Atlas a Lecture Outline

Atlas A Lecture Outline

A-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Atlas A (Orientation to Anatomy)

Thyroid cartilage of larynx Brachio- cephalic v. Thyroid gland Subclavian v. Subclavian a. Brachial nerve plexus • Anatomical position Aortic arch Superior vena cava Axillary v. Coraco- Axillary a. brachialis m. Cephalic v. • Anatomical planes Brachial v. Humerus Brachial a. Heart • Directional terms Lobes of lung

Spleen • Body regions Stomach Large intestine • Body cavities and membranes Small intestine Cecum Appendix

Tensor fasciae latae m. • Organ systems Penis (cut) Pectineus m. Ductus deferens • Visual survey of the body Adductor longus m. Epididymis Testis Gracilis m. Scrotum Adductor magnus m.

Rectus femoris m.

Figure A.14 A-2 Anatomical Position Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Person stands erect • Feet flat on floor • Arms at sides • Palms, face & eyes facing forward

• Standard frame of reference for anatomical descriptions & dissection

• When supinated – palms face forward or upward – radius & ulna are parallel • When pronated – palms face rearward or downward – radius & ulna are crossed

Figure A.2 A-4 Anatomical Planes and Sections

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Section implies actual cut or slice to reveal internal anatomy Frontal plane • Plane implies an imaginary flat Transverse surface passing through the body plane – Sagittal plane divides body into right and left regions • median (midsagittal) plane divides body or organ into equal halves Sagittal – Frontal (coronal) plane divides body plane into anterior (front) & posterior (back) portions – Transverse (horizontal) plane divides the body into superior (upper) & inferior © McGraw-Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer (lower) portions Figure A.3 A-5 Anatomical Sections Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(a) Sagittal section (b) Frontal section

Figure A.4 A-6 Directional Terms

Ventral / Dorsal Anterior /Posterior Superior / Inferior Proximal / Distal Medial / Lateral Superficial / Deep Cephalic Rostral Caudal • Intermediate directions - often given as combinations of these terms (ex. dorsolateral) • Different meanings for humans and four-legged animals – anterior = ventral surface of human – front of chest & abdomen – anterior (cranial) in a four-legged animal is head end

– posterior = dorsal surface of human – last in locomotion – back side – posterior (caudal) in a four-legged animal is tail end A-7 Body Regions • Axial region = head, neck, & trunk – thoracic region = trunk above diaphragm – abdominal region = trunk below diaphragm • divided into quadrants • divided into nine regions by tic-tac-toe grid

• Appendicular region = upper & lower limbs – upper limb • arm (brachial region), forearm (antebrachial region), wrist (carpal region), hand (manual region), fingers (digits) – lower limb • thigh (femoral region), leg (crural region), ankle (tarsal region), foot (pedal region), toes (digits)

A-8 Abdominal Quadrants and Regions

Quadrants Regions

Hypochondriac Epigastric Right Left region region upper upper Subcostal line quadrant quadrant

Lumbar Umbilical region region Left Right Intertubercular lower lower line quadrant quadrant Hypogastric Inguinal region region Midclavicular line

(a) (c)

Figure A.6 A-9 Anatomical Terminology (ventral)

Cephalic r. (head)

Facial r. (face)

Cervical r. (neck) Upper limb: Acromial r. Thoracic r. (chest): (shoulder) Sternal r. Axillary r. (armpit) Pectoral r. Brachial r. (arm)

Cubital r. (elbow) Umbilical r.

Antebrachial r. Abdominal r. (forearm) Inguinal r. (groin) Carpal r. (wrist) Pubic r.: Mons pubis Palmar r. (palm) External genitalia: Penis Lower limb: Scrotum Coxal r. (hip) Testes

Patellar r. (knee) Lower limb: Femoral r. (thigh)

Crural r. (leg) Tarsal r. (ankle) Pedal r. (foot): Dorsum Plantar surface (sole) (a) Anterior (ventral) (b) Anterior (ventral) © McGraw-Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer

Cranial r.

