DOCSLIB.ORG

The Last of the Horse Wars: Intertribal, Cross-Border Warfare in Southern Alberta and Northen Montana Territory, 1878-1893

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Last of the Horse Wars: Intertribal, Cross-Border Warfare in Southern Alberta and Northen Montana Territory, 1878-1893 University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2012-09-06 The last of the horse wars: intertribal, cross-border warfare in southern alberta and northen montana territory, 1878-1893 Marsh, Christopher Marsh, C. (2012). The last of the horse wars: intertribal, cross-border warfare in southern alberta and northen montana territory, 1878-1893 (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/28228 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/182 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY The Last of the Horse Wars: Intertribal, Cross-Border Warfare in Southern Alberta and Northern Montana Territory, 1878-1893 by Christopher Marsh A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY CALGARY, ALBERTA SEPTEMBER, 2012 © CHRISTOPHER MARSH, 2012 Abstract From 1883 until the autumn of 1889, Canadian Kainai (Blood Indians) waged cross- border warfare against American A’aninin (Gros Ventres) and Nakota (Assiniboine) of the Fort Belknap Agency in northeastern Montana. Enmity between these indigenous plains peoples had carried over from hostilities at the end of buffalo days and was perpetuated due to a strong continuity of warrior and equestrian culture in the 1880s, which endured despite efforts of the Canadian Dominion Government to “civilize” their Blackfoot wards through Christianity and agriculture. The few historians who have studied this little known conflict have emphasized the success of the North West Mounted Police (NWMP) in ending it. However, this thesis will demonstrate that NWMP efforts were often ineffective and the reasons behind the Kainai decision to end the hostilities were complex, encompassing environmental change and an independent modification of cultural ethos. This thesis illuminates this conflict, its causes, and its resolution. ii Acknowledgments This thesis would not have been possible without the guidance and assistance of the knowledgeable and helpful faculty of the Department of History. In particular, my supervisor, Dr. George Colpitts, was always ready and willing to lend an ear, help focus my thoughts, and offer suggestions as to how to improve my writing. Dr. Colpitts and Dr. Elizabeth Jameson also offered me their valuable time and advice in putting together a Social Science and Humanities Research Council grant proposal for my second year of study. Dr. Jameson, whose classes drew me to the Canadian-United States borderlands, also opened my eyes to wider interpretations of North American history, which can be seen in the methodological and theoretical frameworks in this thesis. My first-year seminar professors also taught me to think critically about source documents, history, and historiography, which no doubt sharpened my research and writing skills far above what they would have been if not for their dedication to teaching. I am also indebted to the Graduate Advisor, Brenda Oslawsky, for all her support in a variety of behind-the-scenes administration in regards to my program. I owe an immense debt of gratitude to my family, especially my father, Boniface Marsh, for the considerable financial and moral support given throughout this entire endeavour. I also thank my classmates for not only creating a stimulating academic environment but also offering recreational and social outlets when we all needed a break from reading, writing, and thinking. The Social Science and Humanities Research Council, the Coutts Family Scholarship fund, the Government of Alberta, and the University Of Calgary Department of History all provided financial support without which I could have never finished this project. For this, I earnestly thank all these donors. iii Table of Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Table of Contents iv List of Tables v List of Figures vi List of Abbreviations vii Introduction 1 Chapter One: The Aristocracy of Ability and the Spirit of Retaliation, Underlying 24 Causes of the Kainai Belknap War Chapter Two: Friends to Foe, the Blackfoot, the Cree, and the Milk River Allies, 59 1878-1883 Chapter Three: Fort Belknap Besieged, Kainai-Belknap Intertribal Warfare, 83 1884-1889 Chapter Four: The Making of Peace and Denouement, 1888-1894 114 Conclusion 147 Bibliography 150 iv List of Tables Table 1: Kainai Population and Beef Rations Issued, 1885-1891 141 v List of Figures Figure 1: Geographical Boundaries of Study, 1878-1894 7 Figure 2: Comparison of Blackfoot, Cree/Assiniboine, and Non-Natives in Cases 120 Involving Horse Stealing or Bringing Stolen Property into Canada, 1881-1889: Number of Individuals Arrested and Convicted Figure 3: Comparison of Blackfoot, Cree/Assiniboine, and Non-Natives in Cases 121 Involving Horse Stealing or Bringing Stolen Property into Canada, 1881-1889: Total Prison Sentences by Year Figure 4: Comparison of Blackfoot, Cree/Assiniboine, and Non-Natives in Cases 121 Involving Horse Stealing or Bringing Stolen Property into Canada, 1881-1889: Average Prison