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UNIVERSITY of READING Praise, Blame and Identity Construction In UNIVERSITY OF READING Praise, Blame and Identity Construction in Greek Tragedy Kate Cook Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Classics 2015 Declaration I confirm that this is my own work and the use of all material from other sources has been properly and fully acknowledged. Signed: Praise, Blame and Identity Construction in Greek Tragedy: Abstract. This thesis examines the use of praise and blame in Greek tragedy as a method of identity construction. It takes sociolinguistic theory as its starting point to show that the distribution of praise and blame, an important social function of archaic poetry, can be seen as contributing to the process of linguistic identity construction discussed by sociolinguists. However, in tragedy, the destructive or dangerous aspects of this process are explored, and the distribution of praise and blame becomes a way of destabilising or destroying identity rather than constructing positive identities for individuals. The thesis begins with a section exploring the importance of praise and blame as a vehicle for identity construction in the case of some of the mythical/heroic warriors who populate the tragic stage: Ajax, Heracles, and Theseus. I discuss the ways in which their own seeking after inappropriate praise leads to the destruction of Ajax and Heracles, and the lack of clear praise for Theseus in extant tragedy. The second half of the thesis examines the devastation caused by women's involvement in the process of identity construction, focusing on Deianira, Clytemnestra, and Medea. All of these women are involved in rejecting the praise discourses which construct the identities for their husbands. Clytemnestra and Medea further replace such praise with new discourses of blame. This process contributes to the destruction of all three women's husbands. Prioritising this important element in interpretations of tragedy, influenced by a greater recognition of the ways in which tragedy draws on older genres of poetry, leads to new readings of apparently well-known plays, and new conclusions on such iconic figures as Theseus. Furthermore, within the context of the extended scholarly discussion on women's speech in tragedy, this approach demonstrates an effective and destructive result of that speech from a new perspective. Acknowledgements First, I would like to thank my supervisor, Barbara Goff, who has been an encouraging and patient guide throughout my PhD. I am especially appreciative of all her work on teaching me which words to never end sentences with! More seriously, her thoroughness and care has improved every aspect of this thesis, and I am extremely grateful to her for all her help. This project was made possible by a grant from the AHRC. I would also like to thank the Fondation Hardt for providing the opportunity to stay for four wonderful, productive weeks during my PhD. I am grateful to audiences at the CA Conference in Bristol, at the ICS, and at conferences in Cambridge and Edinburgh for giving me the chance to try out my ideas and receive helpful feedback. I am very grateful to the Department of Classics at the University of Reading for being a wonderful environment in which to work. I would particularly like to thank Ian Rutherford and Emma Aston, who were always willing to answer questions and offer suggestions. As my second supervisor, David Carter has always challenged me to think differently about my work, and I am especially grateful for the ways in which this, along with all his other advice, has improved my research. I would also like to thank my examiners, Katherine Harloe and Jon Hesk, for their many stimulating comments and helpful suggestions. I have been fortunate to be among PhD students in Classics who have formed such a supportive and positive community, particularly at the Universities of Reading, London, and Exeter. Special thanks go to those who provided plenty of Twitter-based cheering-on and suggestions whenever needed, and particularly to Sam, Ellie, Niki, Andrew and Emma. I am also especially grateful to Lucy for all her helpful advice. I would like to thank all my friends, including those named above, for their understanding company throughout this process, but have some particular debts to acknowledge. I am grateful to Tris and Jenna for the boardgames and a great deal of good-humoured support, Stuart for his encouragement and endlessly cheerful, positive approach, and Elena for her wisdom, humour, and willingness to get stuck into long discussions about work or anything else! My siblings, Alice and Toby, have supported me and believed in me even when they had very little idea what I was doing, and I thank them for that. Finally, my heartfelt thanks go to my parents, without whose love, generosity, and support of every kind, none of this would have been possible. I owe them far more than can be conveyed here. Table of Contents Introduction................................................................................................................11 Tragedy and Praise/Blame Poetry....................................................................................11 Identity Construction.......................................................................................................18 'Praise' and 'Blame'..........................................................................................................28 Summary of the Argument of the Thesis.........................................................................39 Chapter One: Praise, Blame, and Heroic Identity Crises.......................................43 The Best of the Rest: Ajax Thwarted...................................................................................43 Ajax: Best of the Achaeans?............................................................................................45 Types of Heroism.............................................................................................................54 Second-Best of the Achaeans..........................................................................................64 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................69 Euripides' Heracles - “Glorious” how?................................................................................70 Renown and Identity........................................................................................................72 Heracles, Glorious in fatherhood?...................................................................................80 Heracles, Glorious in heroic deeds..................................................................................86 Reconstructing the Heroic Heracles................................................................................94 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................104 Chapter Two: Unsung Hero? Theseus as unpraised exemplar.............................107 Praise as Persuasion.......................................................................................................109 Problematic Praise.........................................................................................................121 Blaming Theseus...........................................................................................................140 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................160 Chapter Three: Deianira and the control of Praise and Blame in Sophocles' Trachiniae.................................................................................................................163 Demanding Truth...........................................................................................................166 Commanding Speech and Silence.................................................................................174 The Destruction of Heracles' Praise...............................................................................190 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................201 Chapter Four: Clytemnestra's new discourses of blame.......................................205 Controlling Praise & Blame..........................................................................................207 Changing the Discourse.................................................................................................222 Like mother like children – Taking up the new discourse.............................................235 Identity Destruction.......................................................................................................247 Rehabilitating Agamemnon...........................................................................................251 The Dangers of Discourse.............................................................................................256 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................260 Chapter Five: Jason and Medea – Switching Discourses......................................263 Renown and Reputation.................................................................................................269 Blaming Jason................................................................................................................273 Self-praise and Identity..................................................................................................290
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