Nuchal r. (back of neck)

Interscapular r. Scapular r.

Vertebral r.

Lumbar r. Sacral r.

Gluteal r. (buttock) Dorsum of hand Perineal r. Femoral r. Popliteal r.

Crural r.

Tarsal r. Calcaneal r. (heel) (c) Posterior (dorsal) (d) Posterior (dorsal) © McGraw-Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer

Cranial cavity • Major body cavities

Vertebral canal – cranial cavity – vertebral canal Thoracic cavity • meninges Diaphragm – thoracic cavity

Abdominal cavity – abdominopelvic cavity • abdominal cavity • pelvic cavity Pelvic cavity • Lined by serous membranes

Cranial cavity

Vertebral canal – cranial cavity • contains brain Thoracic cavity • lined with meninges

Diaphragm – vertebral canal

Abdominal cavity • contains the spinal cord • lined with meninges

Pelvic cavity

(a) Left lateral view Figure A.7 A-13 Thoracic Cavity

Thoracic cavity: • Pericardium – around heart Pleural cavity – visceral pericardium Mediastinum Pericardial cavity – parietal pericardium Diaphragm – pericardial cavity Abdominopelvic cavity: – pericardial fluid Abdominal cavity

• Pleura – around lungs Pelvic cavity – visceral pleura – parietal pleura

Parietal pericardium Pericardial cavity Visceral pericardium

Heart Diaphragm

(a) Pericardium Figure A.8a A-15 Pleural Membranes

Parietal pleura Pleural cavity Visceral pleura

Lung

Diaphragm

(b) Pleurae Figure A.8b A-16 Abdominopelvic Cavity

Thoracic cavity:

Pleural cavity Mediastinum

Pericardial cavity

Diaphragm

Abdominopelvic cavity:

Abdominal cavity

Pelvic cavity

Figure A.7

(b) Anterior view • Pelvic brim separates abdominal & pelvic cavities – abdominal cavity contains most digestive organs, kidneys & ureters – pelvic cavity contains rectum, urinary bladder, urethra & reproductive organs

• Peritoneum - Serous Membranes of Abdominopelvic cavity – visceral peritoneum - peritoneal cavity – parietal peritoneum - peritoneal fluid A-17 Retroperitoneal Organs

Back muscles 2nd lumbar vertebra

Kidney Spinal cord Liver Renal vein and artery Fat Inferior vena cava Dorsal mesentery Aorta Parietal peritoneum Intestine Visceral peritoneum (serosa) Peritoneal cavity Omentum or other ventral mesentery Anterior

Kidneys, Ureters, Adrenal Glands, most of Pancreas, Abdominal portions of Aorta and Inferior Vena Cava Figure A.9 A-18 Intraperitoneal Organs

organs encircled by peritoneum and connected to posterior body wall by peritoneal sheets • dorsal mesentery – suspends intestines from posterior abdominal wall

– mesocolon – dorsal mesentery of large intestine • ventral mesentery – suspends viscera from anterior abdominal wall – greater omentum – inferolateral border of stomach – overlies intestines - ‘fatty apron’ – lesser omentum – superomedial border of stomach to liver

• serosa – outer layer of an organ formed when the visceral peritoneum divides and wraps around the organ A-19 Membranes of Abdominal Cavity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Diaphragm

Liver Lesser Serosae omentum Stomach Pancreas Greater omentum Duodenum Large intestine Dorsal mesentery Small intestine Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum Peritoneal cavity

Urinary bladder Rectum

A.10 Figure A-20 Potential Spaces

• Found between two membranes normally pressed firmly together – not physically attached, may separate, and fill with fluid in unusual situations

