, 388–390, Igbo, 129 450–453, 463, 479, 484, 508, 595 Yoruba, 129 Natural selection, 209, 212, 215, 217, 219, 341, Nihilism, in the Madhyamika school, 15–16, 355, 361, 367, 369, 387, 595 59 Navarro, Carlos, 88, 89 Nishitani, Keiji, 494, 496–497 Nazca culture (Peru), 158–159 Noema, noemata, noematic, 333, 335, 348, Near-death experiences, 279, 291, 305 376, 389–390 Ne´mesis, 169 Noergy, 319, 332–336, 340–342, 345, 348 Nemesius of Emesa, 174–175 Nomical (regular, or lawfully-behaving), 319, Neocortex, neocortical, neocorticalization, 337, 325, 338, 351–353, 373–375, 377, 381, 385– 369, 371 389, 391 Nerve processes, 462 Nominalism, basic philosophy of the Nervous ganglia, 316, 342, 369–371 Purvasaila subschool of Mahasanghika, 11 Nervous system, 175, 368–370, 373, 463, 472, Nonlinearity, 257–258 589 Nonmaterial, 60n16, 84–85, 242, 277, 403, Neural nets, 316. See also Hodologies 450, 550 Index 627

Nonsensorial, nonsensory (unintonative), 318– Operation, 255, 258–264, 324 319, 338, 343, 590 equilibrable structure of operations, 334 Nonspatial, 380, 389, 403, 449–453, 455, 459– Operational presence of psyches in nature, 462, 464–466, 472n22 operative presence in time processes, 326, Noology, 556 352, 362, 372, 383 Northwest Coast, 81, 136 Operational scheme. See Scheme, Piaget Ntumba, Maurice Tshiamalenga, 507, 510–511, Operational, operationally categorizable, 320– 514–515, 517, 521–522 323, 334–336, 338–340, 344–348, 383, 389 Nuclear pollution, 91 Oracle, 88–89, 92 Nyasani, Joseph M., 507, 510, 514–517, 521– Organism, 169, 245, 265–267, 365–367, 374, 522 569, 576 Nyaya logic, 16, 59, 71, 74 as ontological unities, 456 passim Nyaya-bindu, ‘‘A Drop of Great Reasoning’’ by hierarchical structures, 248–250 Dharmakirti, 71 its outwardness, 454 Nyerere, Julius, 509–510, 517 organismic existence, 449, 453–455, 457–461, Nyingma, Tantric school, 43, 54–55, 56, 59 463–466 organismic freedom, 456 Object, 135, 249. See also Mental content, organismic transcendence, 449, 457 Differentiations patentable, 467–469, 473n27 as instrument or tool, 250 self-preservation of, 219, 456 as reference target, 354–371 Origen of Alexandria, 175, 179–181, 196–197, intentional, 187n17 199 Objecthood, objectification, 335, 493 Ortega y Gasset, Jose´, 553–555 Observation, 90, 273–312 passim, 313–316, Orthography, problems in transliteration, 66 463, 590 Ortiz de Montellano, Bernard R., 118, 119, Obstructive states of consciousness, 120n28, 145 Nagarjuna’s eighty, 31 Osis, Karlis, 529–530, 539, 543 Occam’s razor, 93 Ozu, Yasujiroˆ, 500 Odor sancti, 536 Old Hag, 288 Padmasambhava, founder of Buddhism in Olmec culture (Mexico), 131, 147–150 Tibet, 43 O’Murchu, Diarmuid, 80 Padre Pio, 536 Oneiric, 331, 339–340, 346 Paideia, 193–203 passim Ontic, 173, 317–319, 322, 324–326, 328, 333– Painting, 103–104, 110, 119n8, 166, 482–483, 334, 337–338, 346–354, 362–365, 373–377, 487–489, 498, 501n2 383–390, 473n25, 515–516, 518, 521 Palamas, Gregory, 166, 181–183, 185 Ontological impoverishment of our world, 468 Paleoproterozoic protozoans, 369 Ontology, 10, 92–93, 97–98, 101, 117, 168, Palindrome, palindromic, 359–360, 386, 388– 172, 175–176, 197, 202, 288, 328, 332, 336, 391 354, 366, 402, 406–407, 416, 421, 449, 450– Panama, 127, 139, 146–147, 151–152, 154– 453, 462, 508–509, 575 155 in Byzantine thought, 183–185 Panpsychism, 403–404, 420, 424n10, 460, passing into existence, 179–181 484 628 Index

