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Weberˇs Planetary Model of the Atom
Weber’s Planetary Model of the Atom Bearbeitet von Andre Koch Torres Assis, Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Karl Heinrich Wiederkehr 1. Auflage 2011. Taschenbuch. 184 S. Paperback ISBN 978 3 8424 0241 6 Format (B x L): 17 x 22 cm Weitere Fachgebiete > Physik, Astronomie > Physik Allgemein schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, eBooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte. Weber’s Planetary Model of the Atom Figure 0.1: Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804–1891) Foto: Gudrun Wolfschmidt in der Sternwarte in Göttingen 2 Nuncius Hamburgensis Beiträge zur Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften Band 19 Andre Koch Torres Assis, Karl Heinrich Wiederkehr and Gudrun Wolfschmidt Weber’s Planetary Model of the Atom Ed. by Gudrun Wolfschmidt Hamburg: tredition science 2011 Nuncius Hamburgensis Beiträge zur Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften Hg. von Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, Mathematik und Technik, Universität Hamburg – ISSN 1610-6164 Diese Reihe „Nuncius Hamburgensis“ wird gefördert von der Hans Schimank-Gedächtnisstiftung. Dieser Titel wurde inspiriert von „Sidereus Nuncius“ und von „Wandsbeker Bote“. Andre Koch Torres Assis, Karl Heinrich Wiederkehr and Gudrun Wolfschmidt: Weber’s Planetary Model of the Atom. Ed. by Gudrun Wolfschmidt. Nuncius Hamburgensis – Beiträge zur Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, Band 19. Hamburg: tredition science 2011. Abbildung auf dem Cover vorne und Titelblatt: Wilhelm Weber (Kohlrausch, F. (Oswalds Klassiker Nr. 142) 1904, Frontispiz) Frontispiz: Wilhelm Weber (1804–1891) (Feyerabend 1933, nach S. -
Fechner's Inner Psychophysics Viewed From
FECHNER’S INNER PSYCHOPHYSICS VIEWED FROM BOTH A HERBARTIAN AND A FECHNERIAN PERSPECTIVE David J. Murray Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario and Christina A. Bandomir Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Abstract Following brief summaries of the overlapping lives of Herbart, E. H. Weber, Fechner, and Helmholtz, it is shown that Herbart and Fechner agreed about the nature of mental science in three particular ways. First, both adopted ideas about force and energy from the physical sciences; Herbart’s interplay of Vorstellungen assumed that equilibrium states were attained when opposing forces balanced out, while Fechner’s notion of brain oscillations was based on the idea that to every action there corresponded a reaction. Second, both assumed that Vorstellungen could be assigned magnitudes, but Fechner was far more concerned than was Herbart with the problem of how to measure those magnitudes. Third, the threshold of consciousness was defined in mathematical terms by Herbart, whereas the absolute threshold associated with a sensation magnitude was speculated about in physiological terms by Fechner. In order to show both how Herbart and Fechner tried to base their respective theories of mind on the physics available to them, it will be useful first to outline their respective biographies, along with those of E. H. Weber and of H. von Helmholtz. This will enable us to gain an overview of how the lives of these pioneer psychologists overlapped, and, more important, to relate their life-stories to one of the most important innovations in the history of physics, namely, the enunciation of the principle of the conservation of energy. -
Hermann Lotze
