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For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org/. Page 1 of 207 Alternative title Black Review Author/Creator Black Community Programmes (Durban) Contributor Gwala, Mafika Pascal Publisher Black Community Programmes (Durban) Date 1973-00-00 Resource type Journals (Periodicals) Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) South Africa, Namibia Coverage (temporal) 1973 Source Digital Imaging South Africa (DISA) Rights By kind permission of Black Community Programmes. Format extent 204 page(s) (length/size) Page 2 of 207 BLACK REVIEW 1973 Page 3 of 207 ISBN 086975 037 2 Photograph by Helen Aron Page 4 of 207 BLACK REVIEW 1973 Page 5 of 207 THE BLACK COMMUNITY PROGRAMMES The goals of the Black Community Programmes are: to help the black community become aware of its own identity; to help the black community to create a sense of its own power; enable the black community to organise itself, to analyse its own needs and problems and to mobilise its resources to meet its needs; and to develop black leadership capable of guiding the development of the black community. The Black Community Programmes seek: to co-ordinate the work of and co--rate in a meaningful way with black groups, organisations and institutions; to enable them to create a consciousness of identity as communities; to develop sufficient f individuals conscious of this identity and belonging; to acquire and suse resources needed needed to achieve the goals of unity, self-determination, collective work responsibility, purpose and creativity. The Black Community Programmes is a co-ordinating and enabling agency. It does not seek to establish projects on its own, but rather co-operates with, and helps persons and groups, organisations and institutions working in encourages arus of Education, Welfare, Church, Culture, Art and Sport in the black community. The B.C.P. achieves this by providing relevant information, publishing relevant literature and when invited, y assisting organisations, individuals and groups in the areas of leader- ship training, skills training and programme planning. The Black Community Programmes has its head office in Durban and a Programme office in Johannesburg. Inquiries should be addressed to: The Director Black Community Programmes 86 Beatrice Street Phone: 67558 Durban. Page 6 of 207 BLACK REVIEW 1973 EDITOR MAFIKA PASCAL GWALA PUBLISHED BY BLACK COMMUNITY PROGRAMMES DURBAN 1974 Page 7 of 207 ISBN 086975 037 2 Printed by Zenith Printers (Pty.) Ltd., Diakonia House, 80 Jorissen Street, Braamfontein, Johannesburg. Page 8 of 207 CONTENTS Chapter Introduction Acknowledgements I Self-Help 1 2 Welfare 5 3 Health 11 4 Bantustans 16 5 South African Indian Council 33 6 Coloured Representative Council 39 7 Education for Blacks (Primary and Secondary) 51 8 Education for Blacks (Teacher Training, Vocational and Technical) 58 9 Youth and Student Organisations 62 10 Black Political Organisations 69 I I Political Trials and Detentions 78 12 Bannings 12 13 Arts and Entertainment 104 14 Sport 116 15 Black Workers 128 16 Black Community Programmes 164 17 Black Consciousness 169 18 Namibia 18, Page 9 of 207 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SPECIAL ACKNOWLEnaEMENT goes to the Board of Directors of Black Community Programmes from whom we have derived considerable assistance and encouragement. A further word of thanks goes to the Research Staff of Black Community Programmes whose tireless efforts in the collecting and collating of material helped in the bringing out of this book. Not to be forgotten are other persons who had a hand towards the compiling of this review. The co-operation of the staff of Ravan Press also deserves special thanks for their valuable work. Editor. Page 10 of 207 INTRODUCTION THIS IS the second Black Review. The first, Black Revi-, 1972, came out early last year. The original intention of publishing a Black Review was to lay as open as can be possible what the Black Community has achieved or failed to achieve, and what directions taken by the Blacks in this country have been outstanding in matters that affect their situation as Blacks; also their common or varied aspirations. What Black Review has succeeded in revealing, therefore, centres on how far the Black Community has been able to realise some of its goals. As the years go on, and events sometimes moving too fast for possible assessment of their causes, a record of the nature of Black Review becomes all the more necessary. Black RPVlPl1' has been used by public libraries, educational and research institutions, students of race relations, and individuals interested in Black Community Development. Another thing of worthy note is that this year's Black Review is being published by Black Community Programmes Publications, which in future is to take over the whole area of publication run by the Black Community Programmes. last year's editor was restricted by the Government and this made it difficult for him to participate in the compiling of this review. His much-needed assistance could not in this way be made available. However, we hope this edition does meet the high standards set by the Black "vie~r of 1972. Mafika Pascal Gwala, April 1974. Director, BC P Publications. Page 11 of 207 Chapter One SELF-HELP THE BLACK COMMUNITY is in a critical situation because of historical, economic, cultural and political conditions. Many groups have sprung up through the years in an effort by blacks to alleviate their position. Some of these groups have been initiated and patronised by white individuals and institutes. However, blacks have also initiated their own self-help projects within their community, particularly in the awakening reality of Black Consciousness. 1972 saw the springing u_p of associations such as Black Community Programmes, which played an important role in bringing together youth, religious, educational and cultural groups. This led to the creation of several associations which stood for the positive development of self- reliance in the black community. The Association of Self-Help (ASH) In June 1972 a training workshop was organised by the Community of St. Stephen (LOSS), which consists of members of St. Stephen's Church, at Merewent, Durban. The workshop was sponsored by the Black Community Programmes. It was agreed that conscientisation as a means of heightening the awareness of the black community included re-orientation and self-help as essentials of the affirmation of blackness. Self-help was described as a means of making people `develop a pride in themselves and their potential--to show the relationship of their environ- ment to themselves', so as to increase self-reliance and interdependency. In June 1973 the Association for Self-Help (ASH) was set up as a result of the workshop. Page 12 of 207 Its aims and objects are: to inculcate the principle of self-reliance; to encourage the community to work co-operatively to satisfy their wants and needs. ASH works in the communities to the south of Durban, with initial projects in the Merebank-Wentworth area. The following policy is extracted from ASH's Progress Report of December 1973: The Association for Self-Help believes that the problems prevailing in the black community, e.g. poverty, illiteracy, crime etc., militate against the true humanity of black people; that these social disorders are responsible for the dearth of a dynamic cultural expression in the black community; that these social conditions inculcated in the black community breed an attitude of complacency, suspicion and fear which work against the establishment of communal harmony; that the lack of communal harmony in the black community frustrates joint efforts to express and fulfil basic needs and aspirations; in order to fulfil these basic needs and aspirations, we therefore commit ourselves to inculcating, fostering, organising, directing and extending in the black community the principle of self-help, and to uniting the constitutents of the black community in their efforts and desire to be self-reliant. ASH is a private, non-political and non-profit agency. Before embarking on any projects, the ASH field workers conducted an economic survey of the sub-economic housing area of Merebank (the Old Marine Drive valley), which they had chosen as their starting point. They found that 60% of the families interviewed received a monthly income of below R60; the majority of these families consisted of 8 members or more; the income of the other 40% did not exceed R I 10 per month; in 80% of the families expenditure was twice the income; those families living in the transit camp (Minitown) revealed feelings of intense dissatisfaction with living conditions; 35% of the adults interviewed were illiterate; of a total of 150 children of school age, only 88 were going to school. The findings led ASH to establish a communal buying scheme in the area. Essential foods (rice, oil, sugar, etc.) are bought in bulk, and then distributed.