Sentence by Year Figure 5: Earnings of Kainai Individuals, 1886-1892 144 vi List of Abbreviations Church Missionary Society (CMS) Glenbow Museum (Glenbow) Library and Archives Canada (LAC) Montana Historical Society (MHS) National Archives and Record Administration at Denver (NARAD) North West Mounted Police (NWMP) vii 1 Introduction In early September 1886, six Kainai (Blood) men and youths encountered twenty- three warriors of a mixed party of A’aninin (Gros Ventres), Nakota (American Assiniboine), and Crow near the Milk River in Canadian territory. This latter group, exasperated with the Kainai’s continual horse stealing, had come north of the border to retaliate in the wake of a recent raid. They chased the smaller party up a small butte near Dead Horse Coulee in present-day southern Alberta. Upon reaching the top, the Belknap party unloaded their weapons on the improvised fortifications hastily built by their enemies with a fantastic barrage. When the gunfire stopped, six Kainai lay dead. The victors scalped their enemies, took their weapons as trophies, and returned to the Fort Belknap Agency, located on the Milk River in Montana Territory. Spectacularly violent, this episode demonstrated the depths of animosity that the Belknap Indians had developed towards the Kainai in the wake of numerous raids. However, this slaughter on the butte led the Kainai to redouble their raiding. Rumors mounted of an impending Kainai attack against the American agency itself. This fear of an all-out Indian war persisted until early June 1887 when William Pocklington, the Kainai Indian Agent, a North West Mounted Police (NWMP) Inspector, famous guide Jerry Potts, and a number of important Kainai Chiefs made a successful peace mission to the American reservation. At the time, Canadian and American regional newspapers extensively covered the event. However, their reports largely obscured the nature and duration of what was recognized as a Kainai-Belknap war. At first glance, the conflict lasted less than a year. However, Indian agency documents, especially on the American side of the International boundary, reveal a conflict lasting nearly eight years, stretching on with repeated instances 2 of horse raiding and punctuated with incidences of deadly violence. The Kainai-Belknap war, spanning from 1882 until 1889, had its immediate origins in enmities carried over at the end of the ‘buffalo days’, although it was maintained by the continuance of Kainai warrior culture and Native traditions of retributive justice in regards to both murder and theft of property. This thesis will explore the Kainai-Belknap war which occurred over nearly a decade in the 1880s, finding explanations for it and its eventual cessation in 1890 in ecological, diplomatic, and cultural factors. It constituted a significant historical event as it occurred after the Numbered Treaties were negotiated and supposedly in a period of peaceful Canadian western colonization. Moreover, it inflamed tribal relations on both sides of the international border, on reserves and reservations purportedly being moved into sedentary, pastoral, and agricultural lifestyles and economies. The Kanai-Belknap war flies in the face of the “mild/wild” dichotomy usually seen in comparative United States-Canada historiography. By focusing on its causes, and the resolution of the conflict, this thesis will provide insight into the themes of continuity and cultural change in Kainai society. It also adds complexity to the history of settlement and law enforcement in Canada since it demonstrates that the NWMP, for the most part, were not able or willing to stop Kainai horse raiding activities against intertribal foes. More significantly, it suggests that although the Kainai had been significantly weakened and their independence severely curtailed by the disappearance of the bison and the realities of the reserve era, certain segments of Kainai society advocated “the old ways” of life and defied efforts by the Dominion Government to significantly alter cultural values and assimilate them into Canadian society.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Perceptions of the Impact of Informal Peace Education Training in Uganda
    International School for Humanities and Social Sciences Prins Hendrikkade 189-B 1011 TD Amsterdam The Netherlands Masters Thesis for the MSc Programme International Development Studies Field Research carried out in Uganda 30th January - 27th May 2006 Teaching Peace – Transforming Conflict? Exploring Participants’ Perceptions of the Impact of Informal Peace Education Training in Uganda Since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defences of peace must be constructed. (Constitution of UNESCO, 1945) First Supervisor: Prof. Dr. G.C.A. Junne Second Supervisor: Dr. M. Novelli Anika May Student Number: 0430129 Email: [email protected] Table of Contents Acknowledgements 4 Abstract 5 Chapter One: Introduction – Subject of Research 6 1.1 Purpose of the Study 8 1.2 Research Questions 9 1.3 Relevance of the Study 9 1.4 Structure of Thesis 12 Chapter Two: Background of the Research/Research Setting 14 2.1 Violence and Conflict in the History of Uganda 14 2.2 The Legacy of Violence in Ugandan Society 18 2.2.1 The Present State of Human Rights and Violence in Uganda 18 2.2.2 Contemporary Ugandan Conflicts 20 2.2.2.1 The Case of Acholiland 20 2.2.2.2 The Case of Karamoja 22 2.2.3 Beyond the Public Eye – The Issue of Gender-Based Domestic Violence in Uganda 23 Chapter Three: Theoretical Framework - Peace Education 25 3.1 The Ultimate Goal: a Peaceful Society 25 3.1.1 Defining Peace 26 3.1.2 Defining a Peaceful Society 27 3.2 Education for Peace: Using Education to Create a Peaceful Society 29 3.2.1 A Short History of Peace Education
