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Autonomic Nervous System 17 The Nervous System: Autonomic Nervous System PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College Lincoln, Nebraska © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction • The autonomic nervous system functions outside of our conscious awareness • The autonomic nervous system makes routine adjustments in our body’s systems • The autonomic nervous system: • Regulates body temperature • Coordinates cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory, and reproductive functions © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. A Comparison of the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems • Autonomic nervous system • Axons innervate the visceral organs • Has afferent and efferent neurons • Afferent pathways originate in the visceral receptors • Somatic nervous system • Axons innervate the skeletal muscles • Has afferent and efferent neurons • Afferent pathways originate in the skeletal muscles ANIMATION The Organization of the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Subdivisions of the ANS • The autonomic nervous system consists of two major subdivisions • Sympathetic division • Also called the thoracolumbar division • Known as the “fight or flight” system • Parasympathetic division • Also called the craniosacral division • Known as the “rest and repose” system © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.1b Components and Anatomic Subdivisions of the ANS (Part 1 of 2) AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM THORACOLUMBAR DIVISION CRANIOSACRAL DIVISION (sympathetic (parasympathetic division of ANS) division of ANS) Cranial nerves (N III, N VII, N IX, and N X) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T Thoracic 6 nerves T7 T8 Anatomical subdivisions. At the thoracic and lumbar levels, the visceral efferent fibers that emerge form the sympathetic division, detailed in Figure 17.4. At the cranial and sacral levels, the visceral efferent fibers from the CNS form the parasympathetic division, detailed in Figure 17.8. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.1b Components and Anatomic Subdivisions of the ANS (Part 2 of 2) T9 T Thoracic 10 nerves T11 T12 L1 Lumbar nerves (L1, L2 only) L2 L3 L4 L5 S1 S2 Sacral nerves S3 (S2, S3, S4 only) S4 S5 Anatomical subdivisions. At the thoracic and lumbar levels, the visceral efferent fibers that emerge form the sympathetic division, detailed in Figure 17.4. At the cranial and sacral levels, the visceral efferent fibers from the CNS form the parasympathetic division, detailed in Figure 17.8. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Subdivisions of the ANS • Sympathetic division • Thoracic and upper lumbar nerves synapse in ganglia near the spinal cord • Sympathetic activation results in: • Increased metabolism and alertness • Parasympathetic division • Synapses are located near the target organ • Parasympathetic activation results in: • Energy conservation © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Subdivisions of the ANS • Sympathetic division • All preganglionic fibers release acetylcholine. The effects are stimulatory. • Most postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine.The effects are stimulatory. • Parasympathetic division • All preganglionic fibers release acetylcholine. The effects are stimulatory. • Postganglionic fibers release acetylcholine but the effects can be inhibitory. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.1a Components and Anatomic Subdivisions of the ANS AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Consists of 2 divisions SYMPATHETIC PARASYMPATHETIC (thoracolumbar) (craniosacral) DIVISION DIVISION Preganglionic Preganglionic neurons in brain neurons in stem and in lateral lateral gray horns of portion of anterior spinal segments T1–L2 gray horns of S2–S4 Send preganglionic fibers to Ganglia near Ganglia in or spinal cord near target organs Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers release ACh (excitatory), release ACh (excitatory), stimulating stimulating ganglionic neurons ganglionic neurons Which send postganglionic fibers to Target organs Target organs Most postganglionic All postganglionic fibers fibers release NE at release ACh at neuroeffector junctions neuroeffector junctions “Fight or flight” “Rest and repose” response response Functional components of the ANS © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Sympathetic Division • Sympathetic division consists of: • Preganglionic neurons between T1 and L2 • Two types of ganglionic neurons near the vertebral columns: sympathetic chain ganglia (lateral to the vertebral column) and collateral ganglia (anterior to the vertebral column) • Specialized neurons in the interior of the suprarenal gland © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Sympathetic Division • Sympathetic division • Preganglionic neurons • Cell bodies are in the lateral gray horns • Axons enter the ventral roots • Sympathetic chain ganglia (paravertebral