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The Politics of Roman Memory in the Age of Justinian DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the D
The Politics of Roman Memory in the Age of Justinian DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Marion Woodrow Kruse, III Graduate Program in Greek and Latin The Ohio State University 2015 Dissertation Committee: Anthony Kaldellis, Advisor; Benjamin Acosta-Hughes; Nathan Rosenstein Copyright by Marion Woodrow Kruse, III 2015 ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the use of Roman historical memory from the late fifth century through the middle of the sixth century AD. The collapse of Roman government in the western Roman empire in the late fifth century inspired a crisis of identity and political messaging in the eastern Roman empire of the same period. I argue that the Romans of the eastern empire, in particular those who lived in Constantinople and worked in or around the imperial administration, responded to the challenge posed by the loss of Rome by rewriting the history of the Roman empire. The new historical narratives that arose during this period were initially concerned with Roman identity and fixated on urban space (in particular the cities of Rome and Constantinople) and Roman mythistory. By the sixth century, however, the debate over Roman history had begun to infuse all levels of Roman political discourse and became a major component of the emperor Justinian’s imperial messaging and propaganda, especially in his Novels. The imperial history proposed by the Novels was aggressivley challenged by other writers of the period, creating a clear historical and political conflict over the role and import of Roman history as a model or justification for Roman politics in the sixth century. -
Reasons for the Fall of the Roman Empire
Reasons for the Fall of the Roman Empire Barbarian Tribes Destroy the Roman Empire • Germanic Teutonic Tribes Exert Pressure(1st-4th centuries A.D.) Germanic tribes – primitive, warlike peoples – lived in central and eastern Europe. They were attracted to the Roman Empire by its fertile land, great wealth and advanced civilization. Early efforts to to enter the Empire were thwarted by Roman troops. Later, Rome permitted some Germanic peoples to settle within its borders and enlisted Germanic soldiers in its armies. The Huns Invade Europe (4th-5th centuries A.D.) • The Huns, savage invaders from central Asia, terrorized Europe, causing many Germanic tribes to flee into the Roman Empire. Attila the Hun Ravaged the empire until turned back by a combined Roman-Germanic force. Nevertheless, the Huns had weakened Rome militarily. The Germanic Tribes End the Roman Empire (4th and 5th centuries A.D.) Full scale German migrations into Roman territory could not be stemmed by the enfeebled Roman government. Gradually, the Germanic tribes established kingdoms within the Empire: the Visigoths in Spain, the Ostrogoths in Italy, the Vandals in North Africa, the Franks in Gaul and the Angles and Saxons in Britain. Why could the Germanic tribes crush Rome, so long the master of the Mediterranean world? The answer lies not in Germanic strength but in Roman weakness. By the fourth and fifth centuries A.D., the Roman Empire had declined because of the following internal conditions. Political • The dictatorial government was frequently inefficient and corrupt and did not command the peoples loyalty. • The vast Empire, having relatively primitive transportation and communication, could not be governed efficiently from one central city. -
From Roman Immunitas to Merovingian Emunitas - Remarks on the Evolution of Roman Fiscal Concepts in the Germanic Realms
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Jagiellonian Univeristy Repository Internetowy Przegląd Prawniczy TBSP UJ 2016/7 ISSN 1689-9601 Rafał Marek * From Roman Immunitas to Merovingian Emunitas - Remarks on the Evolution of Roman Fiscal Concepts in the Germanic Realms. Streszczenie Kodeks Teodozjański zawierał liczne prawa mające na celu zapewnienie uprzywilejowanego statusu Koś cio ła i kleru. Prawa owe były elementem szerszej polityki skierowanej na umocnienie chrześcijańskiego imperium rzymskiego. Zwolnienia fiskalne grały tu znaczną rolę. Po upadku Zachodniego Cesarstwa, regna barbaro-rzymskie zachowały rzymskie dziedzictwo prawne i koncepcje prawodawcy oraz właściwego modelu relacji władzy monarszej i duchowieństwa. Utrzymano też w dużej mierze rzymskie rozwiązania skarbowe. Rozwijały się tez nowe idee i instytucje ustrojowe. Immunitety skarbowe Merowingów są tu dobrym przykładem. Królowie z tej dynastii starali sie naśladować wzorce cesarskiej polityki wobec duchownych. Jednak zmienione okoliczności polityczne i gospodarcze sprawiały, że rzy mskie instytucje przekształcały się w więzi feudalne. Słowa kluczowe: Prawo rzymskie, histo ria prawa średniowiecznego, immunitet, prawo frankijskie, historia średniowiecza, imperium rzymskie . * PhD candidate, Chair of General History of Law and State, Jagiellonian University, Cracow. 49 1). Roman legal heritage a). Introduction When the end of the old order had come and the new Earth was being born in pain - with those words begins a hymn in honour of Saint Benedict of Nursia 1. The epoch of saints like Benedict was a time of destruction and decay, but it was also the time of innovation and evolution. In this paper, I would like to focus on one aspect of this process, namely on the changes and accommodations of Roman ecclesiastical privileges in fiscal matters as they oc- curred in the Germanic states of Latin Europe. -
