The Autonomic Nervous System
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From Human Emotions to Robot Emotions
1 American Association for Artificial Intelligence – Spring Symposium 3/2004, Stanford University – Keynote Lecture. From Human Emotions to Robot Emotions Jean-Marc Fellous The Salk Institute for Neurobiological Studies 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, la Jolla, CA 92037 [email protected] Abstract1 open a new window on the neural bases of emotions that may offer new ways of thinking about implementing robot- The main difficulties that researchers face in understanding emotions. emotions are difficulties only because of the narrow- mindedness of our views on emotions. We are not able to Why are emotions so difficult to study? free ourselves from the notion that emotions are necessarily human emotions. I will argue that if animals have A difficulty in studying human emotions is that here are emotions, then so can robots. Studies in neuroscience have significant individual differences, based on experiential as shown that animal models, though having limitations, have well as genetic factors (Rolls, 1998; Ortony, 2002; significantly contributed to our understanding of the Davidson, 2003a, b; Ortony et al., 2004). My fear at the functional and mechanistic aspects of emotions. I will sight of a bear may be very different from the fear suggest that one of the main functions of emotions is to experienced by a park-ranger who has a better sense for achieve the multi-level communication of simplified but high impact information. The way this function is achieved bear-danger and knows how to react. My fear might also be in the brain depends on the species, and on the specific different from that of another individual who has had about emotion considered. -
Variations of Thoracic Splanchnic Nerves and Its Clinical Implications
Int. J. Morphol., 23(3):247-251, 2005. Variations of Thoracic Splanchnic Nerves and its Clinical Implications Variaciones de los Nervios Esplácnicos Torácicos y sus Implicancias Clínicas *Tony George Jacob; ** Surbhi Wadhwa; ***Shipra Paul & ****Srijit Das JACOB, G. T.; WADHWA, S.; PAUL, S. & DAS, S. Variations of thoracic splanchnic nerves and its clinical implications. Int. J. Morphol., 23(3):247-251, 2005. SUMMARY:The present study reports an anomalous branching pattern of the thoracic sympathetic chain. At the level of T3 ganglion, an anomalous branch i.e accessory sympathetic chain (ASC) descended anteromedial to the main sympathetic chain (MSC). The MSC and the ASC communicated with each other at the level of T9, T10 and T11 ganglion, indicating the absence of classical pattern of greater, lesser and least splanchnic nerves on the right side. However, on the left side, the sympathetic chain displayed normal branching pattern. We opine that the ASC may be representing a higher origin of greater splanchnic nerve at the level of T3 ganglion and the branches from MSC at T9, T10 and T11 ganglion may be the lesser and least splanchnic nerves, which further joined the ASC (i.e presumably the greater splanchnic nerve) to form a common trunk. This common trunk pierced the right crus of diaphragm to reach the right suprarenal plexus after giving few branches to the celiac plexus. Awareness and knowledge of such anatomical variants of thoracic sympathetic chain may be helpful to surgeons in avoiding any incomplete denervation or preventing any inadvertent injury during thoracic sympathectomy. KEY WORDS: Splanchnic nerves; Sympathetic chain; Trunk thoracic; Ganglion. -
The Baseline Structure of the Enteric Nervous System and Its Role in Parkinson’S Disease
life Review The Baseline Structure of the Enteric Nervous System and Its Role in Parkinson’s Disease Gianfranco Natale 1,2,* , Larisa Ryskalin 1 , Gabriele Morucci 1 , Gloria Lazzeri 1, Alessandro Frati 3,4 and Francesco Fornai 1,4 1 Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; [email protected] (L.R.); [email protected] (G.M.); [email protected] (G.L.); [email protected] (F.F.) 2 Museum of Human Anatomy “Filippo Civinini”, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy 3 Neurosurgery Division, Human Neurosciences Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00135 Rome, Italy; [email protected] 4 Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.) Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is provided with a peculiar nervous network, known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), which is dedicated to the fine control of digestive functions. This forms a complex network, which includes several types of neurons, as well as glial cells. Despite extensive studies, a comprehensive classification of these neurons is still lacking. The complexity of ENS is magnified by a multiple control of the central nervous system, and bidirectional communication between various central nervous areas and the gut occurs. This lends substance to the complexity of the microbiota–gut–brain axis, which represents the network governing homeostasis through nervous, endocrine, immune, and metabolic pathways. The present manuscript is dedicated to Citation: Natale, G.; Ryskalin, L.; identifying various neuronal cytotypes belonging to ENS in baseline conditions. -
Anatomical Planes in Rectal Cancer Surgery
