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Transcultural Approaches to the Concept of Imperial Rule in the Middle Ages Christian Scholl / Torben R

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Transcultural Approaches to the Concept of Imperial Rule in the Middle Ages Christian Scholl / Torben R Christian Scholl / Torben R. Gebhardt / Jan Clauß (eds.) Transcultural Approaches to the Concept of Imperial Rule in the Middle Ages Christian Scholl / Torben R. Gebhardt / Jan Clauß (eds.) Transcultural Approaches to the Concept of Imperial Rule in the Middle Ages During the Middle Ages, rulers from The Editors different regions aspired to an idea of Christian Scholl studied History and imperial hegemony. On the other hand, English Language and Literature in Trier there were rulers who deliberately refused and Dublin. He is a researcher at the to be «emperors», although their reign Institute for Early Medieval Studies at the showed characteristics of imperial rule. University of Münster. The contributions in this volume ask Torben R. Gebhardt studied History for the reasons why some rulers such as and English Language and Literature in Charlemagne strove for imperial titles, Bochum. From 2011 to 2015, he worked whereas others voluntarily shrank from at the Department of History in Münster. them. They also look at the characteristics From 2016 onwards, he has been working of and rituals connected to imperial rule as a project coordinator at the Faculty as well as to the way Medieval empires of Engineering at the University of saw themselves. Thus, the authors in this Duisburg-Essen. volume adopt a transcultural perspective, Jan Clauß studied History and Catholic covering Western, Eastern, Northern Theology in Bochum and Dublin. From and Southern Europe, Byzantium and 2011 to 2015, he worked at the Depart- the Middle East. Furthermore, they go ment of History in Münster. Today, he beyond the borders of Christianity by works as a teacher. including various caliphates and Islamic «hegemonic» rulers like Saladin. Transcultural Approaches to the Concept of Imperial Rule in the Middle Ages Christian Scholl / Torben R. Gebhardt / Jan Clauß (eds.) Transcultural Approaches to the Concept of Imperial Rule in the Middle Ages Bibliographic Information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Scholl, Christian, 1981- editor of compilation. | Gebhardt, Torben R., editor of compilation. | Clauss, Jan, 1982- editor of compilation. Jan Clauss, 22/09/1982 (22 September 1982) Title: Transcultural approaches to the concept of imperial rule in the Middle Ages / Chris- tian Scholl, Torben R. Gebhardt, Jan Clauss (eds.). Description: Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang Edition, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016051006| ISBN 9783631662199 (print) | ISBN 9783653052329 (PDF) | ISBN 9783631706244 (ePub) | ISBN 9783631706251 (MOBI) Subjects: LCSH: World politics—To 1900. | Middle Ages. | Imperialism—History—To 1500. | Kings and rulers, Medieval—History. | Emperors—History—To 1500. | Imperialism— Cross-cultural studies Classification: LCC D131 .T73 2017 | DDC 321/.60940902—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016051006 The electronic version of this book is freely available due to funding by OGeSoMo, a BMBF-project to support and analyse open access book publications in the humanities and social sciences (BMBF: Federal Ministry of Education and Research). The project is led by the University Library of Duisburg-Essen. For more information see https://www.uni-due.de/ogesomo. ISBN 978-3-631-66219-9 (Print) ∙ E-ISBN 978-3-653-05232-9 (E-Book) E-ISBN 978-3-631-70624-4 (EPUB) ∙ E-ISBN 978-3-631-70625-1 (MOBI) DOI 10.3726/978-3-653-05232-9 Open Access: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivatives 4.0 international license. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0 © Christian Scholl / Torben R. Gebhardt / Jan Clauß, 2017 Peter Lang GmbH Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften Peter Lang Edition is an Imprint of Peter Lang GmbH. Peter Lang – Frankfurt am Main ∙ Bern ∙ Bruxelles ∙ New York ∙ Oxford ∙ Warszawa ∙ Wien This publication has been peer reviewed. www.peterlang.com Table of Contents Christian Scholl, Torben R. Gebhardt, Jan Clauß (Münster) Transcultural Approaches to the Concept of Imperial Rule in the Middle Ages: Introduction .................................................................... 7 Christian Scholl (Münster) Imitatio Imperii? Elements of Imperial Rule in the Barbarian Successor States of the Roman West .................................................... 19 Sebastian Kolditz (Heidelberg) Barbarian Emperors? Aspects of the Byzantine Perception of the qaghan (chaganos) in the Earlier Middle Ages ..................................... 