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Adolescence and Poverty: Challenge for the 1990S. INSTITUTION Center for National Policy, Washington, DC DOCUMSNT RESUME ED 347 229 UD 028 687 AUTHOR Edelman, Peter B., Ed.; Ladner, Joyce, Ed. TITLE Adolescence and Poverty: Challenge for the 1990s. INSTITUTION Center for National Policy, Washington, DC. REPORT NO ISBN-0-944237-32-0 PUB DATE 91 NOTE 167p. AVAILABLE FrOM University Press of America, Inc., 4720 Boston Way, Lanham, ND 20706 (paperISBN-0-944237-32-0; ISBN-0-944237-31-2--hardback). PUB TYPE Books (010) -- Collected WOrks - General (020) -- Reports - Evaluative/Feasibility (142) EDRS PRICE MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS Adolescent Development; *Adolescents; Black Youth; Cultural Background; *Disadvantaged Youth; Early Parenthood; *Economically Disadvantaged; Educational Policy; Elementary Secondary Education; Futures (of Society); Minority Group Children; *Poverty; Sex Differences; Social Change; *Social Problems; *Urban Youth ABSTRACT The current situation for poor adolescents in the United States is reviewed in this collection of essays, and some strategies and insights for policymakers are presented. The essays of this volume cover the basic interactions of adolescence and poverty from theoretical and anecdotal perspectives. Critical issues of education and employment are discussed, and separate assessments of the difficulties facing poor girls and poor boys in adolescence are provided. After an introduction by Peter B. Edelman and Joyce Ladner, the following essays are included: !I) "Growing Up in America" (R. Coles); (2) "The Logic of Adolescence" (L. Streinberg); (3) "The Adolescent Poor and the Transition to Early Adulthood" (A. M. Sum and W. N. Fogg); (4) "The High-Stakes Challenge of Programs for Adolescent Mothers" (J. S. Musick); and (5) "Poverty and Adolescent Black Males: The Subculture of Disengagement" (R. L. Taylor). (SLD) ***************0111****************************************************Itst * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** *, 'fia:lenole I. 0 rthe o _ _It *. ^^' .-.A.-, ' 4.. ,At. " --, * - \ liked tir er elnytin ,IoNce ADOLESCENCE AND POVERTY Challenge for the1990s Peter B. Edelman & JoyceLadner Editors CENTER FOR NATIONALPOLICY PRESS WASH I M WION, D.C. 3 Copyright 0 1991 by Center for National Policy Press Pi4rihum.1 by arrangement with 1 'niversity Press of America. Inc. 4-21) Bosit m Way Lanham. MD 20rOb Etimpean Distribution by Etinispan 3 I lenrietta Street LoixIon WC2E Bit England All rights reser% ed Printed in the I'nited SLtt 4 America British t :italtiging in Publicatitin Inlormatu in Available Library of Congrem Catakoging-in-Publication Data Adi ilest ence tntl pi A-ertychallenge w the I o9tis Peter B. Edelman )wt. Lidner. editors. p cm. 1 Poor 1eenagers--1 nited 2 Mini iritv teenagers--1'nited 3 To.11.1SCrsGol.t.rninuni nited states. I.Edelman. Ikler B U Ladner. J e A. ty-uh.A3323 1991 0i 23.4;- -dt.2( I 91- 164 t ISIS\ 0-9,4 423--31-2 talk. paper, ISIS\ a (phis : paper) All.tIller h )11.11 Pt iht PR's. )1 art. pr.( ithiced s wi id-free papct t% hit II tvds theBflh1lltIIfl .ijnd.irtt s set by the \ohs ;nal I lists iricai pui,dhatl, HI anti RCL ord., (:( )11iMissit CONTENTS Introduction 1 hter B. Edthnan & Joyce Ladner Growing Up in America 9 Robert Coln The Logic of Adolescence 19 Laurence Steinberg The Adolescent Poor and theTransition to Early Adulthood 37 Andrew M. Sum & W Neal Fogg The High-Stakes Challengeof Programs for Adolescent Mothers 111 Judith S. Musick Poverty and Adolescent BlackMales: The Subculture of Disengagement 139 Ronald L. Taylor About the Authors 163 5 INTRODUCTION Peter 13. Edelman and JoyceLadner ADOLESCENCE, ALWAYS A PERILOUS passage.has become for literally millions of American young people a voyagethat never reaches the other shore. Most American youth can expect tonavigate the transition to a career, familyresponsibility, and other adultroles without lasting damage from the rebellion,the questioning, and thedislocation that are typical ofthe adolescent period(although any parent of an adolescent will express graveuncertainty as whether it will allwork out). Adolescence is not a simple time evenfor the minority who will be fortunate enough to obtain afour-year college degree. Itis more difficult for those who stopafter two years of post-secondaryeduca- tion, and it is more difficultby far for those who do notattend college at all. But for a large proportionof the troublingly largenumbers who grow up in povertytoday, especially if' they aremembers of histori- cally disadvantaged racial orethnic minorities, the journeyhas be- come missionimpossibleresulting in problemsand outcomes so devastating that recovery into anadulthood of self-sufficiencyand marriage, let alone any broadersocietal