• Examples – pleural cavity • air or fluid can accumulate between parietal and visceral pleura forming a space – uterus • in a nonpregnant uterus, mucous membranes of walls are in contact A-21 11 Organ Systems • Protection, Support, and Movement – Integumentary System – Skeletal System – Muscular System • Internal Communications & Integration – Nervous System – Endocrine System • Fluid Transport – Circulatory System – Lymphatic System • Defense – Immune (Lymphatic System) • Input and Output – Respiratory System – Urinary System – Digestive System • Reproduction – Reproductive System A-22 Organ Systems (1)

Principal organs: Principal organs: Principal organs: Principal organs: Skeletal muscles Skin, hair , nails, Bones, cartilages, Lymph nodes, cutaneous glands ligaments lymphatic vessels, Principal functions: thymus, spleen, tonsils Principal functions: Principal functions: Movement, stability , Support, movement, Protection, water retention, communication, control protective enclosure of Principal functions: thermoregulation, vitamin of body openings, heat viscera, blood formation, Recovery of excess D synthesis, cutaneous production electrolyte and acid–base tissue fluid, detection of sensation, nonverbal balance pathogens, production communication of immune cells, defense against disease

Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system Lymphatic system

Figure A.11 A-23 Organ Systems (2)

Principal organs: Principal organs: Principal organs: Principal organs: Nose, pharynx, larynx, Kidneys, ureters, urinary Brain, spinal cord, nerves, Pituitary gland, trachea, bronchi, lungs bladder , urethra ganglia pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, Principal functions: adrenal glands, pancreas, Principal functions: Principal functions: Rapid internal testes, ovaries Absorption of oxygen, Elimination of wastes; communication, discharge of carbon regulation of blood coordination, dioxide, acid–base volume and pressure; Principal functions: motor control balance, speech stimulation of red blood Hormone production ; and sensation cell formation; control internal chemical of fluid, electrolyte, communication and and acid-base balance; coordination detoxification

Respiratory system Urinary system Nervous system Endocrine system

Figure A.11 A-24 Organ Systems (3)

Principal organs: Principal organs: Teeth, tongue, salivary Principal organs: Principal organs: Ovaries, uterine tubes, glands, esophagus, Testes, epididymides, Heart, blood vessels uterus, vagina, mammary stomach, small and large spermatic ducts, seminal glands intestines, liver, gallbladder, vesicles, prostate gland, Principal functions: pancreas bulbourethral glands, Distribution of nutrients, penis oxygen, wastes, Principal functions: Principal functions: hormones, electrolytes, Nutrient breakdown and Production of eggs; site heat, immune cells, absorption. Liver functions Principal functions: of fertilization and fetal and antibodies; include metabolism of Production and delivery development; fetal fluid, electrolyte, and carbohydrates, lipids, of sperm; secretion of nourishment; birth; acid-base balance proteins, vitamins, and sex hormones lactation; secretion of minerals; synthesis of sex hormones( plasma proteins; disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones; and cleansing of blood.

Circulatory system Digestive system Male reproductive system Female reproductive system

Figure A.11 A-25 Superficial Anatomy (female)

Platysma Trapezius m. Clavicle

Deltoid m. Pectoralis major m.

Cephalic v. Breast

Biceps brachii m.

Sheath of rectus External abdominal abdominis m. oblique m. Umbilicus

Anterior superior spine of ilium Inguinal ligament Tensor fasciae latae m. Mons pubis Sartorius m.

Femoral vein Adductor longus m.

Great saphenous vein Gracilis m. Vastus lateralis m. Rectus femoris m. Figure A.12 A-26 Visceral Anatomy (male) 1

Internal jugular v. External jugular v. Common Omohyoid m. carotid a. Clavicle Internal Sternum intercostal mm. Sub- scapularis m. External Coraco- intercostal mm. brachialis m. Lung Costal Pericardium cartilages Pleura Diaphragm Liver Stomach Gallbladder External abdominal oblique m. Internal abdominal oblique m. Transverse abdominal m. Large Greater omentum intestine

Urinary bladder

Penis Femoral n. Femoral a. Scrotum Femoral v.