41 Jan Clauß (Münster) Imports and Embargos of Imperial Concepts in the Frankish Kingdom. The Promotion of Charlemagne’s Imperial Coronation in Carolingian Courtly Culture ........................................................... 77 Simon Groth (Frankfurt am Main) How to Become Emperor – John VIII and the Role of the Papacy in the 9th Century .............................................................................. 117 Jessika Nowak (Frankfurt am Main/Freiburg) Imperial Aspirations in Provence and Burgundy ................................ 139 Torben R. Gebhardt (Münster) From Bretwalda to Basileus: Imperial Concepts in Late Anglo- Saxon England? ...................................................................... 157 Nadeem Khan (Münster) The Caliphates between Imperial Rule and Imagined Suzerainty – A Case Study on Imperial Rituals during Saladin’s Rise to Power ..... 185 Tobias Hoffmann (Münster) Von verlorenen Hufeisen und brennenden Nüssen – Über Konflikte im Rahmen des „diplomatischen“ Zeremoniells des byzantinischen Kaiserhofes ........................................................................................ 221 6 Table of Contents Roland Scheel (Göttingen) Byzantium – Rome – Denmark – Iceland: Dealing with Imperial Concepts in the North ....................................................................... 245 Stefan Burkhardt (Heidelberg) Intoxication with Virtuality. French Princes and Aegean Titles .......... 295 Grischa Vercamer (Berlin) Imperiale Konzepte in der mittelalterlichen Historiographie Polens vom 12. bis zum 15. Jahrhundert ........................................... 321 List of Contributors .......................................................................... 367 Index of Names and Places ................................................................ 369 Christian Scholl, Torben R. Gebhardt, Jan Clauß (Münster) Transcultural Approaches to the Concept of Imperial Rule in the Middle Ages: Introduction The last years have seen a growing interest in the thematic strand of “em- pire”: not least the collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s has stimulated public debates about the role the United States as the single remaining super power were supposed to play in the world. These debates were intensified after the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, which, according to the sociologist Michael Mann,1 constituted the United States’ transition from a hegemonic power widely accepted and acting benevolently to a militarist world ruler ruthlessly claiming “imperial” leadership.2 In the years following George W. Bush’s war against Iraq, a number of monographs on “empire” and/or “imperial rulership” were published both by historians and political scientists. In Germany, for example, Herfried Münkler published a volume on Empires: The Logic of World Domination from Ancient Rome to the United States in 2005, which soon became a standard work on the topic.3 In the same year, Hans- Heinrich Nolte published a monograph on empires in early modern times.4 Besides these general studies, several comparative studies were published in recent years: after an article published by Susan Reynolds in 2006,5 the afore- 1 Mann, Michael: The Incoherent Empire. Verso: London / New York 2003, p. 252: “Whereas in the recent past American power was hegemonic – routinely accepted and often considered legitimate abroad – now it is imposed at the barrel of a gun. This undermines hegemony and the claim to be a benevolent Empire.” 2 Cf. Münkler, Herfried: Imperien. Die Logik der Weltherrschaft – vom Alten Rom bis zu den Vereinigten Staaten. Rowohlt: Berlin 2005, p. 13. 3 Cf. the German title in the footnote above. The English translation was pub- lished in 2007 by Polity Press. 4 Nolte, Hans- Heinrich: Weltgeschichte. Imperien, Religionen und Systeme 15.- 19. Jahrhundert. Böhlau: Vienna / Cologne / Weimar 2005. 5 Reynolds, Susan: “Empires: A Problem of Comparative History”. Historical Research 79, 2006, pp. 151–165. 8 Christian Scholl / Torben R. Gebhardt / Jan Clauß mentioned Hans- Heinrich Nolte edited a comparative study focusing on empires from the 16th to the 20th centuries in 2008,6 before in 2012 Peter Fibiger Bang and Dariusz Kolodziejczyk published the excellent survey Universal Empire. A Comparative Approach to Imperial Culture and Representation in Eurasian History, dealing with empires from Assyrian times to the 18th century.7 Most recently, in 2014, Michael Gehler and Robert Rollinger edited two vast volumes on empires from antiquity to the present.8 It is especially the last- mentioned work that deals with empires – or political systems similar to empires – of the Middle Ages. The empires dealt with include the empires of the Umayyads, Fatimids, Ayyubids, Mamluks, Almoravids, Almohads, Mongols, Byzantines, Ottomans, Merovingians
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