Pantheism, pantheistic, 424n10, 490 Peru, 127–128, 131–132, 134–136, 138–144, Nahua, 104, 110–111, 115, 119n6 146, 151, 154–155, 157–159 Papineau, David, 471n15 Peters, Larry, 80 Papyrus of Ani, 128 Phaedo, 194–195 Paracas culture (Peru), 140–141, 154–155 Phenomenalism, 15–18 Paramarthasatya, Ultimate Reality, transcen- Conceptual, the philosophic focus of the dental, absolute truth, 16 Prasangika-Sautrantika subschool, 17 Paramecium, paramecia, 370 Experiential, the philosophic focus of the Parmenides of Elea, Parmenidean, 202n1, 368, Svatantrika-Madhyamika subschool, 18 372 Perceptual, the philosophic focus of the Participatory fieldwork, 82, 85, 90 Madhyamika-Sautrantika subschool, 16 Patent. See Organism, patentable personhood, the basic philosophy of the Pedagogic technique, athletic dialectic style of Vatsiputriya subschool of Mahasanghika, learning, 9, 46, 48 11 Pedagogic technique, liminal harmonization Phenomenology, phenomenological, 172, 174, during diverse individual studies, 7 273, 285, 292, 299–300, 302, 318, 550, 553– Pelikan, Jaroslav, 170, 176, 186n5 556, 560 Pentecost, Pentecostalism, 86–88 Philoponus, John, 175, 187n17 Perception, perceptual, 13, 16–18, 20, 29, 31, Philosopher’s Gift, 589 37, 41, 59n9, 62n27, 90, 116, 121n33, 183, Philosophos bios, 193 231, 233–234, 236, 256, 261, 278–280, 285, Philosophy of mind, 589 292–306 passim, 334, 340, 365, 409–410, Philosophy of We, 507, 509–511, 514–515, 415, 420, 453–454, 456, 485, 487, 511, 549, 521–522 555–557, 566 Phosphenes, 318, 320, 323, 324, 331, 336, 366 Percipient action, xvii, xix–xx Physical processes, 359, 369, 379, 403, 451 definition, xx Physicalism, 424n14 Peripatetic, Peripateticians, 349–350, 373– Physis, 168–169, 176 374 Piaget, Jean, 169, 344, 365 Person, personhood, 11, 172–173, 176, 179, Pilgrimage, 88, 528 199–200, 319–320, 345, 352–354, 359, 372, Pinker, Steven, 224, 227 374, 376, 383–388, 391, 432, 445, 452, 503, Planck, Max; Planck-scale, 315, 326–328, 332, 508, 516, 520, 560 378, 380–382 as distinct from a body, 560 Plant, plants, 449, 456, 458–459, 470n13 definition, 383 passim, 479, 482, 483, 490, 492–493, 496– etymological difference in Latin and Greek 497, 577–578, 583 usage of, 178 Plato of Athens, Platonic, 103, 105, 110, 164, indissolubly related to community, 508 168–170, 180–181, 184–185, 187n17, 193– is acquired by developing manners, 516 203, 318, 353–354, 364–365, 372–374, 379, its raw state (esthetic), 435–437 491–492, 497, 550, 562, 571 ontological completeness, 516 Plessner, Helmuth, 454, 457, 459, 470n9, requires a ‘‘life view,’’ 433–434 470n11, 470n13 Persona, 178–179 Pluripersoneity in the reality’s unoriginated Personification, 40–41, 130, 153, 485 portion, 384 Index 629

Pneuma, 163, 169, 170, 172, 175, 186n15, 199, Pre-Han epistemology, 120n13 213 Pre-Han metaphysics, 105, 110, 120n13 concept of okra in Akan thought, 518 Premanand, Basava, 542 Poincare´, Henri, 379 Prereflective, 487 Polanyi, Michael, 575, 578, 580 Primordial bliss, the elemental state from Polarities, Nahua concept of complementary, which eroticism takes shape, 40 97–101, 112 Primordial unity, 37 Polarization of symbol, 84 Procedure, 590 Polynesia, 129, 484 Product, 249–250, 253 Popol Vuh, 119n12 Progress, urge for in Nature, 400–402 Pop-out, pop-outs, 317, 362. See also Eclosion Proso´pon, 176, 178 POR, 589–590 Prospero, Lambertini, 536 Potential, 336, 366, 369–370 Protozoa, protozoan, 369 Pradipa-dyotana, ‘‘Brilliant Lamp Commentary Psyche´, 163, 167, 169–172, 175, 177, 193–194, on the Guhyasamaja-tantra’’ by Candrakirti, 431–432, 434–435, 440, 444–447, 460, 569– 35, 70, 77 570, 578. See also Binomial entities Pragmatism, 15–16, 21, 49 as complex system of notes, 570 Prajnaparamita, precursor of Mahayana Psyches, existentialities, souls, or minds. See Buddhism, 14–15, 20, 44–45, 58, 67–69, Mind 74 Psychic element in Nature, 416 Prajnaparamita-sutra, ‘‘Perfection of Aware- Psychopathology, 82, 286, 291, 306 ness’’ by Buddha Sakyamuni, 14, 69, 74 Psychophysics, psychophysical, 254, 374–375 Prajna-pradipa-mula-madhyamika-vrtti, Psychotropic plants, 115–116, 121n39, 132, ‘‘Wisdom Lamp’’ by Bhavaviveka, 18, 68 148 Prajna-pradipa-tika, ‘‘Commentary on Pudgalavada, subschool of Mahasanghika [Bhavaviveka’s] Lamp for Wisdom’’ by emphasizing personhood, 11 Santideva, 75 Puritanism, 378 