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Terminology Body Cavities: Dorsal Cavity Cranial Cavity Orbital Cavity Vertebral Nasal Cavity Cavity Oral Cavity Body Cavities: Ventral Cavity Pleural Cavity Mediastinum Thoracic Cavity Pericardial Cavity Diaphragm Diaphragm Abdominal Abdominal Cavity Cavity Pelvic Cavity Pelvic Cavity Body Membranes: Thoracic Cavity Pleural Cavity (space between membranes) Visceral Pleura (inner membrane Parietal Pleura (outer membrane Body Membranes: Thoracic Cavity Pericardial Cavity (space between membranes) Visceral Pericardium Parietal Pericardium (inner membrane) (outer membrane) Body Membranes: Abdominopelvic Cavity Visceral Peritoneum (inner membrane) Parietal Peritoneum (outer membrane) Abdominopelvic Cavity: Quadrants Right Upper Left Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Quadrant (LUQ) Right Lower Left Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Quadrant (LLQ) Abdominopelvic Cavity: Regions Right Left Epigastric Hypochondriac Hypochondriac Region Region Region Right Lumbar Left Lumbar Umbilical Region Region Region Hypogastric Right Iliac Region Left Iliac Region Region Organ Systems Esophagus Heart Stomach Large Intestine Small Intestine Arteries Veins Cardiovascular Digestive Organ Systems Skin Thyroid Gland Adrenal Glands Ovaries Testes Endocrine Integumentary Organ Systems Skeletal Tonsils Muscle Thymus Spleen Lymph Nodes Tendons Lymphatic Muscular Organ Systems Brain Uterus Spinal Cord Ovaries Testes Penis Nerves Nervous Reproductive Organ Systems Nasal Cavity Larynx Trachea Bones Lungs Cartilage Kidney Ureter Urinary Bladder Urethra Ligaments Respiratory Urinary Skeletal Body Planes Frontal (coronal) Transverse (horizontal) Parasagittal Plane Midsagittal Plane Body Sections Longitudinal Cross Section Oblique Section Section Otic Cephalic Frontal Occipital Nasal Ocular Oral Buccal Cervical Acromial Acromial Mental Axillary Sternal Vertebral Mammary Pectoral Brachial Brachial Dorsum Antecubital Umbilical Cubital Abdominal Inguinal Lumbar Sacral Antebrachial Coxal Gluteal Carpal Perineal Palmar Digital Femoral Genital Popliteal Patellar Sural Crural Tarsal Pedal Plantar Body Eyepiece Arm Nosepiece Objective Lens (high) Objective Lens (low) Mechanical Stage Objective Lens (scan) Stage Coarse Adjustment Knob Substage Disc Substage Lamp Fine Adjustment Knob Base .

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1.6 Organization Within the Human Body ___/202 Points
Name _______________________________________________________________ Date ______________ Lab _____ Pd _____ Unit 1 Chapter Levels of Organization within the Human Body ____/202 points organization 1.6 SECTION OBJECTIVES • Describe the locations of the major body cavities • List the organs located in each major body cavity • Name the membranes associated with the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities • Name the major organ systems, and list the organs associated with each • Describe the general functions of each organ system Lecture Notes (57) The human body is divided into two main sections: _________ – head, neck, and trunk and _______________ – upper and lower limbs The human body is also divided into three categories: body ___________, layers of ___________________ within these cavities, and a variety of _________ _____________ Axial Portion: Contains the _________ cavity, _________________ canal, _______________ cavity, and ______________________ cavity. The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities separated by the _______________. The organs within the cavity are called _______. ______________ cavity: _________________: stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, and kidneys. ______________: bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs The _________________________ separates the thoracic cavity into right and left compartments Cranial cavities include the ______, _________, ___________, and middle ______ Membranes: a. _________________ –membranes attached to the wall or lines the cavity (pariet = wall) b. _______________ - membrane that covers organ
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The Digestive System
69 chapter four THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The digestive system is structurally divided into two main parts: a long, winding tube that carries food through its length, and a series of supportive organs outside of the tube. The long tube is called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The GI tract extends from the mouth to the anus, and consists of the mouth, or oral cavity, the pharynx, the esophagus, the stomach, the small intestine, and the large intes- tine. It is here that the functions of mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption of nutrients and water, and release of solid waste material take place. The supportive organs that lie outside the GI tract are known as accessory organs, and include the teeth, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Because most organs of the digestive system lie within body cavities, you will perform a dissection procedure that exposes the cavities before you begin identifying individual organs. You will also observe the cavities and their associated membranes before proceeding with your study of the digestive system. EXPOSING THE BODY CAVITIES should feel like the wall of a stretched balloon. With your skinned cat on its dorsal side, examine the cutting lines shown in Figure 4.1 and plan 2. Extend the cut laterally in both direc- out your dissection. Note that the numbers tions, roughly 4 inches, still working with indicate the sequence of the cutting procedure. your scissors. Cut in a curved pattern as Palpate the long, bony sternum and the softer, shown in Figure 4.1, which follows the cartilaginous xiphoid process to find the ventral contour of the diaphragm.