Journeys to Byzantium? Roman Senators Between Rome and Constantinople
Journeys to Byzantium? Roman Senators Between Rome and Constantinople Master’s Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Michael Anthony Carrozzo, B.A Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2010 Thesis Committee: Kristina Sessa, Advisor Timothy Gregory Anthony Kaldellis Copyright by Michael Anthony Carrozzo 2010 Abstract For over a thousand years, the members of the Roman senatorial aristocracy played a pivotal role in the political and social life of the Roman state. Despite being eclipsed by the power of the emperors in the first century BC, the men who made up this order continued to act as the keepers of Roman civilization for the next four hundred years, maintaining their traditions even beyond the disappearance of an emperor in the West. Despite their longevity, the members of the senatorial aristocracy faced an existential crisis following the Ostrogothic conquest of the Italian peninsula, when the forces of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I invaded their homeland to contest its ownership. Considering the role they played in the later Roman Empire, the disappearance of the Roman senatorial aristocracy following this conflict is a seminal event in the history of Italy and Western Europe, as well as Late Antiquity. Two explanations have been offered to explain the subsequent disappearance of the Roman senatorial aristocracy. The first involves a series of migrations, beginning before the Gothic War, from Italy to Constantinople, in which members of this body abandoned their homes and settled in the eastern capital. -
Ostrogoths, Visigoths, and Lombards the Ostrogoths, Visigo
Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Lombards 149 CHAPTER THREE THE SUccEssOR STATES IN THE WEST: OsTROGOTHS, VISIGOTHS, AND LOMBARDS The Ostrogoths, Visigoths and Lombards all took shape as peoples in the Roman frontier region of the middle and lower Danube. In their early years, they might also be described as Roman client or even field armies, since they were often in Roman service, large segments of these people stayed loyal to the East Roman Empire, and there was at times little to distinguish them from other field armies in the Balkans that took to arms against the central government during the 5th and 6th centuries. They should there- fore be treated together as products of the Balkans military culture, but due to their inability to find satisfactory settlement in the East, they mi- grated into the chaotic West where they finally established the indepen- dent kingdoms with which we are familiar. The survey of East Roman developments in the previous chapter will show that there was more to unite the Mediterranean than to divide it, and that patterns of military organization could change at a similar pace throughout the former Roman world. 3.1 The Ostrogoths, 493-554 Theoderic’s Ostrogothic kingdom lasted only two generations, from 493 to 554, but during its heyday, it was the most successful and thoroughly Ro- manized of all the successor states. There is a general consensus that an- cient social structures, such as a high degree of urbanization and a complex economic system, survived very well during this period. The Ostrogoths absorbed surviving Roman administrative structures and collaborated closely with the Roman senatorial class. -
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The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 6 [1776]
The Online Library of Liberty A Project Of Liberty Fund, Inc. Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 6 [1776] The Online Library Of Liberty This E-Book (PDF format) is published by Liberty Fund, Inc., a private, non-profit, educational foundation established in 1960 to encourage study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. 2010 was the 50th anniversary year of the founding of Liberty Fund. It is part of the Online Library of Liberty web site http://oll.libertyfund.org, which was established in 2004 in order to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. To find out more about the author or title, to use the site's powerful search engine, to see other titles in other formats (HTML, facsimile PDF), or to make use of the hundreds of essays, educational aids, and study guides, please visit the OLL web site. This title is also part of the Portable Library of Liberty DVD which contains over 1,000 books and quotes about liberty and power, and is available free of charge upon request. The cuneiform inscription that appears in the logo and serves as a design element in all Liberty Fund books and web sites is the earliest-known written appearance of the word “freedom” (amagi), or “liberty.” It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 B.C. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash, in present day Iraq. To find out more about Liberty Fund, Inc., or the Online Library of Liberty Project, please contact the Director at [email protected]. -
