Ontology of Consciousness Percipient Action edited by Helmut Wautischer A Bradford Book The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England ( 2008 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or me- chanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. MIT Press books may be purchased at special quantity discounts for business or sales promotional use. For information, please e-mail [email protected] or write to Special Sales Depart- ment, The MIT Press, 55 Hayward Street, Cambridge, MA 02142. This book was set in Stone Serif and Stone Sans on 3B2 by Asco Typesetters, Hong Kong, and was printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ontology of consciousness : percipient action / edited by Helmut Wautischer. p. cm. ‘‘A Bradford book.’’ Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-262-23259-3 (hardcover : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-0-262-73184-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Consciousness. 2. Philosophical anthropology. 3. Culture—Philosophy. 4. Neuropsychology— Philosophy. 5. Mind and body. I. Wautischer, Helmut. B105.C477O58 2008 126—dc22 2006033823 10987654321 Index Abaluya culture (Kenya), 519 as limitation of Turing machines, 362 Abba Macarius of Egypt, 166 as opportunity, 365, 371 Abhidharma in dualism, person as extension of matter, as guides to Buddhist thought and practice, 167, 454 10–13, 58 in focus of attention, 336 basic content, 58 in measurement of intervals, 315 in Asanga’s ‘‘Compendium of Abhidharma’’ in regrouping of elements, 335, 344 (Abhidharma-samuccaya), 67 in technical causality, 169, 177 in Maudgalyayana’s ‘‘On the Origin of shamanic separation from body, 145 Designations’’ Prajnapti–sastra,73 Action, 252–268. See also Percipient action in Sthiramati’s ‘‘Commentary on [Asanga’s] and Habermas, 521 Abhidharma–samuccaya’’ (Abhidharma- and intelligence, 209, 219–221, 432, 435 samuccaya-vyakhya), 76 and neuron firing, 235 in the First Buddhist Council, 10 and principle of local priority, 303 in the Mahasanghika school, 11 and spirit, 110, 114 in the Sarvastivada ‘‘On the Origin of and Zubiri, 569 Designations’’ (Prajnapti-sastra), 73 causal, 380–381 in the Sarvastivada school, 12 compassion generated, 18 (see also in the Sarvastivada-Vaibhasika ‘‘Great Compassion, Tantra) Elucidation’’ (Abhidharma-maha-vibhasa), 13 folded, 258 in the Sthaviravada school, 10 in Lebenswelt, 514 in the Vibhasa, of the Sarvastivada-Vaibhasika nondisruptive (see also wuwei) subschool, 13 resulting from brain activity, 164, 181 in Vasubandhu’s ‘‘Summary of the Action-carriers, 313, 320, 332, 334–335, 366, [Sarvastivada] Abhidharma’’ (Abhidharma- 368, 378, 381. See also Force carriers kosa) 16, 74, 78 Action-potential, 233, 235, 237 Madhyamika rejection of, 15 Activity. See also Tantra, activity tantra, Aboutness, 107, 365 and mediation, 246–249, 251–253, 256 (see Accident, accidental, 373–377 also Mediation) as absent for mutual relationship, 520 as a hierarchy of actions, 249–268 as intellectual habit, 589 as a level of reflection, 251 606 Index Activity (cont.) and life force (see also Tonalli), 107, 168, hierarchy of, 251, 259 171 in brain, 234–235 difference of apprenhesion in animal and inner, 248–251 human, 566–567 psychological dimensions of, 262–263 higher animistic entity (ba), 129–130 schemes of, 264 in shamanism, 81, 136, 139, 142, 148, 153– Acupuncture, 129,155, 480 154 Adaptation, biological; preadaptation, 363–366 lower animistic entity (ka), 129, 155 Adequacy, inadequacy, 320, 339, 343, 363 Animate, inanimate, 242–243, 248, 265, 268, Advaita Vedanta, 119n13 475, 479, 483, 490, 580, 582–583 Aesthetic, 112, 116, 120n27, 257, 475, 481, Animism, 280, 485, 497–498 495, 500 Annihilation, annihilate, 377–378, 417 Affective prominence, 332, 334–335, 340. See Anterograde (fixation amnesia), 339–340, 345– also Noergy, Force of imposition 346, 348 Africa, 79, 82, 84, 87, 92, 98, 314, 386, 507– Anthropocentrism, 492 524 passim Anthropology, anthropological, anthropolo- Agent, agency, 326, 329, 343, 362, 364–365, gist, 65, 80, 89–90, 163, 166–168, 170–171, 367, 378, 388–389 173–174, 175 passim, 183, 185, 278–280, Aiolos (King of winds), 194 285, 287, 290, 374, 513, 515, 529 Akan culture (Ghana), 507, 516–518, 520–522 Anthropomorphic, 38, 140–142, 145–149, Albedo, 360–361, 363 151–152, 154–155, 158, 487 Alcmeon of Crotona, 168, 186n15 birdmen, 146, 158 Alethia (unconcealedness, self-disclosure), Anthropomorphism, 144, 484 Nahua notion of, 107–108 Antichronic, 314–315, 379 Allusive speech, as ‘‘helpful wind,’’ 21, 24, 31, Anuttarayoga Tantra (Tib: Neljor-lame-gyud), 60 23–39, 42 Alterity, 181, 567 Apodictic ground, 374–375, 383–384, 386, as every mind’s feature, 375 