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ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY and PERITONEUM Dr
ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY AND PERITONEUM Dr. Milton M. Sholley SUGGESTED READING: Essential Clinical Anatomy 3 rd ed. (ECA): pp. 118 and 135141 Grant's Atlas Figures listed at the end of this syllabus. OBJECTIVES:Today's lectures are designed to explain the orientation of the abdominopelvic viscera, the peritoneal cavity, and the mesenteries. LECTURE OUTLINE PART 1 I. The abdominopelvic cavity contains the organs of the digestive system, except for the oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, and thoracic portion of the esophagus. It also contains major systemic blood vessels (aorta and inferior vena cava), parts of the urinary system, and parts of the reproductive system. A. The space within the abdominopelvic cavity is divided into two contiguous portions: 1. Abdominal portion that portion between the thoracic diaphragm and the pelvic brim a. The lower part of the abdominal portion is also known as the false pelvis, which is the part of the pelvis between the two iliac wings and above the pelvic brim. Sagittal section drawing Frontal section drawing 2. Pelvic portion that portion between the pelvic brim and the pelvic diaphragm a. The pelvic portion of the abdominopelvic cavity is also known as the true pelvis. B. Walls of the abdominopelvic cavity include: 1. The thoracic diaphragm (or just “diaphragm”) located superiorly and posterosuperiorly (recall the domeshape of the diaphragm) 2. The lower ribs located anterolaterally and posterolaterally 3. The posterior abdominal wall located posteriorly below the ribs and above the false pelvis and formed by the lumbar vertebrae along the posterior midline and by the quadratus lumborum and psoas major muscles on either side 4.
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ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY and PERITONEUM
Gross Anatomy of the ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY and PERITONEUM M1 Gross and Developmental Anatomy 8:00 AM, November 12, 2008 Dr. Milton M. Sholley Professor of Anatomy and Neurobiology Lymphatic vessels of the testis drain up to lumbar lymph nodes. That is, lymph from the testis drains retrogradely along the pathway of the descent of the testis. Lymphatic vessels of the scrotum drain to the superficial inguinal lymph nodes (just like the rest of the skin of the lower abdomen, thigh, and genitalia). 2 Inferior epigastric vessels Median umbilical fold Medial umbilical fold Obliterated umbilical artery Lateral umbilical fold 3 2 1. Supravesical fossa 1 2. Medial inguinal fossa 3. Lateral inguinal fossa Urachus Posterior view 3 Four abdominal wall flaps will be created by making one vertical cut and one horizontal cut. Position the cuts so that the umbilicus stays with the lower left or the lower right flap. 4 5 Posterior view Grant’s Atlas, 12th ed. Fig. 2.18, p. 1196 Grant’s Atlas, 12th ed. Fig. 2.35D, p. 1367 Grant’s Atlas, 12th ed. Fig. 2.36B, p. 1378 The abdominal and pelvic cavities are continuous. i.e. There is an abdominopelvic cavity. (Sagittal section drawing) 9 (Frontal section drawing) Anterosuperior view Grant’s Atlas, 11th ed. p. 191 P S P False (greater) pelvis is above line PS P True (lesser) pelvis is below line PS P=Promontory of sacrum S=Symphysis of pubis S S Line PS=congugate diameter (Sagittal section drawing) (Sagittal section drawing)10 • The abdominopelvic cavity is lined with parietal peritoneum.
