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The Efficacy of Early Childhood Memories As Indicators of Current Maladaptive Schemas and Psychological Health

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The Efficacy of Early Childhood Memories As Indicators of Current Maladaptive Schemas and Psychological Health The efficacy of Early Childhood Memories as indicators of current maladaptive schemas and psychological health. Stephen Theiler BA (Psych.); Grad. Dip. (App. Psych.) School of Social and Behavioural Sciences Swinburne University of Technology Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia Being a report of an investigation submitted as a requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy February 2005 ii Declaration I declare that this dissertation is my own account of my research and does not contain work that has previously been submitted for a degree at any tertiary institution or for publication, without due acknowledgment. I further declare that the ethical principles and procedures specified by the Swinburne University Psychology Discipline's document on human research and experimentation have been adhered to in the preparation of this report. Steve Theiler iii Abstract This thesis investigates theoretical propositions of Beck (1996), Epstein (1987), and Young (1999) that suggest maladaptive schemas operating as deep unconscious cognitions are intrinsically linked to the psychological health and wellbeing of the individual. To date, research on psychological health has mainly used self-report measures that focus on conscious processes. The primary aim of this thesis was to explore particular maladaptive schemas that purportedly operate unconsciously and to examine their relationship with self-reported psychological dysfunction. Bruhn’s (1990a) Cognitive Perceptual Theory of early childhood memories was employed as a vehicle to access schemas deemed outside of conscious awareness. These unconscious schemas were investigated in conjunction with current self-reported maladaptive schemas in Study 1 and psychological symptoms in Study 2. The participants in Study 1 comprised 249 undergraduate first year psychology students. There were 198 women and 50 men with a mean age of 22 years who were asked to write down four early childhood memories. The first two memories were spontaneous in order to reveal the most pressing underlying schemas. The next two early memories requested were relating to mother and to father, to gain schema information about relationship dynamics. The participants then filled out the short-form of Young’s (1998) Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S). Independent raters coded the memories for Young’s (1994) Early Maladaptive Schemas, and Last and Bruhn’s (1992) Object Relations categories of ‘Perceptions of Others’, ‘Perceptions of the Self’, ‘Perception of Environment’, and ‘Degree of Interpersonal Contact’, and ‘Individual Distinctiveness’. Polyserial iv correlations indicated that there were significant relationships between maladaptive schemas represented in early memories and self-reported maladaptive schemas. However, the lack of maladaptive schemas in memories being linked to the same maladaptive schemas that were being self-reported, suggested that the schemas represented in memories were tapping into a different source of information than conscious self-reports. A Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) was performed with the sample divided into three groups (low, medium and high YSQ-S scorers). The results showed that maladaptive schemas identified in early memories that corresponded to Young’s (1990) ‘Disconnection and Rejection’ domain and, Last and Bruhn’s (1992) Object Relations theme of ‘Perceiving the Environment as Unsafe’, were significant predictors of people in the group with high levels of self-reported maladaptive schemas. These variables also differentiated people in the high group from those in the low group at a greater rate than chance (33 percent). Fifty–six percent of people were correctly allocated to the high group on the basis of representations of these particular schemas in their memories. When only the low and high groups were analysed, using individual schemas rather than domains, ‘Mistrust/Abuse’, ‘Social Isolation’, ‘Emotional Deprivation’ and ‘Subjugation’ schemas in the first analysis and ‘Perceptions of the Environment as Unsafe’ in the second analysis were found to be significant predictors. These predictors correctly classified 70 percent of cross- validated cases in the high groups in both analyses. For Study 2, the participants comprised 278 undergraduate first year psychology students. There were 65 men and 206 women with a mean age of 22 years who provided accounts of four early childhood memories as in Study 1. v They also completed the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI; Derogatis, 1993). As with Study 1, the accounts of the completed early childhood memories were coded by independent raters who examined the memories for Young’s (1994) Maladaptive Schemas and Last and Bruhn’s (1992) Object Relations categories. Additionally, following each memory, the participants rated their memories using Hermans and Hermans-Jansen’s (1995) list of Affect Terms. The sample was divided into three groups on the basis of the General Severity Index [GSI] scores (low, medium and high scorers) that were derived from the BSI (Derogatis, 1993). A Discriminant Function Analysis showed that maladaptive schemas identified in the memories that corresponded to Young’s (1990) ‘Disconnection and Rejection’ domain were significant predictors of people in the group with high levels of self-reported psychological symptoms (Derogatis, 1993). Fifty percent of people (which is greater than the chance rate of 33 percent) were correctly predicted as belonging to the high group on the basis of representations of schemas from this domain. In another DFA analysis that used individual schemas instead of domains, ‘Abandonment’ and ‘Insufficient Self-Control’, together with ‘Perceiving the Environment to be safe’ and ‘Negative Affect’, were found to be significant predictors that correctly allocated 58 percent of people into the high GSI group. Further analysis using only the low and high groups resulted in 83 percent of people in the high group being correctly identified on the basis of representations of ‘Abandonment’, ‘Insufficient Self-Control’ and ‘Perceiving the Environment to be safe’. These results endorse the relevance of the relationships among an vi underlying sense of abandonment and insufficient self-control with high levels of psychological symptoms of distress. Taken together, the findings from both studies support the theoretical proposition that schemas residing outside of conscious awareness can have a pervasive link with psychological health and wellbeing. A particularly important discovery was that a relatively small number of schemas centered around perceptions of ‘Disconnection and Rejection’ from others, that were operating unconsciously, were significantly linked to people in both studies who reported a wide range of psychological difficulties. It was concluded that investigating object relations, affect, and Young’s (1990) maladaptive schemas in early memories, is an efficient and possibly essential method of gaining information that may otherwise not be obtained from self-report measures exclusively. Consequently, in therapy, maladaptive schemas associated with disconnection and rejection represented in clients’ early childhood memories can be viewed as very important unconscious schemas to examine. This is especially necessary given that these schemas may not be consciously accessed or easily articulated by clients, and yet seem to be intrinsically linked to a range of conscious psychological difficulties. vii Acknowledgments I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Glen Bates for his welcoming and easygoing presence over the years. I enjoyed our meetings and appreciated his overall expertise. I would also like to thank Dr. Roslyn Galligan for her comments during the final editing phases. Special thanks are reserved for my wife Esther and children Claire, Michael, Lisa and Frances. They gave me their tireless support in putting up with the whole ‘thesis’ process and more. A number of my friends and colleagues also provided me with encouragement, valuable assistance and time to complete this thesis and I would like to thank them for their support and practical help. A final mention must be made to my 98 year-old Grandmother, Ilma May Philipson, who encouraged me almost every week. Completing this thesis is a relief beyond measure and I now hope to make a contribution to the counselling therapy field by sharing some of these findings with colleagues and clients. viii Table Of Contents DECLARATION................................................................................................... II ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... III ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................................................... VII TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................... VIII LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................XIV TABLE OF FIGURES ......................................................................................XVII APPENDICES INDEX.....................................................................................XVIII CHAPTER 1 THE INFLUENCE OF SCHEMAS ON PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction and Overview...........................................................................1 1.2 Beck’s Theories of Schemas in Relation to Psychological Health...............6 1.3 The Origins of Young’s Maladaptive
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