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN History of the German Language 1 Indo
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN History of the German Language 1 Indo-European and Germanic Background Indo-European Background It has already been mentioned in this course that German and English are related languages. Two languages can be related to each other in much the same way that two people can be related to each other. If two people share a common ancestor, say their mother or their great-grandfather, then they are genetically related. Similarly, German and English are genetically related because they share a common ancestor, a language which was spoken in what is now northern Germany sometime before the Angles and the Saxons migrated to England. We do not have written records of this language, unfortunately, but we have a good idea of what it must have looked and sounded like. We have arrived at our conclusions as to what it looked and sounded like by comparing the sounds of words and morphemes in earlier written stages of English and German (and Dutch) and in modern-day English and German dialects. As a result of the comparisons we are able to reconstruct what the original language, called a proto-language, must have been like. This particular proto-language is usually referred to as Proto-West Germanic. The method of reconstruction based on comparison is called the comparative method. If faced with two languages the comparative method can tell us one of three things: 1) the two languages are related in that both are descended from a common ancestor, e.g. German and English, 2) the two are related in that one is the ancestor of the other, e.g. -
Lesson 18 - the Situation in the West After the Fall of Rome
Church History Lesson 18 - The Situation in the West After the Fall of Rome 1. Introduction - A Crumbling Empire 1.1. In the last session we looked at a number of Christological controversies which embroiled the church, and consequently the Empire, up until the council of Chalcedon in 451. 1.2. As we saw, these controversies involved both the East and the West, but there were of far greater concern in the East than in the West, and the majority of bishops attending the various councils were overwhelmingly from the East. 1.3. Although there were a number of reasons for this, one of the major reasons was the rapidly changing situation in the West. After Rome was sacked for the first time in 410 AD, it sent shockwaves through the whole empire, but especially in the West. Although the Eastern part of the Empire continued in one form or another for over 1,000 years more, the situation in the West was far different. 1.4. Today we will take a brief look at what happened in the West after the first sacking of Rome in 410, and see how this affected life and the church in the West for the next 300 years or so. 2. The Barbarian Invasions 2.1. The events that most affected life and the church in the West were a series of invasions by “barbarian” tribes. 2.2. Obviously the first major invasion was when Alaric and his band of Visigoths, who invaded Italy and sacked Rome in 410. It was the shockwaves from this event that caused Augustine to write his opus City of God. -
6 X 10 Long.P65
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84633-2 - Rome’s Gothic Wars: From the Third Century to Alaric Michael Kulikowski Index More information Index iii Ablabius, 54 Ariaric, 84–85 Abrittus, 18, 28 Ariminum. See Rimini Adrianople: battle of, 139–143; curia of, Arinthaeus, 117 135–136; siege of, 146 Arius, 107–108 Ad Salices, battle of, 137 Armenia, 129, 137, 167, 168 Aequitius, 143 Arminius, 47 Africa, grain supply of, 6, 168, 175–176 army, Roman: as basis of imperial power, 26; Alamanni,59, 81, 105;origins of,39–40, 67, 71 barbarians in, 35–37, 82, 156; Goths in, 79, Alanoviamuth, 49 82, 103, 106, 156–157; losses of, at Alans, 124–128, 171, 183 Adrianople, 150 Alaric: 1–11, 157–177, 183–184; and Attalus, 9, Arpulas, 121 174–176; and Eutropius, 166–168; and Arrian, 125 Rufinus, 165; death of, 180; early career of, Ascholius, 118 161–162; first revolt of, 164–166; demands Asia Minor: Goths killed in, 146–147, 154; of, 1–2, 165, 172–174; followers, 1–2, 4–5, 6, Gothic revolt in, 168–169 157, 165 Athanaric, 101; ancestry of, 85; death of, 155; Alatheus, 126–127, 131–132, 152;at defeated by Huns, 126–128, 131–132; Adrianople, 141–142 persecutes Christians, 117–118, 120–122; Alavivus, 128–130, 132–133 Roman wars of, 116–118 Aleksandrovka, 92 Atharidus, 120 Alexander Severus, 28 Athaulf, 10, 158, 175, 177, 180–182 alphabet, Gothic, 110 Athens, 19 Amal dynasty, 50, 53, 161 Attalus, Priscus, 9, 174–176, 182–183 Ambrose of Milan, 160 Attica, 19 Ammianus Marcellinus, 103–105; Res Gestae Attila, 157 of, 104–105; on Adrianople, 140–141, 144, Augustae, 31 146–147; on Huns, 124–125 Augustine, 178–179 Antioch, 117, 129 Augustus, 22, 40 Antonine Constitution, 25, 34 Aurelian (emperor), 8, 20–21, 29–30 Antoninus Pius, 23 Aurelian (praetorian prefect), 169 Apamea, 19 Aureolus, 20, 29 Aquitaine, 158, 183 Aurelius Victor, 30 Arabs, 146 Auxentius, 107 Arbogast, 151, 162–163 Auxonius, 115 Arcadius, 163, 165, 172 archaeology. -