DOI: 10.4274/tjcd.galenos.2019.2019-10-2 Turk J Colorectal Dis 2019;29:165-170 REVIEW Anatomical Planes in Rectal Cancer Surgery Rektum Kanser Cerrahisinde Anatomik Planlar Halil İbrahim Açar, Mehmet Ayhan Kuzu Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Ankara, Turkey ABSTRACT This review outlines important anatomical landmarks not only for rectal cancer surgery but also for pelvic exentration. Keywords: Anorectal anatomy, pelvic anatomy, surgical anatomy of rectum ÖZ Pelvis anatomisini derleme halinde özetleyen bu makale rektum kanser cerrahisi ve pelvik ezantrasyon için önemli topografik noktaları gözden geçirmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Anorektal anatomi, pelvik anatomi, rektumun cerrahi anatomisi Introduction Surgical Anatomy of the Rectum The rectum extends from the promontory to the anal canal Pelvic Anatomy and is approximately 12-15 cm long. It fills the sacral It is essential to know the pelvic anatomy because of the concavity and ends with an anal canal 2-3 cm anteroinferior intestinal and urogenital complications that may develop to the tip of the coccyx. The rectum contains three folds in after the surgical procedures applied to the pelvic region. the coronal plane laterally. The upper and lower are convex The pelvis, encircled by bone tissue, is surrounded by the to the right, and the middle is convex to the left. The middle main vessels, ureters, and autonomic nerves. Success in the fold is aligned with the peritoneal reflection. Intraluminal surgical treatment of pelvic organs is only possible with a projections of the lower boundaries of these folds are known as Houston’s valves. Unlike the sigmoid colon, taenia, good knowledge of the embryological development of the epiploic appendices, and haustra are absent in the rectum. -
What Can Be Learned from White Matter Alterations in Antisocial Girls Willeke M
Menks WM, Raschle NM. J Neurol Neuromedicine (2017) 2(7): 16-20 Neuromedicine www.jneurology.com www.jneurology.com Journal of Neurology & Neuromedicine Mini Review Open Access What can be learned from white matter alterations in antisocial girls Willeke M. Menks1, Christina Stadler1 and Nora M. Raschle1 1Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Basel, Psychiatric University Hospital Basel, Switzerland. Article Info ABSTRACT Article Notes Antisocial behavior in youths constitutes a major public health problem Received: June 17, 2017 worldwide. Conduct disorder is a severe variant of antisocial behavior with higher Accepted: July 31, 2017 prevalence rates for boys (12%) as opposed to girls (7%). A better understanding *Correspondence: of the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of conduct disorder is warranted Dr. Willeke Menks, PhD to improve identification, diagnosis, or treatment. Functional and structural Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (KJPK), neuroimaging studies have indicated several key brain regions within the limbic Psychiatric University Clinics Basel (UPK) system and prefrontal cortex that are altered in youths with conduct disorder. Schanzenstrasse 13, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland Examining the structural connectivity, i.e. white matter fiber tracts connecting Tel. +41 61 265 89 76 these brain areas, may further inform about the underlying neural mechanisms. Fax +41 61 265 89 61 Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a non-invasive technique that can evaluate the © 2017 Menks WM & Raschle NM. This article is distributed white matter integrity of fiber tracts throughout the brain. To date, DTI studies have under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 found several white matter tracts that are altered in youths with conduct disorder. -
Lecture Notes on Human Anatomy. Part One, Fourth Edition. PUB DATE Sep 89 NOTE 79P.; for Related Documents, See SE 051 219-221
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 315 320 SE 051 218 AUTHOR Conrey, Kathleen TITLE Lecture Notes on Human Anatomy. Part One, Fourth Edition. PUB DATE Sep 89 NOTE 79p.; For related documents, see SE 051 219-221. Black and white illustrations will not reproduce clearly. AVAILABLE FROM Aramaki Design and Publications, 12077 Jefferson Blvd., Culver City, CA 90506 ($7.75). PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom Use - Materials (For Learner) (051) EDRS PRICE MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS *Anatomy; *Biological Sciences; *College Science; Higher Education; *Human Body; *Lecture Method; Science Education; Secondary Education; Secondary School Science; Teaching Guides; Teaching Methods ABSTRACT During the process of studying the specific course content of human anatomy, students are being educated to expand their vocabulary, deal successfully with complex tasks, anduse a specific way of thinking. This is the first volume in a set of notes which are designed to accompany a lecture series in human anatomy. This volume Includes discussions of anatomical planes and positions, body cavities, and architecture; studies of the skeleton including bones and joints; studies of the musculature of the body; and studiesof the nervous system including the central, autonomic, motor and sensory systems. (CW) *****1.**k07********Y*******t1.****+***********,****A*******r****** % Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. **************************************************************A**t***** "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE -
1.6 Organization Within the Human Body ___/202 Points
Name _______________________________________________________________ Date ______________ Lab _____ Pd _____ Unit 1 Chapter Levels of Organization within the Human Body ____/202 points organization 1.6 SECTION OBJECTIVES • Describe the locations of the major body cavities • List the organs located in each major body cavity • Name the membranes associated with the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities • Name the major organ systems, and list the organs associated with each • Describe the general functions of each organ system Lecture Notes (57) The human body is divided into two main sections: _________ – head, neck, and trunk and _______________ – upper and lower limbs The human body is also divided into three categories: body ___________, layers of ___________________ within these cavities, and a variety of _________ _____________ Axial Portion: Contains the _________ cavity, _________________ canal, _______________ cavity, and ______________________ cavity. The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities separated by the _______________. The organs within the cavity are called _______. ______________ cavity: _________________: stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, and kidneys. ______________: bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs The _________________________ separates the thoracic cavity into right and left compartments Cranial cavities include the ______, _________, ___________, and middle ______ Membranes: a. _________________ –membranes attached to the wall or lines the cavity (pariet = wall) b. _______________ - membrane that covers organ -
Study Guide Medical Terminology by Thea Liza Batan About the Author
Study Guide Medical Terminology By Thea Liza Batan About the Author Thea Liza Batan earned a Master of Science in Nursing Administration in 2007 from Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio. She has worked as a staff nurse, nurse instructor, and level department head. She currently works as a simulation coordinator and a free- lance writer specializing in nursing and healthcare. All terms mentioned in this text that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Use of a term in this text shouldn’t be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Copyright © 2017 by Penn Foster, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to Copyright Permissions, Penn Foster, 925 Oak Street, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18515. Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS INSTRUCTIONS 1 READING ASSIGNMENTS 3 LESSON 1: THE FUNDAMENTALS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY 5 LESSON 2: DIAGNOSIS, INTERVENTION, AND HUMAN BODY TERMS 28 LESSON 3: MUSCULOSKELETAL, CIRCULATORY, AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TERMS 44 LESSON 4: DIGESTIVE, URINARY, AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM TERMS 69 LESSON 5: INTEGUMENTARY, NERVOUS, AND ENDOCRINE S YSTEM TERMS 96 SELF-CHECK ANSWERS 134 © PENN FOSTER, INC. 2017 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY PAGE III Contents INSTRUCTIONS INTRODUCTION Welcome to your course on medical terminology. You’re taking this course because you’re most likely interested in pursuing a health and science career, which entails proficiencyincommunicatingwithhealthcareprofessionalssuchasphysicians,nurses, or dentists. -
Simple Ways to Dissect Ciliary Ganglion for Orbital Anatomical Education
OkajimasDetection Folia Anat. of ciliary Jpn., ganglion94(3): 119–124, for orbit November, anatomy 2017119 Simple ways to dissect ciliary ganglion for orbital anatomical education By Ming ZHOU, Ryoji SUZUKI, Hideo AKASHI, Akimitsu ISHIZAWA, Yoshinori KANATSU, Kodai FUNAKOSHI, Hiroshi ABE Department of Anatomy, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, 010-8543 Japan –Received for Publication, September 21, 2017– Key Words: ciliary ganglion, orbit, human anatomy, anatomical education Summary: In the case of anatomical dissection as part of medical education, it is difficult for medical students to find the ciliary ganglion (CG) since it is small and located deeply in the orbit between the optic nerve and the lateral rectus muscle and embedded in the orbital fat. Here, we would like to introduce simple ways to find the CG by 1): tracing the sensory and parasympathetic roots to find the CG from the superior direction above the orbit, 2): transecting and retracting the lateral rectus muscle to visualize the CG from the lateral direction of the orbit, and 3): taking out whole orbital structures first and dissecting to observe the CG. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed from the standpoint of decreased laboratory time and students as beginners at orbital anatomy. Introduction dissection course for the first time and with limited time. In addition, there are few clear pictures in anatomical The ciliary ganglion (CG) is one of the four para- textbooks showing the morphology of the CG. There are sympathetic ganglia in the head and neck region located some scientific articles concerning how to visualize the behind the eyeball between the optic nerve and the lateral CG, but they are mostly based on the clinical approaches rectus muscle in the apex of the orbit (Siessere et al., rather than based on the anatomical procedure for medical 2008). -