Prajna-tantra, ‘‘Consciousness Tantra’’ (Tib: Purvasaila, subschool of Mahasanghika Sherab-gyud), 25 Buddhism emphasizing nominalism, 11 Pramana-samuccaya, ‘‘Precise Clarification of Pygmies, 89, 92 Refined Cognition’’ by Dignaga, 17, 71 Pythagoras, Pythagorean, 368, 372, 379 Pramana-varttika, ‘‘Explanation of Valid Cognition’’ by Dharmakirti, 19, 71 Qi, 480–481, 483, 485 Prana (life breath, life principle), 59n15, 129 Qualia, 214 Prasad, 531 Quantum, quanta, 324–325, 366, 379–382 Prasanga, reasoned argument, 16, 17 Prasangika-Sautrantika, subschool of Radha, 86 Mahayana focusing on reasoned logic, 17 Radhakrishnan, 129 Prashanti Nilayam, 525, 528 Ralotsawa Dorje-Drak, the introducer of the Praxias, 318–319 Yamantaka Tantra to Tibet, 42 Prayer, 85, 88, 92, 114, 182–183, 290–291, Rapport, Nigel, 90 545 Rationality, 21, 44, 110, 211, 279–281, 284, Predictions by Sai Baba, 541 293–294, 387, 416, 516n1 630 Index

Rationes seminales, 169 Reity (reality in apprehension), 553, 562, 568– Ratna-vali, ‘‘Precious Garland’’ by Nagarjuna, 569 58, 74 Relation Reaction, mind reactions to inner and outer functions of relation (of an organism with its stimuli, 317–319, 323–324, 330, 332–336, environment), 365–371 339, 341, 342–344, 346–353, 361, 363, 366, of dynamic forces, 508 271, 389, 391 relationship between the unoriginated and Real being, 450, 452, 461, 464, 468 the originated portions of reality, 383–391 Realism, dualistic. See Dualistic realism somatopsychical or body-mind relationships, Reality psychophysical or psychosomatic relation- its postmodern dissolution, 202 ship, 317, 341, 351, 353, 359, 363, 372–373, ma¯ya¯vadin concepts of, 405–406 375–376, 378 ultimate (tathagatagarbha), ultimate truth, 16, Relativism, cultural, 284, 285 18, 23, 41, 43, 72, 78 Relativity, relativistic, 313–327, 330–331, 339, Rebirth, 85, 107 343–344, 353, 355, 368, 371, 379–380 Recall, 314, 319–324, 326, 332–333, 336, 338– Relieving mentality of last subtle concepts, 349 (see also Memory, Reminiscence) final practice of the Completion Stage, 36 Reclustering, esemplastic reclustering, Religion, religious, 5, 79, 81, 92, 131, 163, 165, regrouping elements into new accidental 170–171, 200, 273–306 passim, 384, 422, units, 335–337, 339, 365 438, 443–445, 476, 479, 489, 513, 526, 530 Recover, recoveries from amnesia, fainting, passim inattention, sleep, 313, 319, 320, 323, 339– authentic only with genuine ethics, 430–432 340, 345, 352, 354 tolerance, 58, 211 Red Appearance, meditative practice in the REM sleep, 236 Completion Stage of UltimateTantra, 30–32 Renaissance, 166, 201, 211, 373, 490 Reddy, Bharat, 539 Representationism, philosophical stance of the Reddy, Srinivasa, 539 Sarvastivada-Sautrantika subschool, 13 Reductio ad absurdum, type of logic, 15, 17, 59 Reproductive strategy, 209, 215, 217–220 Reference to object, 368–371 Resolution, time acuity for operatory herme- Reflection, 35–36, 132, 163, 169, 197, 199, neusis of sensations, 314, 320–323, 326– 200, 221, 241, 244–246, 252–253, 257–258, 328, 330–332, 340, 342–345, 347, 371 262, 265–266, 384, 432, 489 Responsibility, as distinguishing feature of levels of, 245 human nature, 577, 583. See also Kierkegaard Reformation, Protestant, 166, 273, 283, 287 Retentiveness, 370, 382. See also Memory Regulation, organic regulatory levels, 320, 340, Retrograde, pretraumatic amnesia, 339–340, 363, 367, 370–372, 387 345, 348–349 Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo, 121n41, 130–133, Reviviscent recall, 350 145, 147–148, 157 Rhythm, rhythms, 7, 48, 84, 109, 112, 116, Reimagine; reimagining a memory in 234, 337, 356ref voluntary recall, 319, 322–323, 329, 333, Rigopoulos, Antonio, 547 336, 337–340, 342–349, 354–255, 363 Rim-nga-don-nga-pa, an elucidation of sleep Reincarnation, 80–82, 85, 273, 416, 525 consciousness and sleep-clear-light by Seng Reiniger, Robert, 551 Dernpa, 62 Index 631