ganglia) • Control effectors in the body wall, head, neck, limbs, and thoracic cavity © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Sympathetic Division •Sympathetic division • Collateral ganglia (prevertebral ganglia) • Neurons innervate effectors in the abdominopelvic cavity • Specialized neurons • Modified sympathetic ganglion in the suprarenal gland • Neurons release neurotransmitters that act like hormones © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.2 Organization of the Sympathetic Division of the ANS Sympathetic Division of ANS Innervation by postganglionic fibers Ganglionic Neurons Target Organs Preganglionic Visceral effectors Neurons Sympathetic in thoracic cavity, chain ganglia head, body wall, (paired) and limbs Lateral gray horns of spinal Collateral Visceral effectors segments ganglia in abdominopelvic (unpaired) T1–L2 cavity Suprarenal medullae Organs and systems (paired) throughout body KEY Preganglionic fibers Through release of hormones into Postganglionic fibers the circulation Hormones released into circulation © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Sympathetic Division • Sympathetic Chain Ganglia • The ventral root joins a dorsal root • Forms a spinal nerve • Passes through an intervertebral foramen • White ramus branches off the spinal nerve • Goes to a nearby sympathetic chain ganglion © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Sympathetic Division • Functions of Sympathetic Chain Ganglia • Reduction of circulation to the skin • More circulation to skeletal muscles • Stimulates more energy production by skeletal muscles • Releases stored adipose • Stimulation of arrector pili muscles • Dilation of pupils • Increased heart rate • Dilation of respiratory tubes © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.3a Sympathetic Pathways and Their General Functions Sympathetic Chain Ganglia Major effects produced by sympathetic postganglionic Spinal nerve Preganglionic Autonomic ganglion of fibers in spinal nerves: neuron right sympathetic chain • Constriction of cutaneous blood vessels, reduction in circulation to the skin and to most other organs in Autonomic ganglion the body wall Innervates of left sympathetic chain • Acceleration of blood flow to skeletal muscles visceral and brain effectors via • Stimulation of energy production and use by skeletal spinal nerves muscle tissue • Release of stored lipids from subcutaneous White adipose tissue ramus • Stimulation of secretion by sweat glands Sympathetic nerve • Stimulation of arrector pili Ganglionic • Dilation of the pupils and focusing for distant objects (postganglionic neuron fibers) Gray ramus Major effects produced by postganglionic fibers Innervates visceral entering the thoracic cavity in sympathetic nerves: organs in thoracic • Acceleration of heart rate and increasing the cavity via KEY strength of cardiac contractions sympathetic nerves • Dilation of respiratory passageways Preganglionic neurons Ganglionic neurons © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Sympathetic Division • Anatomy of the Sympathetic Chain Ganglia • Each spinal nerve consists of: • Preganglionic and postganglionic fibers • There are: • cervical sympathetic chain ganglia • thoracic sympathetic chain ganglia • lumbar sympathetic chain ganglia • sacral sympathetic chain ganglia • coccygeal sympathetic chain ganglia © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.4 Anatomical Distribution of Sympathetic Postganglionic Fibers Eye PONS Salivary glands Sympathetic nerves Superior Middle Cervical Heart sympathetic ganglia Inferior Cardiac and T1 T1 pulmonary Greater plexuses Gray rami to T2 T2 splanchnic spinal nerves T3 T3 nerve Lung Celiac ganglion T4 T4 T5 T5 Superior T6 T6 mesenteric Liver and ganglion gallbladder T7 T7 T8 T8 Stomach T9 T9 Lesser splanchnic Spleen T10 T10 nerve Pancreas T11 T11 T12 T12 Large intestine Postganglionic fibers L1 L1 to spinal nerves Lumbar L2 L2 (innervating skin, blood splanchnic nerves Inferior Small intestine vessels, sweat glands, L mesenteric L3 3 ganglion arrector pili muscles, L L adipose tissue) 4 4 L L 5 5 Suprarenal S S 1 1 Sacral medulla S2 S2 S S splanchnic Sympathetic 3 3 Kidney S4 S4 nerves chain ganglia S5 S5 Spinal cord Coccygeal KEY ganglia (Co1) Preganglionic neurons fused together Ganglionic neurons (ganglion impar) Uterus Ovary Penis Scrotum Urinary bladder © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Sympathetic Division • Collateral Ganglia • Preganglionic neurons originate in the inferior thoracic and superior lumbar areas of the spinal cord • Fibers pass through the sympathetic chain ganglia without synapsing • Converge to form the greater, lesser, and lumbar splanchnic nerves • Splanchnic nerves converge on the collateral ganglia © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Sympathetic Division • Functions of the Collateral Ganglia • Reduction of flow of blood to the visceral organs • Decrease in activity of the digestive organs • Stimulation
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