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Abdomen Abdomen
Abdomen Abdomen The abdomen is the part of the trunk between the thorax and the pelvis. It is a flexible, dynamic container, housing most of the organs of the alimentary system and part of the urogenital system. The abdomen consists of: • abdominal walls • abdominal cavity • abdominal viscera ABDOMINAL WALL Boundaries: • Superior : - xiphoid proc. - costal arch - XII rib • Inferior : - pubic symphysis - inguinal groove - iliac crest • Lateral: - posterior axillary line ABDOMINAL WALL The regional system divides the abdomen based on: • the subcostal plane – linea bicostalis: between Х-th ribs • the transtubercular plane – linea bispinalis: between ASIS. Epigastrium Mesogastrium Hypogastrium ABDOMINAL WALL The right and left midclavicular lines subdivide it into: Epigastrium: • Epigastric region • Right hypochondric region • Left hypochondric region Mesogastrium: • Umbilical region • Regio lateralis dex. • Regio lateralis sin. Hypogastrium: • Pubic region • Right inguinal region • Left inguinal region Organization of the layers Skin Subcutaneous tissue superficial fatty layer - Camper's fascia deep membranous layer - Scarpa's fascia Muscles Transversalis fascia Extraperitoneal fat Parietal peritoneum Organization of the layers Skin Subcutaneous tissue superficial fatty layer - Camper's fascia deep membranous layer - Scarpa's fascia Muscles Transversalis fascia Extraperitoneal fat Parietal peritoneum Superficial structures Arteries: • Superficial epigastric a. • Superficial circumflex iliac a. • External pudendal a. Superficial structures Veins: In the upper abdomen: - Thoracoepigastric v. In the lower abdomen: - Superficial epigastric v. - Superficial circumflex iliac v. - External pudendal v. Around the umbilicus: - Parumbilical veins • Deep veins: - Intercostal vv. - Superior epigastric v. - Inferior epigastric v. Superficial structures Veins: In the upper abdomen: - Thoracoepigastric v. In the lower abdomen: - Superficial epigastric v. - Superficial circumflex iliac v. - External pudendal v.
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Autonomic Nervous System
17 The Nervous System: Autonomic Nervous System PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College Lincoln, Nebraska © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction • The autonomic nervous system functions outside of our conscious awareness • The autonomic nervous system makes routine adjustments in our body’s systems • The autonomic nervous system: • Regulates body temperature • Coordinates cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory, and reproductive functions © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. A Comparison of the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems • Autonomic nervous system • Axons innervate the visceral organs • Has afferent and efferent neurons • Afferent pathways originate in the visceral receptors • Somatic nervous system • Axons innervate the skeletal muscles • Has afferent and efferent neurons • Afferent pathways originate in the skeletal muscles ANIMATION The Organization of the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Subdivisions of the ANS • The autonomic nervous system consists of two major subdivisions • Sympathetic division • Also called the thoracolumbar division • Known as the “fight or flight” system • Parasympathetic division • Also called the craniosacral division • Known as the “rest and repose” system © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.1b Components and Anatomic Subdivisions of the ANS (Part 1 of 2) AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM THORACOLUMBAR DIVISION CRANIOSACRAL DIVISION (sympathetic (parasympathetic division of ANS) division of ANS) Cranial nerves (N III, N VII, N IX, and N X) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T Thoracic 6 nerves T7 T8 Anatomical subdivisions. At the thoracic and lumbar levels, the visceral efferent fibers that emerge form the sympathetic division, detailed in Figure 17.4. At the cranial and sacral levels, the visceral efferent fibers from the CNS form the parasympathetic division, detailed in Figure 17.8.