Rim-nga-seldron, ‘‘Lamp Illuminating the Sanskrit, 29, 32, 34, 54–57, 63n33, 64–68, 129, Five Steps of the Completion Stage’’ by 423n1 Tsongkhapa, 35, 45 Santideva, seventh-century Prasangika logician Rimpa-nga, ‘‘Comments on Nagarjuna’s Rim- and Tantric practitioner, 18, 75 nga-seldron’’ by Tsongkhapa, 33, 35, 37, 58, Santiraksita, Svatantrika-Yogacara scholar, 19, 61, 63, 74 75 Rinchen Sangpo, Guhyasamaja scholar, 35, 41, Saraha, transmitter of the Heruka Tantra to 75 Tibet, 40 Ritual climax, 83–84, 87–88 Sarva-bodhicitta, the primordial level of Rock, 150, 413, 475–505 passim, 566–567 compassion, 24 Rolangma, the Dakini, 42, 63 Sarvastivada, realism school of Thervada, 11, Role specialization, 578 12–16, 20, 58, 73, 76, 77 Romances de los sen˜ores de la Nueva Espan˜a, 118, Sarvastivada-Sautrantika, representationism 119n10 subschool of Sarvastivada, 13 Rudraksha, 529–530, 540 Sarvastivada-Vaibhasika, indirect realism Ruskin, John, 494 subschool of Sarvastivada, 13 Russia, 166 Sarva-tathagata-tattva-samgraha. See Tattva- samgraha Saccida¯nanda, 407 Sarva-yogacitta (Tib: tache-neljor-gyi-sem), the Sacred silence, 589 means to access primordial compassion, 30, Saddharma-pundarika, ‘‘The White Lotus of 33, 37 True Justice’’ by Buddha Sakyamuni, 58, Sathya Sai Baba, 525–548 69 Satisfaction, as manifestation of consciousness, Sahagu´n, Fray Bernadino de, 118, 119n10, 458–459 156–157 Satya Yuga, 414 Sai Baba of Shirdi, 525, 527–528 Satyasiddhi-sastra, ‘‘Thesis on True Sakti, 84–85 Attainment’’ by Harivarman, 14, 72 Sakya Order, 22, 44, 45, 53–54, 57 Sautrantika, scholars who stressed the Sakya Pandita Kunga Gyaltsen, renown authority of the Sutras, 13–14, 16–17, 58, organizer of the Sakya order, 44 75 Samadhi, 116, 121n42 Sautrantika-Satyasiddhi, illusionism oriented Samanta, Suchitra, 84 subschool of Theravada, 13–14 Samdhi-nirmocana-sutra, ‘‘Intention Sutra’’ by Scheme, 329, 335–339, 345 Maitreya, 20, 68, 72 unattended or abreviated operational scheme, Samkara, 103, 119n13 335 Sa¯m˙ khya, 400, 410, 416, 424n17 Scholastic, Scholasticism, 166, 173, 350, 373, Sammatiya, subschool of Mahasanghika 375, 550, 557. See also Peripatetic, emphasizing personhood, 11 Peripateticians Samvrti-satya, conceptual truth, 16 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 475, 493 Sandel, Michael J., 514, 520 Scientific inquiry, limits to, 445–446, 565 Sandstrom, Alan, 107 Scientific method, 79, 237, 318, 445, 451, 465 Sangharaksa, author of an early Yogacara- Scientist’s Gift, 589 bhumi,59 Searle, John, 232, 451–452, 469n3, 581 632 Index

Selection 317–318, 329, 334, 370, 388, 412, 449, 453, esemplastic or attentional, 320–325, 332, 336, 471n13, 478, 483, 489, 492, 497–499, 557, 339, 348, 364 566, 580 natural or evolutionary, 341, 344, 347, 355, Set, 259 361–362, 364–365, 367–369, 381, 387 Shaft Tomb culture, Colima, West Mexico, 132, Self, 196, 224, 417–418, 424n17, 429–430, 134, 137–138 446 Shakespeare, William, 200, 492, 578 development of, 430, 432 Shaman, shamanic, shamanism Self-concern, 449, 457–458 avian transformation, 154 Self-cultivation, 481, 491 indigenous concepts of soul, empowerment, Selfhood, 435, 439, 460 shape-shifting, transformation of soul, 127– Self-integration, 456, 468 128, 148–155 Self-reproduction, self-reproductivity, 242, 249, Nahua, 102, 111, 119n6 468 preparatory period, 132 Semen essence, the ur-consciousness under- shamanic flight, 147 lying eroticism and other types of bliss, 29, shamanic postures, 132 33–34, 40, 62 shamanic practice, 131 Semovience Shaman’s Gift, 589 definition, 319, 325 Sharing, style of practice among Tibetan semovient refocusing of attention, whether novices, 46, 51 causing or not voluntary behavior, 321–326, Sharp, Henry Stephen, 80 328–329, 332, 334, 336, 338, 341–345, 347– Shed-gyud, details on generating subtle 349, 351, 353–354, 362, 363–366, 