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University of Southampton Research Repository University of Southampton Research Repository Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis and, where applicable, any accompanying data are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis and the accompanying data cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content of the thesis and accompanying research data (where applicable) must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder/s. When referring to this thesis and any accompanying data, full bibliographic details must be given, e.g. Thesis: Author (Year of Submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University Faculty or School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. Data: Author (Year) Title. URI [dataset] University of Southampton Faculty of Humanities English ‘I Think I Feel My Thinking-Self and How It | Stands’: Self and Cognitive Identity in the Poetry of Jorie Graham by Mariam Ahmad M. Alghamdi ORCID ID 0000-0002-4710-8049 Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2018 University of Southampton Abstract Faculty of Humanities English Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ‘I Think I Feel My Thinking-Self and How It | Stands’: Self and Cognitive Identity in the Poetry of Jorie Graham by Mariam Ahmad M. Alghamdi This work aims to reconsider how we think about identity in the poetry of Jorie Graham by employing neuroscientist Antonio Damasio’s theory of the cognitively structured ‘autobiographical self’. Damasio’s specialised usage of the ‘autobiographical self’ refers to a multi-levelled and ever-changing mental process whose emergence in the brain simultaneously generates conscious awareness of oneself in the present moment that is linked to the past and future. Employing the cognitive model of identity formation is not meant to be an alternative to Graham’s gendered and social identities. Instead, Damasio’s theory serves to explicate the poet’s view of herself as a cognitively shifting and embodied self who is moulded by embodiment and environmental situatedness. The cognitive literary approach utilised in this thesis intervenes in the discursive shift between an essential, centred self proposed by Romantic epistemology and the post-structuralist model, which emphasises the fragmented, decentred nature of the subject. The thesis traces the chronological evolution of Graham’s sense of self in a selection of poems from 12 volumes to reveal her progression away from an expression of a hidden, impersonal self to a fully-developed autobiographical self. Chapter 1 introduces Graham’s poetic oeuvre and offers an account of Damasio and his cognitive theory. Chapter 2 details the politics and poetics manifested in Graham’s forty-year career. Chapter 3 investigates the poet’s attentiveness to cognition commencing with meditations on a detached mind in Hybrids of Plants and of Ghosts (1980), Erosion (1983), The End of Beauty (1987), and Region of Unlikeness (1991). Chapter 4 inspects the poet’s deeply introspective meditations in Materialism (1993), The Errancy (1997), Swarm (2000) and Never (2002). Chapter 5 interrogates the poems in Overlord (2005) and Sea Change (2008) which incorporate embodied interpretations of the political and ecological climate of the United States in the 21st century into Graham’s expressions of identity. Chapter 6 probes the autobiographical self and Graham’s shifts of identity impacted by individual experiences and personal loss in Place (2012) and Fast (2017). Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... i Research Thesis: Declaration of Authorship ................................................................. iii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... v Jorie Graham, Antonio Damasio, and Cognitive Identity ............................. 1 Graham and the Politics and Poetics of the Self ........................................ 35 Graham, Modernism, and the Seeds of Interest in ‘a’ Mind in Hybrids of Plants and of Ghosts, Erosion, The End of Beauty, and Region of Unlikeness77 The Lyric Speaker and the Introspective Turn in Materialism, The Errancy, Swarm and Never ..................................................................................... 95 The Body and the ‘Desperate Sense’ of Self in Overlord and Sea Change ..116 The Autobiographical Self and the ‘Artificial Me’ of Place and Fast ..........149 Why Cognitive Identity? ..........................................................................169 Bibliography ..............................................................................................................177 i Research Thesis: Declaration of Authorship Research Thesis: Declaration of Authorship Print name: Mariam Ahmad M. Alghamdi ‘I Think I Feel My Thinking-Self and How It | Stands’: Self and Cognitive Identity in the Title of thesis: Poetry of Jorie Graham I declare that this thesis and the work presented in it are my own and has been generated by me as the result of my own original research. I confirm that: 1. This work was done wholly or mainly while in candidature for a research degree at this University; 2. Where any part of this thesis has previously been submitted for a degree or any other qualification at this University or any other institution, this has been clearly stated; 3. Where I have consulted the published work of others, this is always clearly attributed; 4. Where I have quoted from the work of others, the source is always given. With the exception of such quotations, this thesis is entirely my own work; 5. I have acknowledged all main sources of help; 6. Where the thesis is based on work done by myself jointly with others, I have made clear exactly what was done by others and what I have contributed myself; 7. None of this work has been published before submission. Signature: Date: 30.08.2018 iii Acknowledgements Acknowledgements I would like to thank the following people for the various roles they played in the completion of this work. Professor Peter Middleton for his academic guidance and emotional support throughout this long process called a PhD. Professor Nicky Marsh for her timely advice. Professor Nick Selby and Dr Sarah Hayden for making the viva a memorable day. Palwasha Sajjad and Joan McGavin for their valuable input. My family and friends who—in different ways—offered their physical and emotional support. Last but not least, my husband and children without whom this journey of a lifetime would not have been possible. v Chapter 1 Jorie Graham, Antonio Damasio, and Cognitive Identity 1.1 Introduction This work aims to reconsider how we think about identity in the poetry of Jorie Graham by employing neuroscientist Antonio Damasio’s theory of the cognitive structuring of self. Identity has long been theorised through the lenses of gender, race, psychoanalysis, poststructuralism, and postcolonialism. This work explores how Damasio’s discoveries about the workings of the human mind might change our understanding of the lyric ‘I’ in Graham’s poetry. The cognitive model of identity proposes that identity is the result of multi-levelled and ever-changing mental processes rather than the ascription of membership to a particular gender or ethnicity. Here, mental processes of identity formation are not meant to be alternatives for gendered and social identities but explicators of how our selves are created and how our awareness of ourselves is moulded by external factors. This work investigates Graham’s attentiveness to identity formation as dependent on the conscious mind’s singular ability to relate its mental mechanisms to both embodiment and environmental situatedness. The chapters explore the mechanisms of a cognitive construction of self. Therefore, the focus is on those poems in which the poet’s perception of self is conveyed through images of the mind, brain and memory as integral parts of the self-construction process; it is also on Graham’s constantly evolving perspective on these components as part of her identity. The reading that is presented here acknowledges the profound influence of the social, political and natural environment on the emergent self. Like Damasio, Graham asserts both the complexity and the distinctiveness of the mind and body and their experiences. The reading of her poetic meditations presented here suggests that Graham’s knowledge of her identity results from her study of her mind’s behaviour with rigorous attention and is at least in that way far beyond the normal state. In Damasio’s terms, this means that Graham’s knowledge of her identity arises from her contemplation of her ‘autobiographical self’. The neuroscientist’s idiosyncratic use of the term ‘autobiographical self’ is employed in a special way to refer to an idealised model of 1 Chapter 1 how every adult mind normally works. According to Damasio, the autobiographical self is a process that is generated through a series of neural operations when ‘a substantial part of one’s life comes into play and both the lived past and the anticipated future dominate the proceedings’.1 Damasio’s specialised usage of the ‘autobiographical’ to incorporate the neurological dimension of the self that has
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