    [Show full text]
  • Tribal Strategies Against Violence: Fort Peck Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes Case Study
    The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Tribal Strategies Against Violence: Fort Peck Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes Case Study Author(s): V. Richard Nichols ; Anne Litchfield ; Ted Holappa ; Kit Van Stelle Document No.: 206034 Date Received: June 2004 Award Number: 97-DD-BX-0031 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Tribal Strategies Against Violence Fort Peck Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes Case Study Prepared by ORBIS Associates V. Richard Nichols Principal Investigator Anne Litchfield Senior Researcher/Editor Ted Holappa Investigator Kit Van Stelle Criminal Justice Consultant January 2002 NIJ # 97-DD-BX0031 This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Prepared for the National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice, by ORBIS Associates under contract # 97-DD- BX 0031. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Medicine Wheels
    The central rock pile was 14 feet high with several cairns spanned out in different directions, aligning to various stars. Astraeoastronomers have determined that one cairn pointed to Capella, the ideal North sky marker hundreds of years ago. At least two cairns aligned with the solstice sunrise, while the others aligned with the rising points of bright stars that signaled the summer solstice 2000 years ago (Olsen, B, 2008). Astrological alignments of the five satellite cairns around the central mound of Moose Mountain Medicine Wheel from research by John A. Eddy Ph.D. National Geographic January 1977. MEDICINE WHEELS Medicine wheels are sacred sites where stones placed in a circle or set out around a central cairn. Researchers claim they are set up according to the stars and planets, clearly depicting that the Moose Mountain area has been an important spiritual location for millennia. 23 Establishing Cultural Connections to Archeological Artifacts Archeologists have found it difficult to establish links between artifacts and specific cultural groups. It is difficult to associate artifacts found in burial or ancient camp sites with distinct cultural practices because aboriginal livelihood and survival techniques were similar between cultures in similar ecosystem environments. Nevertheless, burial sites throughout Saskatchewan help tell the story of the first peoples and their cultures. Extensive studies of archeological evidence associated with burial sites have resulted in important conclusions with respect to the ethnicity of the people using the southeast Saskatchewan region over the last 1,000 years. In her Master Thesis, Sheila Dawson (1987) concluded that the bison culture frequently using this area was likely the Sioux/ Assiniboine people.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Resources
    Relationship with the Land - Resources This map shows one year’s travels of a clan of Amsskaapipikani in the last decade of the nineteenth century. Courtesy of Glenbow Museum Relationship with the Land – Seasonal Round Unit Resource Glenbow Museum Relationship with the Land - Resources Place Names on the Map: 1. Itsiputsimaup – Battle Coulee 2. Katoyissksi – Sweet Grass 3. Aiiyimmikoi – Cypress Hills 4. Pakoki Lake – Pakowki 5. Akaiiniskio – Manyberries 6. Einiotoka’nisi – Buffalo-Bull’s Head 7. Ihkitsitapiksi – Seven Persons 8. Aiiykimmikuyiu – Cypress Hills 9. Nokomis’s – Long Lakes 10. Matokeks oma’nistamoai otsitskiiitapiau – Women’s Society Left their Lodge Pole 11. A’ykomonoasiu – Green Lake 12. A’isinaiypi – Writing on Stone 13. A’kekoksistakskuyi – Women’s Point 14. Ponakiksi – Cut Bank Creek Relationship with the Land – Seasonal Round Unit Resource Glenbow Museum Relationship with the Land - Resources Blackfoot camps were composed of members of an extended family and other people who may have joined the clan. The arrangement of the tipis was not strictly defined in these camps, although all of them faced east. This allowed the morning prayers to travel towards the rising sun, helping it to come above the horizon for another day. Relationship with the Land – Seasonal Round Unit Resource Glenbow Museum Relationship with the Land - Resources Definition of the term – “Seasonal Round” The Blackfoot tribes had an enormous land base they inhabited. Within this territory they had areas where they would travel well over 500 miles during a yearly cycle to hunt, gather and renew religious commitments. Being knowledgeable of their environment and respectful of their gifts from the creator they would carefully select locations or places to travel to in a lifetime.