374, 381– consciousness/action body by Rinchen 384, 388–390 Sango, 35, 75, 77 Sem-ven, third stage of the Completion Stage, Sheldrake, Rupert, 451 33 Sherab Singe, founder of Gyudmed Tantric Seng Dengpa, author of Rim-nga-don-nga-pa on University, 39, 41, 42 sleep-clear-light, 62, 76 Shiksa-samuccaya-karika, ‘‘Outline of Senghor, Leopold S., 509–510, 517 Instruction’’ by Santideva, 18, 75 Sense organs, 61, 320–321, 330–331, 336, 346, Shinto, 476–477, 487 403, 420, 424n13, 458, 467, 499 Shiu, R. G. H., 110 Sensing, intellective, 318–319, 335, 349, 388– Sila, weather, 92 389, 549–555, 557, 560, 566–568, 570–571, Similitude clear-light, 30, 60 573 Simiyu, Vincent G., 510 Sensitivity, 457, 460, 467 Singing, 185, 223, 528, 531, 588 Sensomotor, 371 in shamanic practice, 113, 132 Sensoperception, 317–320, 327, 342–343 in tantric practice, 83–84, 89, 92 Sensory, 3, 13, 17, 104, 133, 211, 251, 255, Singularity, 325, 371, 375 261, 321–324, 330–336, 339, 343, 346, 351, Sink, sensory cognizances as sinks of causal 360, 363, 366, 369, 374–375, 389, 409, efficiency, 360, 362–364, 367, 377 472n19, 478, 480, 499, 566, 568, 589 Skeptics, 80, 283, 286 Sentient agencies, sentience, sense, sentient Skyhooks, 412 being, 11, 41, 43, 184, 196–197, 259, 260, Sleep paralysis, 288, 291, 293 Index 633

Sleep, 35, 49–50, 62n27, 62n28, 109, 213, Spatiality, 455, 462, 464, 472n22 232–233, 235–237, 281, 313, 319, 321–323, Spatiotemporal objects, 449 327, 329–333, 336, 339–340, 342, 344–346, Species-specific, 363, 365–366, 376 352, 355–356ref, 389, 402–403, 408, 423, Spinoza, Benedictus (Baruch), 120n25, 199, 460, 518 490 Sleep-clear-light, 62 Spirit sighting, 85, 86 Sleight of hand, 532, 538, 540, 542–543 Spirit, Holy, 87, 93, 287 Smart, Ninian, 108, 300 Sponges, classified as plants, 458 Sneeze as orgasm-precursor expulsion reflex, Spontaneity by novices during solemn rituals, 367 51 Snow, Charles P., 211 St. Francis of Assisi, 539 Sociobiology, 229, 286 Standard cadacualtez, uncadacualtic nomical or Sociotactility, in infant nurture, 6 typical cadacualtez, 373 Sophists, 202, 376 Stent, Gunther S., 580 Sorabji, Richard, 187n17 Sthaviravada, ‘‘School of Elders,’’ a subschool Soul. See also Binomial entities of Theravada, 10–11, 76 and paideia, 193–203 Stigmata, 536–537 arabic concept of (al nafs, ana nafsi), 172 Stoller, Paul, 80, 293–294 Greek concept of, 194 Stone. See Rock indigenous concepts of, two-soul theory, 128– Storytelling, 81–82, 86–87, 163, 275, 280, 441 131 Strata of reality, 450, 462 inseparable from a physical body, 175 Structurality, an occasional feature of its disease (melancholia, acedia), 174–175 sensations, 317–318, 350–351 psyches, existentialities, or minds (see Mind) Structure, 270–271 Semitic concept of (nephesh), 171–172, 175, hierarchical, 250, 270 178–179 inner, 251–252 soul loss, soul capture, 129, 155–158 operational (See Scheme) structure, substance and function of, 128–131 Subatomical, 366 susto, 155–156 Subconscious, 252–254. See also Apperception, Sources, persons as sources of causal efficiency. Inattention See Sinks and superconscious, 252 Space, 257, 452, 465–466 as folded consciousness, 259 and time, 116, 178, 202, 257, 267, 379, 403, Subject, 248–249 421, 511 as universal mediator, 248 (see also Mediation) and time, not categories of equal worth imprinted in products, 253 ontologically considered, 462 Kant’s unfinished subjectivist- cell space (compartmentalization), 360–361 transcendentalist Ego, 378 contrasted to nonspatial operatory possibil- observation of, 253 ities, 389 Subjective, subjectivity, 200–201, 231, 233, extramental space as secondary or derivative 241–243 passim, 246, 251, 253–257, 264– reality, 351–352, 357–382, 384, 389 268, 315, 318, 329, 334, 343, 353, 361– geometry of cerebral space-time, 267 363, 369, 420, 429, 442 passim, 460, 572, Spatial boundedness, 465 590 634 Index