Hermann Lotze An Intellectual Biography WILLIAM R. WOODWARD University of New Hampshire Kg Cambridge UNIVERSITY PRESS Contents List of Figures page ix Preface xiii List of Abbreviations xix Introduction: A Scientific Intellectual Biography between Biedermeier and Modern Cosmopolitan Thought i PART I YOUTH IN BIEDERMEIER 1 Ancestry and Education of a Cultural Reformer (1817-1834) 2.1 2 Education in Medical Thought and Practice: Working Explanations (1834-1838) 44 3 Education in Philosophy: The Mathematical Construction of Space(1834-1839) 67 4 A Gestalt Metaphysics: Laws, Events, and Values (1838-1841) 9° 5 Applying Hypotheses in Pathology and Therapy (1838-1842) 123 6 The Dual Model of Explanation and Speculation (1838-1843) 147 PART II EMERGING BOURGEOIS LIBERALISM 7 Levels of Physiological Explanation (1843-1851) 173 8 The Physical-Mental Mechanism: An Alternative to Psychophysics (1846-1852) 202 vii viii Contents 9 Inner Migration or Disguised Reform? Political Interests of Philosophical Anthropology (1851-1864) 228 10 From the Evolution of Culture to the Human Sciences (1852-1858) 252 11 A Feminist Turn in Secular Theology (1858-1864) 284 PART III THE SYSTEM IN THE BISMARCK PERIOD 12 From an Aesthetics of Everyday Life to Dilthey's Lived Experience (1864-1868) 323 13 Between Objectivism and Relativism: Logic as Theory of Inquiry (1868-1874) 352 14 The Metaphysical Foundations of Matter and Mind (1874-1879) 378 15 The Personal Is the Political: A Cosmopolitan Ethics (1864-1881) 406 Postscript: Historiographic Lessons of Lotze Research 435 Appendix 1 Chronology of Hermann Lotze's Life 449 Appendix 2 Publications and Published Letters of Hermann Lotze 4 5 z Appendix 3 Unpublished Sources 460 Appendix 4 Dissertations with Lotze's Evaluative Remarks (Promotionsschriften and Habilitationsschriften) 465 Index 475 Figures o.i Lotze at age twenty-six in Leipzig. -
Pain” in the Modern Neurosciences: a Historical Account of the Visualization Technologies Used in the Development of an “Algesiogenic Pathology”, 1850 to 2000
Brain Sci. 2015, 5, 521-545; doi:10.3390/brainsci5040521 OPEN ACCESS brain sciences ISSN 2076-3425 www.mdpi.com/journal/brainsci/ Review Objectifying “Pain” in the Modern Neurosciences: A Historical Account of the Visualization Technologies Used in the Development of an “Algesiogenic Pathology”, 1850 to 2000 Frank W. Stahnisch Department of Community Health Sciences & Department of History, The University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary T2N 4Z6, AB, Canada; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-403-210-6290. Academic Editor: Patrick W. Stroman Received: 31 August 2015 / Accepted: 9 November 2015 / Published: 17 November 2015 Abstract: Particularly with the fundamental works of the Leipzig school of experimental psychophysiology (between the 1850s and 1880s), the modern neurosciences witnessed an increasing interest in attempts to objectify “pain” as a bodily signal and physiological value. This development has led to refined psychological test repertoires and new clinical measurement techniques, which became progressively paired with imaging approaches and sophisticated theories about neuropathological pain etiology. With the advent of electroencephalography since the middle of the 20th century, and through the use of brain stimulation technologies and modern neuroimaging, the chosen scientific route towards an ever more refined “objectification” of pain phenomena took firm root in Western medicine. This article provides a broad overview of landmark events and key imaging technologies, which represent the long developmental path of a field that could be called “algesiogenic pathology.” Keywords: pain; history of medicine; Leipzig; Montreal; New York; nineteenth century; precursors to functional neuroimaging of pain; twentieth century “The past of a present-day science is not the same thing as that science in the past.” (Georges Canguilhem) [1] 1. -
The Adaptive Unconscious in Psychoanalysis
International Forum of Psychoanalysis ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/spsy20 The adaptive unconscious in psychoanalysis Jessica Leonardi, Francesco Gazzillo & Nino Dazzi To cite this article: Jessica Leonardi, Francesco Gazzillo & Nino Dazzi (2021): The adaptive unconscious in psychoanalysis, International Forum of Psychoanalysis, DOI: 10.1080/0803706X.2021.1893382 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/0803706X.2021.1893382 Published online: 04 May 2021. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=spsy20 International Forum of Psychoanalysis, 2021 https://doi.org/10.1080/0803706X.2021.1893382 The adaptive unconscious in psychoanalysis JESSICA LEONARDI , FRANCESCO GAZZILLO & NINO DAZZI Abstract This paper aims to emphasize the fundamental role of unconscious processes in our adaptation. We will point out how we are able to unconsciously perform higher mental functions such as setting goals and planning how to pursue them, dealing with complex data, and making choices and judgments. In the first part of this paper, we will describe the main features of conscious and unconscious processes as pointed out by recent empirical research studies, and we will see how safety is essential in pursuing our fundamental goals, and how unconscious mental processes are strongly oriented towards preserving our safety and pursuing these goals. Finally, we will discuss control-mastery theory (CMT), an integrative, relational, cognitive-dynamic theory of mental functioning, psychopathology, and psychotherapy processes developed by Joseph Weiss and empirically validated by Weiss, Harold Sampson, and the San Francisco Psychotherapy Research Group over the last 50 years. -
Strangers to Ourselves: Discovering the Adaptive Unconscious Free
FREE STRANGERS TO OURSELVES: DISCOVERING THE ADAPTIVE UNCONSCIOUS PDF Timothy D. Wilson | 272 pages | 01 Jun 2004 | HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS | 9780674013827 | English | Cambridge, Mass., United States Strangers to Ourselves Quotes by Timothy D. Wilson Goodreads helps you keep track of books you want to read. Want to Read saving…. Want to Read Currently Reading Read. Other editions. Enlarge cover. Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Open Preview See a Problem? Details if other :. Thanks for telling us about the problem. Return to Book Page. Preview — Strangers to Ourselves by Timothy D. But is introspection the best path to self-knowledge? What are we trying to Strangers to Ourselves: Discovering the Adaptive Unconscious, anyway? In an eye-opening tour of the unconscious, as contemporary psychological science has redefined it, Timothy D. Wilson introduces us to a hidden mental world of judgments, feelings, and motives that introspection ma "Know thyself," a precept as old as Socrates, is still good advice. Wilson introduces us to a hidden mental world of judgments, feelings, and motives that introspection may never show us. This is not your psychoanalyst's unconscious. The adaptive unconscious Strangers to Ourselves: Discovering the Adaptive Unconscious empirical psychology has revealed, and that Wilson describes, is much more than a repository of primitive drives and conflict-ridden memories. It is a set of pervasive, sophisticated mental processes that size up our worlds, set goals, and initiate action, all while we are consciously thinking about something else. If we don't know ourselves--our potentials, feelings, or motives--it is most often, Wilson tells us, because we have developed a plausible story about ourselves that is out of touch with our adaptive unconscious. -
Phd in Philosophy
PhD in Philosophy CYCLE XXXII COORDINATOR Prof. Adriano Fabris Hermann Lotze on the Mind–Body Problem and the 19th Century Philosophy and Psychology: With Special Attention to William James Academic Discipline (SSD) M-FIL/06 Doctoral Candidate Supervisors Michele Vagnetti Prof. Alessandro Pagnini Apl. Prof. Dr. Nikolay Milkov Coordinator Prof. Fabris Adriano Years 2017/2020 CONTENTS 1. Preliminary remarks on Hermann Lotze’s metaphysics 1 1.1. Lotze on science and metaphysics 1 1.2. Lotze’s atomism 6 1.3. Philosophy of space: metaphysics and geometry 12 2. Physiological and psychological studies in the first half of the 19th century 26 2.1. The study of the nervous system 26 2.2. Hermann Lotze on phrenology and the question of the location of the mind 35 2.3. Three scientific psychologists 39 2.3.1. Ernst Heinrich Weber 39 2.3.2. Gustav Theodor Fechner 44 2.3.3. Alfred Wilhelm Volkmann 53 3. The reductionist approach to the mind–body problem and its critics 54 3.1. Hermann von Helmholtz 56 3.2. The dispute between Büchner and Lotze 60 3.3. Two further scholars 64 3.3.1. J. F. Herbart 64 3.3.2. J. F. Fries 69 4. Hermann Lotze on the relation between body and mind 78 4.1. Pilosophical psychology and perspectivism 86 4.2. Physiological psychology between materialism and mentalism 94 4.3. The psycho-physical mechanism: the occasionalist way 103 I 4.4. The psycho-physical mechanism: the interaction 110 4.5. Lotze’s theory of local signs 113 4.6. -