390–391 nonalterity, 172, 179, 187n21 Apollinaris of Laodicea, 172, 186n6 Ames, Roger, 119n5 Apperception (sensations’ operational Amnesia, 170, 322, 339–340, 345–346, 348– hermeneusis by an appercipient or agent 349, 354 intellect, i.e., a nouˆs poieetiko´s), 343, 354 Amrith. See also Kum-kum, Vibhuti, 534 Apperception (sensations’ operational Ana´nche, 169 hermeneusis by an appercipient or agent A¯nanda, 413 intellect, i.e., a nouˆs poieetiko´s), as opera- Ananda, Buddha’s principal disciple, 10 tionalizing, 322–323, 334–340, 345–349, Anesthesia, 236–237, 313, 319, 323, 332, 352 384, 389 Animal, 211–212, 441–442, 485, 490, 492, Appetition, 458, 460, 595 557, 561 Apprehension, 116, 549, 552–572 and conscious experience, 213–217, 222–223, difference in animal and human, 566–567 231–234, 266, 341, 374, 387, 403, 453–471 gnoseological, 317, 319, 323, 328, 333, 342– passim, 549 343, 362, 365, 374, 376, 383, 389 Index 607 knowledge as causal efficiency, 323–326, 342– in ‘‘Explanation of the Bodhisattva Stage’’ 343, 348–351, 376 (Bodhisattva-bhumi), 20, 67 primordial, 549, 563 namer of of the Yogacara school, 20, 59 Aquiauhtzin (Nahua sage-poet), 103, 119n8 revealer of the compassional foundations of Aquinas, Thomas, 174, 179 consciousness, 20 Architecture (cerebral, cognitive), 337–338, Astrophysics, astrophysical evolution, 352, 342, 363, 371 359, 360, 381 Arete, 193 Asvaghosa’s clarification of the accomplish- Aristotle, Aristotelianisms, 168–169, 173, 175, ments of Buddha Sakyamuni, 15 179–180, 186n15, 187n17, 193, 195, 197, Asymmetry. See also Disymmetry, 375–377, 199, 202n1, 342, 347, 471, 490, 550, 552– 391 553, 564, 576–578 Athapascans, 81 Aristotelian conflation of knowledge and Atisa (Atisha) information, 350, 373–374 in ‘‘The Way of the Bodhisattvas’’ (Bodhi– Art, artist, 115, 166, 200, 583 patha–pradipa), 68 funerary iconography, 127–162 passim producer of the intellectual foundations of the geometric configurations in shamanic themes, Kadam order, 44 150 Attention, attentionally, 7, 14, 313–314, 318, iconographic elements supporting ethno- 320–322, 327, 329–334, 335–342, 344–348, graphic interpretation of shamanic artwork, 355, 364–365, 373–379, 392 131, 134–145 Aufhebung. See Lift-up in Japanese ‘‘dry landscape,’’ 475–505 passim Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo, 169, 198, in shamanism, 102, 112, 118n3, 127–162 497 metonymy in pre-Columbian art, 152 Aurobindo, Sri, 399–427 passim performance art, 103, 112 Avatar, 154, 525–526, 528–529, 542, 544 Pre-Columbian art, 127–157 passim Averroes (Al-Qurtubi), 166 visual representation of introspection, 133– Avicenna (Ibn–Sina), 166, 199 138 Avidya¯, 412, 423n3, 425n18 Aryadeva Awareness xv, xix, xxi, xxiii, xxviii, 5, 25, 29, cognizing experiential aspects of conscious- 85, 307n11, 330, 432, 457–458, 477, 501, ness, 15 555, 576 cultivation of in sleep, 35, 62 as consciousness, 62n27, 133, 234, 259, 453, in ‘‘A Way to Practice Bodhicitta’’ (Abhibodhi- 479 kramo-padesha), 66 human awareness, 196, 268, 567–568 in ‘‘Clear Light on the Completion Stage of in action potentials, 231 the Guhysamaja Tantra’’ (Carya-samgraha- of perfection, 14, 440 pradipa), 35 of spirit, 82 in ‘‘Four Hundred Verses on the teachings of self-awareness, xxviii, 19, 30, 197, 215, 232, Buddha’’ (Catuh-sataka-karika), 59, 66 246, 284, 401–402, 408, 435, 446 Asanga sensory, 59n13, 293, 403, 424n9, 499 in ‘‘Experiential Levels of Yogic Practice’’ subtle, xix, 24, 32, 35, 37, 441 (Yogacara-bhumi-sastra), 20, 59 Axiological, 359, 384, 387–390 608 Index Axon, axons, 370, 393ref Biology, biological, 212–214, 225, 244, 247, Ayocuan Cuetzpaltzin (Nahua sage-poet), 113, 257–258, 265–267, 281, 313–314, 321, 327– 119n10 328, 330, 336, 347, 350, 354, 360–364, 366– Aztec Codices, 131 369, 373–374, 386–387, 407, 413–414, 417, 432, 445, 447, 449, 453, 575, 577–582, 584. Babb, Lawrence A., 529, 531 See also Sociobiology Bacon, Francis, 214 its boundaries, 454, 456, 470n10 Bacterium (patent claim for living organism), its evolution, 359, 361–362, 365–366, 369, 467–468 373, 381, 386, 391, 393ref, 423n6 Bangalore University, 542 Biophysics, 313–314, 339, 344, 355, 366, 376 Barygenesis, 377, 381, 389 Biosphere, biospheric, 326, 359–368, 371, 381, Baryogenesis, 381 390, 431 Bassuk, Daniel E., 526 Black Appearance, Tantric visualization, 30–32 Beating, ciliary cycle, 369–370 Blake, William, 86 Behavioral paradox, peaceful introspection Bliss combined with active curiosity among accessing true bliss (not sexual bliss) while novices, 6 engaged in coitus, 34 Belief, 211, 273–307 passim, 314, 419, 443, as the essence of pure consciousness, 467, 553 as the fundamental bliss-essence of pure Bengal, 85 consciousness, 42 Bereaved, bereavement,