Subjectivism–transcendentalisms, 378 Saddharma-pundarika Sutra (Tib: Dham-choe Substance, 244 Padma Kar-po), ‘‘The White Lotus of True Aristotelian concept of, 168, 179 Justice,’’ 58, 69 Byzantine departure from Aristotelian concept Samadhi-raja Sutra, ‘‘King of Meditative of, 177 Concentration Sutra,’’ 58, 69 integrity of, 243 Samdhi-nirmocana Sutra, ‘‘Explanation of the polarization with form, 167 Profound Secrets,’’ 20, 67, 68, 72 rational nature of human substance, 179 Vajra-cchedika Sutra (also: Vajra-cchedika- res extensa, 167 prajna-paramita-sutra) ‘‘Diamond Cutter Subtlest wind, 29, 35, 61–62 Sutra,’’ 70 Sung-bum-choe-gye, ‘‘The Eighteen Texts’’ by Svadhisthana-krama-prabheda, ‘‘Clear Tsongkhapa, 45 Presentation of the Stages of Self Perfection’’ Sunyata-saptati, ‘‘Seventy Stanza Treatise on by Aryadeva, 35, 67 Emptiness’’ by Nagarjuna, 58, 70, 74 Svatantrika Superconscious, 258–260 empirical experience as a route to truth, 18, and subconscious, 252 19 Superstition, 283, 305, 486 Svatantrika-Madhyamika, subschool of Support, in ritual, 88 Mahayana stressing experiential phenom- Susto (concept of soul loss), 155–156 enalism, 18 Sutra Svatantrika-Sautantrika, subschool of Aksayamati-nirdesa Sutra, ‘‘Perfection of Mahayana stressing inferential reasoning, 19 Wisdom,’’ 68 Svatantrika-Yogacara, subschool stressing Avatamsaka Sutra, ‘‘Garland of Flowers Sutra,’’ mentality that transcends and transforms 69 ordinary consciousness, 19 Dasa-bhumika Sutra, ‘‘Sutra of the Ten Symmetry Stages,’’ 58, 69 in palindromic nature, 391 Dharma-dharmata-vibhaga Sutra, ‘‘Distin- symmetry breaking in cadacualtic descrip- guishing Emptiness Clearly from Subjects tions, 333, 375–377 and Objects,’’ 68 System, 270–271 Ksitigarbha-bodhisattva Sutra, ‘‘Earth hierarchical, 270 Encompassing Profound Compassion,’’ 69 Lalita-vistara Sutra, ‘‘Voice of Buddha Sutra,’’ Ta` pa´nta, 176–177 11, 58, 76 Tabula rasa, as untextured condition of Lankavatara Sutra, ‘‘Lanka Sutra,’’ 20, 69 existentalities, 347 Madhyanta-vibhaga Sutra, ‘‘Distinguishing Tactility, affectionate among Tibetan novices, the Middle Way from Extreme Views,’’ 68, 49 76, 78 Tallis, Raymond, 463 Panca-vimsatisa-hasrika-prajnaparamita Sutra Tango, 320 (also Prajnaparamita-sutra), ‘‘Perfection of Tango Theory, 316 Awareness,’’ 14, 69 Tantra Ratna-gotra-vibhag Sutra OR Mahayana- Activity Tantra, 23–24 uttara-tantra-sastra Sutra, ‘‘Jewel Sutra on Consciousness Tantra, 24–39 Supreme Buddha Nature,’’ 68 Dual Tantra, 23–28 Index 635

Guhya-samaja-tantra (Tib: Sangwa-deupa), Teleportation, 537 39 Temporal, 177, 180–182, 184, 267, 317, 415– Heruka-tantra (Tib: Khorlo-demchog), 40 416, 429–431, 433, 435–436, 451, 455, 462, Kalachakra-tantra (Tib: Dhuekor), 42 465 Meditative Tantra, 23 Teotl, Nahua concept of, 97–116 passim Moral Tantra, 23 Teresa of Avila, Saint, 114, 116 Mother Tantra (Tib: Ma-gyud), 25 Tetralemma, a type of logic, 16, 59 Nondual Tantra, 23–39 Thalamus, thalamic, 330, 348–349 the six types of Tantra in the Nyingma Order, Thales of Milet, 490 43 Thamel-pae-ngag, emptying consciousness of Ultimate Tantra, Summaries of a few, 43–45 domination by verbal rumination, 32 Unity Tantra, 24–39 The Prince and the Beggar, 373 Unsurpassed Tantra, 24 Theory of Forms, 195, 202n1 Vajrasattva Tantra (Tib: Dorje-Sempa), 42, 71, Theravada, first major school of Buddhism, 10– 78 14 Vajrayogini Tantra (Tib: Dorje-neljorma), 24– Theriomorphism, 485 25, 38, 41, 70 Thermodynamic, thermodynamical, 360–361, Yamantaka Tantra (Tib: Dorjee-jigje), 25, 41– 368, 386 42, 57, 63, 76 Thoreau, Henry David, 475, 491–492 Tantrayana, major division of Buddhism, 21– Three Appearances visualization, 24, 29–30, 39 36–37, 61–62 Tantric Orders of Tibet, 43–45 Three-drops visualization, 61 Gelug, 45 Thupten Yangdak, 65 Kadam, 44 Tibet, 5–78, 89, 92, 129 Kagyud, 43 Tibetan Tantric monasteries, individuation