HANDBOOK of PSYCHOLOGY: VOLUME 1, HISTORY of PSYCHOLOGY
HANDBOOK of PSYCHOLOGY: VOLUME 1, HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY Donald K. Freedheim Irving B. Weiner John Wiley & Sons, Inc. HANDBOOK of PSYCHOLOGY HANDBOOK of PSYCHOLOGY VOLUME 1 HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY Donald K. Freedheim Volume Editor Irving B. Weiner Editor-in-Chief John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This book is printed on acid-free paper. ➇ Copyright © 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. All rights reserved. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, e-mail: [email protected]. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. -
The Introspection Illusion
CHAPTER ONE The Introspection Illusion Emily Pronin Contents 1. Introduction 2 1.1. Self and other 3 1.2. Components of the illusion 4 2. Identifying the Illusion: The Case of Bias 6 2.1. Introspective weighting 7 2.2. Self–other asymmetry 9 2.3. Behavioral disregard 10 2.4. Differential valuation 12 3. The Introspection Illusion in Social Psychology 15 3.1. Judgment and decision making 15 3.2. The self 16 3.3. Attitudes and attitude change 18 3.4. Social influence 20 3.5. Interpersonal interaction 21 3.6. Personal relationships 23 3.7. Stereotyping and prejudice 25 4. Implications for Major Theoretical Concerns 26 4.1. The perspectives of actors and observers 26 4.2. Self enhancement 31 4.3. Psychological distance 36 4.4. Free will 41 5. Roots of the Illusion 44 5.1. Development 44 5.2. Culture 45 5.3. The brain 47 5.4. Further thoughts: Projection and perspective taking 48 6. Applications 49 6.1. Conflict 49 6.2. Persistence of racism, sexism, and inequality 50 6.3. Ethical lapses 51 Department of Psychology and Woodrow Wilson School of Public & International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Volume 41 # 2009 Elsevier Inc. ISSN 0065-2601, DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)00401-2 All rights reserved. 1 2 Emily Pronin 6.4. Introspective education 52 6.5. Pursuits of self-knowledge and social connection 53 7. Conclusion 55 Acknowledgments 55 References 55 Abstract Introspection involves looking inward into conscious thoughts, feelings, motives, and intentions. -
Life and Work
1 LIFE AND WORK . Ancestry and Early Years GUSTAV THEODOR FECHNER was born on April , in Gross-Särchen, a village situated on the Neisse river in the southeastern region of Lower Lusatia.¹ His father, Samuel Traugott Fechner (–), had been a pastor there (prob- ably Lutheran) since , as his father before him had also been. Fechner’s mother Dorothea Fechner (–), née Fischer, descended likewise from a regional pastoral family. From childhood on Fechner himself, the second of five children, was meant to join the clergy, too. His older brother Eduard Clemens (–) became an artist and moved to Paris in , where he later died. The three younger siblings were Fechner’s sisters Emilie, Clementine, and Mathilde. Fechner’s father has been described as a typical pastor of enlightened times: of a zealous nature, yet open-minded for progress. He was the first in his region to have a lightning rod mounted on the church; he upset the congregation by not wearing a wig during sermons; he had his children vaccinated, and he was a passionate fruit-grower. His young children were taught Latin—at the age of three, little Theo (Fechner’s nickname) spoke Latin as fluently as he did German. Fechner’s mother was affectionate, cheerful, friendly, and poetic, a woman who gathered a social circle around herself in all of life’s situations. Following their father’s premature death in , both sons were sent for a Copyright © Michael Heidelberger from Nature From Within History few years to their maternal uncle, also a pastor, in Wurzen and Ranis in Thuringia. In Gustav Theodor was enrolled in secondary school in Sorau (now called Zary), a town near the village where he was born; later he spent two years at the School of the Cross in Dresden, where the Fechner children were reunited with their mother. -