    [Show full text]
  • Thundering Spirit" Call to Order Opening Prayer: Treaty Six Lead Elder Jon Ermineskin 9:00 A.M
    ASSEMBLY OF FIRST NATIONS WATER RIGHTS CONFERENCE 2012 “Asserting our Rights to Water” Monday, March 5, 2012 7:00 a.m. Registration and continental breakfast 8:30 a.m. Drum Treaty 6 drum group "Thundering Spirit" Call to Order Opening prayer: Treaty Six Lead Elder Jon Ermineskin 9:00 a.m. Welcoming remarks: Host Chief Ron Morin, Enoch Cree Nation Treaty 6 Grand Chief Cameron Alexis 9:15 a.m. Opening remarks: Bringing national attention and awareness to Indigenous water rights Portfolio Regional Chief: Regional Chief Eric Morris (YT) 9:45 a.m. Opening Remarks: Indigenous rights to water – our sacred duties and responsibilities National Chief Shawn A-in-chut Atleo 10:00 a.m. Health Break Monday, March 5, 2012 10:15 a.m. Plenary Panel Presentation: Advancing our Full Understanding of the Inherent and Treaty Right to Water The nature of water rights: Dr. Leroy Littlebear, University of Lethbridge Community-based struggles for water rights: Chief Eli Mandamin, Iskatewizaagegan Independent First Nation Exercising Indigenous Water Rights - BC: Chief Bob Chamberlin, Kwicksutaineuk-Ah-Kwaw-Ah-Mish First Nation; Vice-President of Union of BC Indian Chiefs; Andrea Glickman, Policy Analyst, UBCIC., Legal dimensions for Alberta First Nations: Clayton D Leonard, MacPherson, Leslie &Tyerman LLP 12:00 Lunch (provided on site) p.m. Presentation: The Human Right to Water - Maude Barlow 1:00 p.m. Special Presentation: IikaatowapiwaNaapiitahtaan: The Old Man River is Sacred Chief Gayle Strikes With a Gun; Iitamyapii (Looks From Above): Byron Jackson; Saa-Ku-Waa- Mu-Nii (Last Otter): Councillor Fabian North Peigan; Moderator: PiiohkSooPanski (Comes Singing), Councillor Angela Grier, Piikani Nation 1:30 p.m.