of, Nyingma, 43 6 Sakya, 44 Tilopa, Indian Tantrist who transmitted Tantra Tantric ritual, novice participation, 53 to Marpa, 40, 43, 76 Tantric wheel, tutelary iconographic diagrams, Time, 116, 184 26, 41 as fundamental characteristic of reality, 462 Tathagata-garbha, Pure consciousness, the as the unifying categorial bond, 462 foundation of all consciousness, 43–44 cultural struggle against time, 315, 379 (see Tathagata-guhyaka, the Guhya-samaja Tantra also Pythagoras) (Tib: Sangwa-Dupa), 39, 58, 69 daily world of temporality, 181–182, 430– Tattva-samgraha, ‘‘Truth of All the Buddhas’’ 431, 436 by Santaraksita, 19, 72, 75 derivativeness or secondariness of macro- Tattva-samgraha-panjika, commentary on scopic time course, 321, 359, 377–383 Santaraksita’s Tattva-samgraha by Kamalasila, time course, 317, 323, 327–328, 333, 339, 19, 72 345, 351, 355, 359–360, 362, 364, 366–368, Taylor, Charles, 514 380–382, 390 Teaching according to individual interests and time graining or minimal resolution, 314, ability, 52 321–322, 327, 330, 335, 351, 354, 380–381 Te´chne, 168–169, 177 time subjective pace, 339, 341–343, 345 636 Index

Time (cont.) nonconceptual, transcendental, 16, 43, 44, time-dilation, 313–315, 320–322, 326–327, 497 329–331, 339, 341–343, 346, 354, 368 nondual truth, 19 time-emulating, 359, 365 (see also nonlogical truth, 17, 18 Xenochronism) objective and subjective truth, 442–443 Tinguna, projections of shamanic powers, 139– pragmatic truth, 15–16, 18, 19, 563, 588 144, 146–147, 152, 154–155, 158. See also stepping-stones to truth, 16, 21 Vibhuti transcendental/ultimate, 16, 19, 34, 44 Tip of the tongue. See Visio generalis two main types, 16, 73 Tlaltecuhtli, 153 two-fold truth, 16–17, 21 Tlaxcala, 87, 119n9 ultimate truth, 16, 18 Tochihuitzin Coyolchiuhqui (Nahua sage- universal truth, 16 poet), 103, 113, 119n11 within consciousness, 21 Tongpa, The Empty, 30 Tsongkhapa, 30, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40– 42, 45, 60, Transcendence, organismic Transcendence, 61, 63, 71, 76 449, 457 Tukanoan shamans, 116, 130, 132–133, 148 Transeunt, 326, 374, 377 Turing machine, turingean, 362–363, 370–371 Transformation, 129, 146, 148, 415–419 Turnbull, Colin, 88–90, 92 passim, 479, 480 Turner, Victor, 83–84, 86–87, 93 Transframe, transframing, transframed, 314, Twain, Mark, 373 330–333, 341–342, 354 Twofold truth, Nagarjuna’s argument against Trisvabhava-nirdesa, ‘‘Treatise on the Three nihilism, 16–17, 21 Natures of Existence’’ by Vasubandhu, 20, 78 Ty´che¯, 168–169 Trophic or alimentary chains, 326, 350, 361, 366–367 Unattended context, 322, 333, 335, 342, 344– Truth 346 as alethia, 107–108 Unbarterable, unbarterably, psyches’ unbarter- as coherence, 107–108, 110 ability, 350, 363, 371–376, 387–389 as correspondence, 107–108, 110 United States Declaration of Independence, as quality of actualization, 563–564 520 as quality of reality, 401, 423n3 United States, 118n1, 276–277, 292, 510 compassion as the root of truth, 18, 130, Unity, 243 418 among novices, 51 conceptual, 16, 18, 30, 564 compassionate, 24, 87 deductive, 19, 197 in the first level in the Completion Stage, 63 dialectic, 8, 200 learning-unity, 37 empirical truth, 19 of emotive force and consciousness, 37 essences of truth, 34 of existence, in the last level of the experiential truth, 18 Completion Stage, 37–38 from Buddha, 11, 67, 75 of life, 29, 86, 167 inference as a root to truth, 18 of nature and will, 180 logical truth, 8, 19, 21 of opposites, 195 mental states that lead to truth, 18 of the world, 101, 117, 243, 461 Index 637