Do Conscious Thoughts Cause Behavior? 333 • PS62CH13-Baumeister ARI 10 November 2010 7:0
PS62CH13-Baumeister ARI 10 November 2010 7:0 ANNUAL Do Conscious Thoughts REVIEWS Further Click here for quick links to Annual Reviews content online, Cause Behavior? including: tOther articles in this volume t Top cited articles Roy F. Baumeister, E. J. Masicampo, t Top downloaded articles t0VSDPNQSFIFOTJWFTFBSDI and Kathleen D. Vohs Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2011. 62:331–61 Key Words The Annual Review of Psychology is online at consciousness, action, control, automaticity, dual process psych.annualreviews.org This article’s doi: Abstract 10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.131126 Everyday intuitions suggest full conscious control of behavior, but evi- Copyright c 2011 by Annual Reviews. ! dence of unconscious causation and automaticity has sustained the con- All rights reserved trary view that conscious thought has little or no impact on behavior. 0066-4308/11/0110-0331$20.00 We review studies with random assignment to experimental manipula- by ${individualUser.displayName} on 02/05/11. For personal use only. tions of conscious thought and behavioral dependent measures. Topics Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2011.62:331-361. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org include mental practice and simulation, anticipation, planning, reflec- tion and rehearsal, reasoning, counterproductive effects, perspective taking, self-affirmation, framing, communication, and overriding au- tomatic responses. The evidence for conscious causation of behavior is profound, extensive, adaptive, multifaceted, and empirically strong. However, conscious causation is often indirect and delayed, and it de- pends on interplay with unconscious processes. Consciousness seems especially useful for enabling behavior to be shaped by nonpresent fac- tors and by social and cultural information, as well as for dealing with multiple competing options or impulses. -
Theory & Psychology
THE UNCONSCIOUS USE OF COGNITIVE RESOURCES – KULDAS ET AL. 1 Australian Journal of Educational & Developmental Psychology. Vol 14, 2014, pp. 1-16 The Unconscious Allocation of Cognitive Resources to Task-Relevant and 1 Task-Irrelevant Thoughts Seffetullah Kuldasa, Shahabuddin Hashima, Hairul Nizam Ismaila, Mohd Ali Samsudina & Zainudin Abu Bakarb aUniversiti Sains Malaysia bUniversiti Teknologi Malaysia ABSTRACT Conscious allocation of cognitive resources to task-relevant thoughts is necessary for learning. However, task-irrelevant thoughts often associated with fear of failure can enter the mind and interfere with learning. Effects like this prompt the question of whether or not learners consciously shift their cognitive resources from task-relevant to task-irrelevant thoughts. This review examines the effect of learners’ unconscious cognitive and affective processes on their resource allocation. The review concludes by calling for further research into how learners unconsciously allocate cognitive resources to task-relevant and task- irrelevant thoughts. Keywords: cognitive resources, resource allocation, emotional states, motivation, conscious mind, unconscious mind A widely recognised determinant of human learning is the processing limitation of working memory in capacity as well as in duration. Due to the limitation, learners cannot all the time allocate their available cognitive resources to the integration of various verbal and pictorial representations, to the reformation of existing knowledge in long-term memory, or to every thought relevant to a cognitive learning task (Baddeley, 2012). Otherwise the working memory capacity will be overloaded or the cognitive resources will be used without making a significant contribution to learning (Mayer & Moreno, 2003). Better learning requires encouraging learners consciously to use the resources for processing task-relevant thoughts (Sweller, Van Merriënboer, & Paas, 1998).