    [Show full text]
  • The Negotiation and Implementation of Treaty 7, Through 1880
    University of Lethbridge Research Repository OPUS http://opus.uleth.ca Theses Arts and Science, Faculty of 2007 The negotiation and implementation of Treaty 7, through 1880 Robert, Sheila Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2007 http://hdl.handle.net/10133/619 Downloaded from University of Lethbridge Research Repository, OPUS THE NEGOTIATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF TREATY 7, THROUGH 1880 Sheila Robert B.A., University of Lethbridge, 2004 A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies Of the University of Lethbridge In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS Department of Native American Studies University of Lethbridge LETHBRIDGE, ALBERTA, CANADA © Sheila Robert, 2007 The objective of this thesis is to examine the archival documents that may be considered by the Supreme Court of Canada if the Treaty 7 Nations were to challenge the Federal Government on the Treaty’s content and meaning. The impetus for this thesis is two-fold. Firstly, recent decisions by the Supreme Court of Canada, in relation to Aboriginal historical treaties, have demonstrated a shift towards legally recognizing the sovereignty of First Nations. As more First Nations challenge the Federal Government on their fulfillment of treaty obligations, Supreme Court decisions will become more elaborate and exhaustive, providing many Nations with an opportunity to address treaty concerns in a more substantive manner than in the past. Secondly, the Blackfoot are my neighbours and I am very honoured to relay
    [Show full text]
  • Knowledge Sovereignty Among African Cattle Herders
    Knowledge Sovereignty ‘This ground-breaking ethnography of Beni-Amer pastoralists in the Horn of Africa shows how a partnership of conventional science and local indigenous knowledge can generate a hybrid knowledge system which underpins a productive cattle economy. This has implications for sustainable pastoral development around the world.’ Knowledge Jeremy Swift, Emeritus Fellow, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex ‘Indigenous knowledge and the sovereignty issues addressed in the book are hallmarks to Sovereignty recognize African cattle herders and also to use this knowledge to mitigate climate change and appreciate the resilience of these herders. The book will be a major resource for students, researchers among and policy makers in Africa and worldwide.’ Mitiku Haile, Professor of Soil Science and Sustainable Land Management, Mekelle University ‘This important book arrives at a key moment of climate and food security challenges. Fre deploys among African great wisdom in writing about the wisdom of traditional pastoralists, which – refl ecting the way complex natural systems really work – has been tested through history, and remains capable of future evolution. The more general lesson is that both land, and ideas, should be a common treasury.’ Cattle African Cattle Herders Cattle African Robert Biel, Senior Lecturer, the Bartlett Development Planning Unit, UCL Beni-Amer cattle owners in the western part of the Horn of Africa are not only masters in cattle Herders breeding, they are also knowledge sovereign, in terms of owning productive genes of cattle and the cognitive knowledge base crucial to sustainable development. The strong bonds between the Beni- Amer, their animals, and their environment constitute the basis of their ways of knowing, and much of their knowledge system is built on experience and embedded in their cultural practices.
    [Show full text]
  • Perspectives of Blackfoot Confederacy People
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2021-03-02 Indian Residential Schools: Perspectives of Blackfoot Confederacy People Fox, Terri-Lynn Fox, T.-L. (2021). Indian Residential Schools: Perspectives of Blackfoot Confederacy People (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/113142 doctoral thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Indian Residential Schools: Perspectives of Blackfoot Confederacy People by Terri-Lynn Fox (Aai’piihkwikomotaakii) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH CALGARY, ALBERTA MARCH, 2021 © Terri-Lynn Fox 2021 English Abstract This qualitative research project explored two main themes: the Indian residential school (IRS) settlement agreement for survivors of federally funded and church-run institutions, and the participants’ perspectives (N = 16) on the apology to the survivors and subsequent generations that have been affected. I focus on the First Nation population of southern Alberta, specifically the Blackfoot Confederacy (Siksikaitsitapi). I use a Siksikaitsitapi lens and methodology on their experiences at an IRS, the IRS settlement, the Canadian government’s apology to former students, and the status of reconciliation as a whole.