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The Digestive System
The Digestive System We need food for cellular utilization: nutrients as building blocks for synthesis sugars, etc to break down for energy most food that we eat cannot be directly used by the body too large and complex to be absorbed chemical composition must be modified to be useable by cells Functions of Digestive System: 1. physical and chemical digestion 2. absorption 3. collect & eliminate nonuseable components Anatomy of Digestive System organs of digestive system form essentially: a long continuous tube open at both ends alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract) mouthpharynxesophagusstomachsmall intestinelarge intestine attached to this tube are assorted accessory organs and structures that aid in the digestive processes salivary glands teeth liver gall bladder pancreas mesenteries The GI tract (digestive system) is located mainly in abdominopelvic cavity surrounded by serous membrane = visceral peritoneum this serous membrane is continuous with parietal peritoneum and extends between digestive organs as mesenteries hold organs in place, prevent tangling Intro to A & P: Digestive Anatomy; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2005 1 The wall of the alimentary canal consists of 4 layers: outer serosa: visceral peritoneum, mainly fibrous and areolar CT muscularis several layers of smooth muscle submucosa blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, connective tissue inner mucosa: mucous membrane lining these layers are modified within various organs some have muscle layers well developed some with mucous lining modified for secretion of digestive
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Body Cavities and Abdominal Regions Body Cavities
Body cavities and abdominal regions Body Cavities Are openings within the torso which contain organs, protect delicate organs from accidental shocks and bumps, and permit the expansion and contraction of organs without disrupting the activities of other organs. Dorsal Cavity Located on the posterior/dorsal surface of the body and surrounds the brain and spinal cord Two components: • Cranial Cavity – created by the bones of the skull to protect the brain • Spinal (Vertebral) Cavity – Formed by the vertebrae of the spine and surrounds the spinal cord Ventral Cavity Located on the anterior/ventral surface of the body which contains the chest and abdomen Two Components: • Thoracic Cavity • Abdominopelvic Cavity Thoracic Cavity The portion of the ventral cavity superior to the diaphragm. It contains: • Pleural Cavities – The spaces surrounding each lung • Mediastinum – A middle tissue mass diving the lungs into two cavities – Includes the pericardial cavity, esophagus, trachea, and large blood vessels. • Pericardial Cavity – Space in which the heart is located Abdominopelvic Cavity The portion of the ventral cavity inferior to the diaphragm. It contains: • Abdominal Cavity – Superior: from the diaphragm to the top of the pelvic girdle – Contains organs including the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine and most of the large intestine. • Pelvic Cavity – Inferior: surrounded by the pelvic bones – Contains urinary bladder, appendix, part of the large intestine, and the reproductive organs. Abdominal Regions The
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The Nervous System the Nervous System
Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th Edition Martini / Bartholomew The Nervous System PowerPoint® Lecture Outlines prepared by Alan Magid, Duke University Slides 1 to 145 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nervous System Two Organ Systems Control All the Other Organ Systems • Nervous system characteristics • Rapid response • Brief duration • Endocrine system characteristics • Slower response • Long duration Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nervous System Two Anatomical Divisions • Central nervous system (CNS) •Brain • Spinal cord • Peripheral nervous system (PNS) • All the neural tissue outside CNS • Afferent division (sensory input) • Efferent division (motor output) • Somatic nervous system • Autonomic nervous system Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Information Processing PERIPHERAL Sensory information Motor commands NERVOUS SYSTEM within within afferent division efferent division includes Somatic Autonomic nervous nervous system system Parasympathetic Sympathetic division division Receptors Effectors Smooth muscle Somatic sensory Visceral sensory Skeletal Cardiac receptors (monitor receptors (monitor muscle the outside world internal conditions muscle and our position and the status Glands in it) of other organ systems) Adipose tissue Figure 8-1 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1 of 7 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Receptors Somatic sensory Visceral
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Planes, Regions, and Quadrants
Planes, Regions, and Quadrants •Anatomy – Shape and structures of an organism’s body and the relationship of one body part to another •Physiology – Function of each body part and how the functions of the various body parts coordinate to form a complete living organism In Anatomical Position, the body is assumed to be standing, the feet together, the arms to the side, and the head and eyes and palms of the hands facing forwards. Anterior or ventral – Front or in front of Posterior or dorsal – Back or in back of Cranial and caudal – Refer to direction of either toward the “head end” or “tail end” Superior and inferior – Above or below another Medial and lateral – Toward the midline or away from the midline Proximal and distal – Toward or away from the point of attachment or origin Superficial or external – On or near the surface or deep (internal) Sagittal plane – Right and left parts Midsagittal plane – Equal right and left parts Coronal (frontal) plane – Vertical at right angles to the sagittal plane Transverse or cross section – Horizontal; divides body into upper and lower parts Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) - One of the four quadrants that the abdominopelvic area can be divided into. Located in the left upper portion of the abdomen it includes a view of the stomach, spleen, the left kidney, and parts of the duodenum, pancreas, left ureter, small intestine, and transverse and decending colon. Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) - One of the four quadrants that the abdominopelvic area can be divided into. Located in the left lower portion of the abdominopelvic area and provides partial views of the small intestine, descending and sigmoid colon, rectum, left ureter, and urinary bladder.