Barbarians Invade Rome! Questions
But the power of Rome was weakening. By the late 400s, Rome was Name no longer the mighty power that it had once been. In 476, the Hun leader, Odoacer, seized power in the western half of the Roman Empire and declared himself king of Italy. Barbarians Invade Rome! The eastern half of the Roman Empire tried to take power back in the west by sending troops, under the leadership of King Theodoric By Sharon Fabian of the Ostrogoths, to fight Odoacer. The Ostrogoths killed Odoacer, and Theodoric became the new leader of Italy. The Roman Empire, at its height, extended across much of Europe, but even then there were other groups of people who were The Roman Empire in the east continued, but Roman rule in the not part of the Roman Empire living in Europe too. Many of these west had come to an end. Europe entered into an era of uncertainty. groups, called tribes, lived in the far north. Others lived in various Rulers changed frequently, as one leader attacked and defeated parts of Europe not occupied by the Roman Empire. another. Invasions, attacks, and feuds were commonplace. It was the beginning of the Middle Ages. The barbarian tribes, as many of them were known, didn't like the idea of settling down and farming. They preferred a roaming, Today, when we hear of Huns, we picture wild-eyed, long-haired, warlike lifestyle. Due to climate changes and other factors, many of screaming invaders. the tribes began to migrate closer to the Roman Empire and sometimes even settle within the borders of the empire. -
Roots of European Civilisation
Roots of European Civilisation Barbarians and the Dark Ages © Andrzej Anders 2007 Fall of the Roman Empire in the West Barbarian Kingdoms ● After the fall of the Roman Empire various Germanic tribes settled in its former territories: – Ostrogoths (Italy) (later they were replaced with Lombards) – Visigoths (Spain, Southern France) – Franks (North France,, Netherlands, part of Germany) – Burundians (region of Worms, later Burgundy, Switzerland) – Anglo-Saxons (England) Theodoric the Great King of Italy ● Ruler of Italy 493 – 526 A.D ● Regent (and de facto ruler) of Visigoths 511 – 526 (Spain and south of France) ● He practiced Arianism – after Catholic Justin I become Emperor in Constantinople it meant conflict with the Empire ● He was enlightened ruler, he tried to restore glory of Italy – activity of philosopher Beothius and historian Cassiodorus St. Appolinare in Ravenna Conflict between Catholicism and Arianism Conflict between Catholicism and Arianism Conflict between Catholicism and Arianism ● Both Gothic tribes (Visigoths and Ostrogoths were practicing Arianism. ● Local „Roman” population was basically Catholic ● Gothic rule was not supported by local population despite its success (untill Visigths turned Catholic) ● Catholic faith helped Franks to size power from Goths. Baptism of Clovis c. 1500 Karol Wielki i Karolingowie ● Merovingian Dynasty divided France into little kingdoms ● Very soon Merovingian Kings started to play only ceremonial role – country was ruled by Mayors ● Mayor Peppin the Middle made his position hereditary. ● His son Charles Martel become the most powerful ruler in Western Europe, though he was not a King. He also won the Battle of Tours saving Europe from Arabs ● From Charles Martel the dynasty is called Carolingian ● Son of Charles Martel proclaimed himself King of Francs Battle of Poitiers (Tours) – 732 r Charlemagne ● Ruled 768 – 814 A.D. -
Jordanes and the Invention of Roman-Gothic History Dissertation
Empire of Hope and Tragedy: Jordanes and the Invention of Roman-Gothic History Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Brian Swain Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2014 Dissertation Committee: Timothy Gregory, Co-advisor Anthony Kaldellis Kristina Sessa, Co-advisor Copyright by Brian Swain 2014 Abstract This dissertation explores the intersection of political and ethnic conflict during the emperor Justinian’s wars of reconquest through the figure and texts of Jordanes, the earliest barbarian voice to survive antiquity. Jordanes was ethnically Gothic - and yet he also claimed a Roman identity. Writing from Constantinople in 551, he penned two Latin histories on the Gothic and Roman pasts respectively. Crucially, Jordanes wrote while Goths and Romans clashed in the imperial war to reclaim the Italian homeland that had been under Gothic rule since 493. That a Roman Goth wrote about Goths while Rome was at war with Goths is significant and has no analogue in the ancient record. I argue that it was precisely this conflict which prompted Jordanes’ historical inquiry. Jordanes, though, has long been considered a mere copyist, and seldom treated as an historian with ideas of his own. And the few scholars who have treated Jordanes as an original author have dampened the significance of his Gothicness by arguing that barbarian ethnicities were evanescent and subsumed by the gravity of a Roman political identity. They hold that Jordanes was simply a Roman who can tell us only about Roman things, and supported the Roman emperor in his war against the Goths.