social unity, 87–88, 92 Veda¯nta, 119n13, 399–427 passim transcendental unity, 44, 172, 374, 407 Vegetalistas, 139 ultimate unity, 34, 37, 40, 180, 560 Vegetative unity-body, the subtle-awareness-action– Aristotelean soul’s functions, 373–374 body, 37 state, 313, 319, 323, 352, 490 Universals, 167, 183, 195 Vibhajyavada, subschool of Theravada Unoriginated portion of reality, 360, 383–391. emphasizing analytic realism, 12 See also Apodictic ground Vibhuti, 525, 527, 530, 532–536, 538–540. See Unrepeatability, unrepeatable, 342, 354, 371, also Amrith, Kum-kum 375 Vidya¯, 425n18 Upanisad, 128, 131, 400, 406, 424n15 Vigra-havya-vartani (Tib: Tsod-dhog), ˙ Brhada¯ranyaka, 129, 130, 407 ‘‘Deflecting Objections’’ by Nagarjuna, 15, ˙ ˙ Isa´, 424n15, 425n18 58, 59, 75 Katha, 130 Vijnana-kaya, ‘‘Compendium on Svetasvatara, 129 Consciousness’’ by Devasarman, 12, 71 Vijnnapti-matrata-siddhi-sastra, Vagina, 367 ‘‘Establishment of Cognitions Only’’ by Vajra mantra exercise, 24, 29, 32, 61, 62, 78 Vasubandhu, 17 Vajrabhairava (Tib: Dorje-Jige), fierce form of Visio generalis, 323, 338, 342, 348–349 Manjushri (as Yamantaka), 41, 69 Vision, 44, 81, 82, 414 Vajradakini, ‘‘she who roams over the void,’’ Visuddhi-magga, ‘‘The Route to Bliss’’ by 41 Buddhaghosa, 12, 70 Vajradhara, the primordial Buddha, 34, 35, 40, Vital principle, vitalism, 316, 334 42, 62, 78 Vitality, raging, 140, 156, 194, 470n10. See also Vajra-mala, ‘‘Commentary on the Root Text of Menos Guhyasamaja’’ by Vajradhara, 62 Volition, volitional, voluntary, 323, 332, 335– Vajrapani (Tib: Chana-dorje), ‘‘Power of the 338, 339–342, 344–346, 348–349, 366, 369, Buddha’s Bodhisattva,’’ 25, 39, 40, 42 371. See also Conative Vajrasattva Tantra (Tib: Dorje-sempa)by Vajradhara, 42, 71, 78 Water, 63n29, 88, 91–92, 102, 194, 316, 338, Vajravarahi (Vajrayogini) (Tib: Dorje-phagmo), 367, 370, 475–480, 485, 488, 489, 491, 493– 24, 25, 38, 41, 70 494 Value (axiological), 316, 359–360, 385–388, Waterfall, 476–478 390–391 Weinberg, Steven, 579 Values (normative), ethics, 6, 10, 105, 429– Were-crocodilian, 151 447, 579 Were-jaguar, 148, 150–151 Vanamali, Devi, 86 Were-saurian, 151–152 Vasubandhu, 16–17, 20–21, 58 Whales, brain evolution, 366 Vasumitra, author of Prakarana-pada, 12, 78 Whaling, 91–92 Vatsiputra, espouser of the doctrine of the soul, ‘‘Wheel of Greatest Bliss’’ (Cakra-samvara- 11 tantra), 41 Vatsiputriya, subschool of Mahasanghika White Appearance, 30, 31, 32 emphasizing personhood, 11 Whitehead, Alfred North, 453, 460 638 Index

White-Wind-Drop Yogacara-bhumi-sastra, ‘‘The Experiential as ‘‘semen’’ emission, during consort union, Levels of Yogic Practice’’ by Asanga, 20, 59 34 Yogacitta, the route to fundamental as ‘‘semen’’ retention, during consort union, compassion, 30, 33, 37 34 Young, David, 80, 278, 279, 282 as inner heat (Tib: tumo), 29, 33, visualization exercise, 29, 33–34, 60–61, 63 Zambia, 82, 84, 509 Wiget, Andrew O., 113 Zen, 114, 434, 475, 477–478, 493, 497–498, Wilbert, Johannes, 145, 148 500 Winds-of-life, the five main types in Tantric Zhen-tong, ultimate existential reality, 43 Buddhism, 24, 29, 32–33, 42–43, 59, 61–62, Zogrim, the ‘‘completion stage’’ of Tantra, 28– 76 39 Wink, Walter, 80 Zubiri, Xavier, 174, 332, 549–573 passim Wisdom Tantra. See Consciousness Tantra Zung Jug, the compassionate unity of all life Wisdom, Nahua concept of, 97, 106–107, 111, (final level of the Completion Stage), 24, 29, 118 37, 40, 44, 63 World, worlds, 243–245 inner, 410 integrity of the, 243 many interpenetrating, 49, 148, 243 nonmaterial, 84–85, 145 Wu-chih (no-knowledge), 110 Wuwei, 482

Xayacamach (Nahua sage-poet), 103, 114 Xenochronism, xenochronic, 359, 365

Yachendra, Gopal Krishna, 532, 535 Yamantaka Tantra all forms (Tib: Shin je), 41–42 as conqueror of fear (Dorjee-jigje-shinje-shae), 41, 42 as defeater of ego-oriented emotions (Shinje- shae), 41 as solitary hero ( Jigje-pawo-chikpa), 41 with thirteen deities (Tib: Jigje-lha-chusum- ma), 41, 63 Yazdi, Mehdi Ha’iri, 121n33 Yeats, William Butler, 184 Yoga, the artificial Yoga of the Generation Stage of Tantra, 25 Yogacara, the idealistic revolution in Mahayana, 15, 19, 20–21, 67