Figure A.13 A-27 Visceral Anatomy (male) 2

Thyroid cartilage of larynx Brachio- cephalic v. Thyroid gland Subclavian v. Subclavian a. Brachial nerve plexus Aortic arch Superior vena cava Axillary v. Coraco- Axillary a. brachialis m. Cephalic v. Humerus Brachial v. Brachial a. Heart Lobes of lung

Spleen Stomach Large intestine

Small intestine Cecum Appendix Tensor fasciae latae m. Penis (cut) Pectineus m. Ductus deferens Adductor longus m. Epididymis Testis Gracilis m. Scrotum Adductor magnus m. A-28 Rectus femoris m. Figure A.14 Retroperitoneal Anatomy (female) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Trachea

Superior vena cava

Bronchus Lung Esophagus (sectioned) Thoracic aorta Pleural cavity

Hepatic vv. Spleen Inferior vena cava Splenic a. Adrenal gland Pancreas Duodenum Kidney Superior mesenteric v . Superior mesenteric a.

Abdominal aorta Inferior mesenteric a.

Common iliac a. Ureter Ovary Tensor fasciae Uterine tube latae m. (cut) Uterus Sartorius m. (cut) Urinary bladder Rectus Pectineus m. femoris m. (cut) Gracilis m. Adductor brevis m. Vastus intermedius m. Figure A.15 Adductor longus m. Adductor longus m. (cut) Vastus lateralis m. A-29 Vastus medialis m. Dorsal Body Wall (female) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Right common carotid a. Left common carotid a. Right subclavian a. Left subclavian a. Brachiocephalic trunk

External intercostal m. Ribs Thoracic aorta Internal Esophagus intercostal m. Diaphragm

Abdominal aorta

Intervertebral disc Quadratus Lumbar vertebra lumborum m.

Iliac crest Psoas major m. Ilium Iliacus m. Sacrum Anterior superior Gluteus medius m. spine of ilium Brim of pelvis Rectum Vagina Urethra Adductor magnus m. Femur Adductor brevis m. Gracilis m.

Adductor longus m. Figure A.16 A-30 Median Section of the Head

Scalp

Cranium Cerebrum

Frontal sinus

Nasal cavity Brainstem

Cerebellum Palate Oral cavity

Foramen magnum Tongue of skull

Spinal cord Epiglottis Pharynx

Vertebral column

Vocal cord Larynx

Trachea Intervertebral discs

Esophagus Figure A.17 A-31 © McGraw-Hill Companies/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections Dissection of Thoracic Cavity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Internal jugular v.

Subclavian v. Nerves

Lungs

Ribs

Heart

Diaphragm

Figure A.18

Pericardial cavity Right lung Esophagus Atria of heart Aorta

Left lung Vertebra Spinal cord Pleural cavity

Figure A.19 A-33 Dissection of Abdomen

Lung

Diaphragm

Transverse colon Gallbladder

Small intestine

Mesenteric arteries and veins Figure A.20 Mesentery Descending colon Cecum

Sigmoid colon

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Duodenum Anterior Subcutaneous fat Stomach Rectus Large abdominis m. intestine Superior mesenteric artery and vein Pancreas Inferior vena cava

Kidney Liver Peritoneal cavity

Perirenal Peritoneum fat of kidney Aorta Erector Vertebra spinae m. Posterior Spinal cord © McGraw-Hill Companies/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections

Urinary bladder

Pubic symphysis Sigmoid colon

Seminal vesicle

Prostate gland

Penis: Root Bulb Rectum

Shaft: Anal canal Corpus cavernosum Anus

Corpus spongiosum Epididymis

Scrotum Glans Testis

Figure A.22 (a) Male A-36 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer Median Section of Female Pelvic Region Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Vertebra

Red bone marrow Mesentery Intervertebral disc Small intestine Sacrum

Sigmoid colon

Uterus

Cervix

Urinary bladder

Pubic symphysis Urethra Rectum Vagina

Labium minus Anal canal Prepuce Anus Labium majus