participation, is outof the question. For American children ingeneral, growing up is aninfinitely more complicated task than the onethat current adultsconfronted in the past. Community institutions andneighborhood ties have wt.akenedin city, suburb, and rural Americaalike. Many more children are grow- ing up in a culture ofdisengagement, lacking eitherclose enough relationships with parents who areboth working long hoursoutside the home in order to makeends meet (or with a parentwho is absent due to divorce) or suffkientpositive socializing opportunitieswith 2 I Iv 1' RODUCT ION other adults in the community to make up for the gaps at home. Especially in recent years, America has suffered from a leadership vacuum in terms of positive adult role models, societally as well as politically. Economically. too many young people are confronted with only two choices in terms of work: a limited number of professional, often high technology possibilities, or a world of relatively low-income service jobsMcDonalds. the proverbial "Mickey Ds." is the meta- phor. The blue collar positions that were the avenue to the suburbs for millions of Americans after World War Il have shrunk precipi- tously. If adolescence is more difbcult for many than in the past, it has become a minefield for the poor, especially poor minorities, and even more especially for those who live in the inner-city areas of concen- trated poverty. There, drugs and gangs have created a level of violence and destruction of livesinstantaneous death by AK-47 and death-in-lik by a pattern of injectionthat is unprecedented in modern American history. Babies in their cribs are killed by stray bullets and pre-teenage children are impressed or inveigled into gangs and the drug industry, as employees or users or both. Many are the children from strong albeit economically struggling families who fall prey to the hazards of the streets. Stereotypically, the problems of poor youth. particularly those in the inner-city, are regarded as problems of race. In many if not most people's minds, the term "underclass" is a code word fOr black ghetto residents. 'nem is a serious racial element to poverty. which should not be denied and must inform polies', but the importance of class in the equation should not be understated. Upper- and middle-class cnildren who manifest serious behavior problems see a psychiatrist or get labels of handicapped or developmentally disabled and are sent to special schools paid for through programs like the Education of All flandkapped (lildren Act. Poor children are labelled neglected, removed from their parents. amf placed in fOster care. When they get older. then Mho ior makes them clients of the juvenile justice system. *I'he rich send their problem children (sons, anyway) to military school; ihe children of the poor arc sent to refbrin school. Adolescents with problems. especially miwrities. have never been attractive objects of public policy. They are not cute and cuddly like three year olds and, even with the besto.'f e:.orts, success rates are not as high as those that come from broad prevention programsfocused on infants and small children. The fallacy in concentrating on small children. of' course, is that prevention geared to early childift HA doesn't prevent everything. Introduction 3 There is always and inevitably adientek for intervention at a later age. The irony, asthe essays in this volume willshow, is that adoles- cence is in fact adevelopn ental period rather analogous toearly childhood, in which young veopk are open tochange and are indeed changing rapidly. lt is a time whenwell-designed public policy initia- tives have more promise thanhas been popularly supposed. Andit is a time whenintervention is emphatically stillpreventive in relation to the adulthood to follow, eventhough the young person mayalready have manifested problems whichit is the purpose of the intervention to address. Even in the 1960s when, asthe mythology now has it, we were throwing money at problems, wedid relatively poorly in the way of public programs to address theproblems of low-income adolescents. The job Corps was evaluated a success,but it was expensise and reached relatively few people.The federal summer jobs programhas continued as a kind of pernvnentband-aid to maintain calm in the streets on hot nights. Linthetnever was a serious,funded, persever- ing year-round effort for out-of-school out-of-wurk youth. President Jimmy Carter had a task furce onthe subject which proposed a serious piece of legislation thathe sent up to Congress. butthe bill did not become law, and evenif it had, it wuuld not havesurvived the Reagan onslaught on federaldomestic programs. The problem was neverinvisible. Claude Brown's chronicleof widespread heroin addktion inHadem.
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