The Enteric Nervous System: a Second Brain
The Enteric Nervous System: A Second Brain MICHAEL D. GERSHON Columbia University Once dismissed as a simple collection of relay ganglia, the enteric nervous system is now recognized as a complex, integrative brain in its own right. Although we still are unable to relate complex behaviors such as gut motility and secretion to the activity of individual neurons, work in that area is proceeding briskly--and will lead to rapid advances in the management of functional bowel disease. Dr. Gershon is Professor and Chair, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York. In addition to numerous scientific publications, he is the author of The Second Brain (Harper Collins, New York, 1998). Structurally and neurochemically, the enteric nervous system (ENS) is a brain unto itself. Within those yards of tubing lies a complex web of microcircuitry driven by more neurotransmitters and neuromodulators than can be found anywhere else in the peripheral nervous system. These allow the ENS to perform many of its tasks in the absence of central nervous system (CNS) control--a unique endowment that has permitted enteric neurobiologists to investigate nerve cell ontogeny and chemical mediation of reflex behavior in a laboratory setting. Recognition of the importance of this work as a basis for developing effective therapies for functional bowel disease, coupled with the recent, unexpected discovery of major enteric defects following the knockout of murine genes not previously known to affect the gut, has produced a groundswell of interest that has attracted some of the best investigators to the field. Add to this that the ENS provides the closest thing we have to a window on the brain, and one begins to understand why the bowel--the second brain--is finally receiving the attention it deserves. -
Neuroscience
NEUROSCIENCE SCIENCE OF THE BRAIN AN INTRODUCTION FOR YOUNG STUDENTS British Neuroscience Association European Dana Alliance for the Brain Neuroscience: the Science of the Brain 1 The Nervous System P2 2 Neurons and the Action Potential P4 3 Chemical Messengers P7 4 Drugs and the Brain P9 5 Touch and Pain P11 6 Vision P14 Inside our heads, weighing about 1.5 kg, is an astonishing living organ consisting of 7 Movement P19 billions of tiny cells. It enables us to sense the world around us, to think and to talk. The human brain is the most complex organ of the body, and arguably the most 8 The Developing P22 complex thing on earth. This booklet is an introduction for young students. Nervous System In this booklet, we describe what we know about how the brain works and how much 9 Dyslexia P25 there still is to learn. Its study involves scientists and medical doctors from many disciplines, ranging from molecular biology through to experimental psychology, as well as the disciplines of anatomy, physiology and pharmacology. Their shared 10 Plasticity P27 interest has led to a new discipline called neuroscience - the science of the brain. 11 Learning and Memory P30 The brain described in our booklet can do a lot but not everything. It has nerve cells - its building blocks - and these are connected together in networks. These 12 Stress P35 networks are in a constant state of electrical and chemical activity. The brain we describe can see and feel. It can sense pain and its chemical tricks help control the uncomfortable effects of pain. -
Anatomy of the Spine
12 Anatomy of the Spine Overview The spine is made of 33 individual bones stacked one on top of the other. Ligaments and muscles connect the bones together and keep them aligned. The spinal column provides the main support for your body, allowing you to stand upright, bend, and twist. Protected deep inside the bones, the spinal cord connects your body to the brain, allowing movement of your arms and legs. Strong muscles and bones, flexible tendons and ligaments, and sensitive nerves contribute to a healthy spine. Keeping your spine healthy is vital if you want to live an active life without back pain. Spinal curves When viewed from the side, an adult spine has a natural S-shaped curve. The neck (cervical) and low back (lumbar) regions have a slight concave curve, and the thoracic and sacral regions have a gentle convex curve (Fig. 1). The curves work like a coiled spring to absorb shock, maintain balance, and allow range of motion throughout the spinal column. The muscles and correct posture maintain the natural spinal curves. Good posture involves training your body to stand, walk, sit, and lie so that the least amount of strain is placed on the spine during movement or weight-bearing activities. Excess body weight, weak muscles, and other forces can pull at the spine’s alignment: • An abnormal curve of the lumbar spine is lordosis, also called sway back. • An abnormal curve of the thoracic spine is Figure 1. (left) The spine has three natural curves that form kyphosis, also called hunchback. an S-shape; strong muscles keep our spine in alignment.