    [Show full text]
  • The Blood Tribe in the Southern Alberta Economy, 1884-1939
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Regular, W. Keith Book — Published Version Neighbours and networks: The blood tribe in the Southern Alberta economy, 1884-1939 Provided in Cooperation with: University of Calgary Press Suggested Citation: Regular, W. Keith (2009) : Neighbours and networks: The blood tribe in the Southern Alberta economy, 1884-1939, ISBN 978-1-55238-655-2, University of Calgary Press, Calgary, http://hdl.handle.net/1880/48927 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/182296 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ www.econstor.eu University of Calgary Press www.uofcpress.com NEIGHBOURS AND NETWORKS: THE BLOOD TRIBE IN THE SOUTHERN ALBERTA ECONOMY, 1884–1939 by W.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Quality Report
    Central Assiniboine Watershed Integrated Watershed Management Plan - Water Quality Report October 2010 Central Assiniboine Watershed – Water Quality Report Water Quality Investigations and Routine Monitoring: This report provides an overview of the studies and routine monitoring which have been undertaken by Manitoba Water Stewardship’s Water Quality Management Section within the Central Assiniboine watershed. There are six long term water quality monitoring stations (1965 – 2009) within the Central Assiniboine Watershed. These include the Assiniboine, Souris and Cypress Rivers. There are also ten stations not part of the long term water quality monitoring program in which some data are available for alternate locations on the Assiniboine, Souris, and Little Saskatchewan Rivers. The Central Assiniboine River watershed area is characterized primarily by agricultural crop land, industry, urban and rural centres. All these land uses have the potential to negatively impact water quality, if not managed appropriately. Cropland can present water quality concerns in terms of fertilizer and pesticide runoff entering surface water. There are a number of large industrial operations in the Central Assiniboine Watershed, these present water quality concerns in terms of wastewater effluent and industrial runoff. Large centers and rural municipalities present water quality concerns in terms of wastewater treatment and effluent. The tributary of most concern in the Central Assiniboine watershed is the Assiniboine River, as it is the largest river in the watershed. The area surrounding the Assiniboine River is primarily agricultural production yielding a high potential for nutrient and bacteria loading. The Assiniboine River serves as the main drinking water source for many residents in this watershed. In addition, the Assiniboine River drains into Lake Winnipeg, and as such has been listed as a vulnerable water body in the Nutrient Management Regulation under the Water Protection Act.
    [Show full text]
  • Ring Games Stage 1 Desired Results Established Goals Health Enhancement Standard 7, Benchmark 4.3: Experience Enjoyment Through Physical Activity
    Model Lesson Plan Health Enhancement Traditional Games Grade 3 Ring Games Stage 1 Desired Results Established Goals Health Enhancement Standard 7, Benchmark 4.3: Experience enjoyment through physical activity. Essential Understandings 3: The ideologies of Native traditional beliefs and spirituality persist into modern day life as tribal cultures, traditions, and languages are still practiced by many American Indian people and are incorporated into how tribes govern and manage their affairs. Additionally, each tribe has its own oral history beginning with their origins which are as valid as written histories. These histories pre-date the “discovery” of North America. Understandings Essential Questions 1. There were similar Indian games with 1. What is the main idea of games of “ring and different values for the outcomes of the pin”? games. 2. How can the skill of “ring and pin” be used in the modern world? Students will be able to… Students will know… 1. Move through four stations of manual 1. Four examples of “ring and pin” games. dexterity (eye-hand coordination) and learn (Assiniboine, Sioux, Northern Cheyenne, concepts of tribal values and origination. and Zuni) 2. The values associated with playing “ring and pin” games. Stage 2 Assessment Evidence Performance Tasks 1. The student will practice each of the four games, rotating through stations. 2. The student will be able to explain the differences in rules. 3. The student will be able to tell what values “winning” meant in the historical playing of the games. Page 1 of 4 12/29/2008 Health Enhancement Traditional Games Grade 3 Ring Games (continued) Stage 3 Learning Plan Teaching Area (indoors or outdoors or in a gym) 50’ x 50’ for 24 students in pairs, six per station.
    [Show full text]
  • Always an Adventure: an Autobiography
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository University of Calgary Press University of Calgary Press Open Access Books 2011 Always an Adventure: An Autobiography Dempsey, Hugh A. University of Calgary Press Dempsey, Hugh A. "Always an adventure: an autobiography". The West Series, No. 3, University of Calgary Press, Calgary, Alberta, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/48493 book http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 3.0 Unported Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca University of Calgary Press www.uofcpress.com ALWAYS AN ADVENTURE: AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY by Hugh A. Dempsey ISBN 978-1-55238-568-5 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. It is an electronic version of a book that can be purchased in physical form through any bookseller or on-line retailer, or from our distributors. Please support this open access publication by requesting that your university purchase a print copy of this book, or by purchasing a copy yourself. If you have any questions, please contact us at [email protected] Cover Art: The artwork on the cover of this book is not open access and falls under traditional copyright provisions; it cannot be reproduced in any way without written permission of the artists and their agents. The cover can be displayed as a complete cover image for the purposes of publicizing this work, but the artwork cannot be extracted from the context of the cover of this specific work without breaching the artist’s copyright. COPYRIGHT NOTICE: This open-access work is published under a Creative Commons licence.
    [Show full text]