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The Autonomic Nervous System
14 The Autonomic Nervous System Lecture Presentation by Lori Garrett © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Note to the Instructor: For the third edition of Visual Anatomy & Physiology, we have updated our PowerPoints to fully integrate text and art. The pedagogy now more closely matches that of the textbook. The goal of this revised formatting is to help your students learn from the art more effectively. However, you will notice that the labels on the embedded PowerPoint art are not editable. You can easily import editable art by doing the following: Copying slides from one slide set into another You can easily copy the Label Edit art into the Lecture Presentations by using either the PowerPoint Slide Finder dialog box or Slide Sorter view. Using the Slide Finder dialog box allows you to explicitly retain the source formatting of the slides you insert. Using the Slide Finder dialog box in PowerPoint: 1. Open the original slide set in PowerPoint. 2. On the Slides tab in Normal view, click the slide thumbnail that you want the copied slides to follow. 3. On the toolbar at the top of the window, click the drop down arrow on the New Slide tab. Select Reuse Slides. 4. Click Browse to look for the file; in the Browse dialog box, select the file, and then click Open. 5. If you want the new slides to keep their current formatting, in the Slide Finder dialog box, select the Keep source formatting checkbox. When this checkbox is cleared, the copied slides assume the formatting of the slide they are inserted after.
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The Pelvis Walls and Viscera Lab 10 November 24, 2021 - Dr
The Pelvis Walls and Viscera Lab 10 November 24, 2021 - Dr. Krebs ([email protected]) Objectives: • Describe the orientation and location of the skeletal and muscular elements of the pelvis on a full skeleton • Describe the main blood supply to the pelvic viscera • Describe the pelvic viscera and their peritoneal covering in both the male and female Use the modules and 3D models to help identify checklist structures: Bones: Coccyx Sacrum Ala Facet for sacroiliac joint Hip (pelvic) bone Ischiopubic (pubic) arch Obturator foramen Ilium: Anterior view of android pelvis - Anterior superior iliac spine - Crest Ischium: - Spine - Tuberosity Be able to define: Pubis: • Greater sciatic foramen - Tubercle • Lesser sciatic foramen - Crest - Pubic symphysis • Obturator canal Muscles: Ligaments: Obturator internus Sacrospinous Piriformis Sacrotuberous Levator ani Lateral view of pelvis Design & Artwork: The HIVE (hive.med.ubc.ca) 75 The Pelvis Walls and Viscera Lab 10 November 24, 2021 - Dr. Krebs ([email protected]) Gynecoid pelvis Android pelvis Feature GYNECOID ANDROID Pelvic inlet shape Circular Heart-shaped Angle of pubic arch Greater angle Smaller angle Size of ischial spine Less prominent More prominent Anterior View of Female Reproductive Organs Design & Artwork: The HIVE (hive.med.ubc.ca) 76 The Pelvis Walls and Viscera Lab 10 November 24, 2021 - Dr. Krebs ([email protected]) Peritoneum with Uterus: Rectouterine pouch Broad ligament - Mesosalpinx - Mesovarium - Mesometrium Peritoneum with Prostate: Rectovesical pouch Broad Ligament (Henry Gray, Anatomy of the Human Body, 1918) Female Pelvic Cavity (B. Kathleen Alsup & Glenn M. Fox, University of Michigan Medical School, BlueLink) Design & Artwork: The HIVE (hive.med.ubc.ca) 77 The Pelvis Walls and Viscera Lab 10 November 24, 2021 - Dr.
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