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African Adventure? Assessing the European Union’S Military Intervention in Chad and the Central African Republic

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African Adventure? Assessing the European Union’S Military Intervention in Chad and the Central African Republic Massachusetts Institute of Technology African Adventure? Assessing the European Union’s Military Intervention in Chad and the Central African Republic by Bjoern H. Seibert MIT CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES MIT Security Studies Program 292 Main Street, 6th Floor Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 phone +1.617.258.7608 MIT Security Studies Program Working Paper web web.mit.edu/ssp November 2007 SSP Working Paper: African Adventure MIT Security Studies Program Working Paper November 2007 African Adventure? Assessing the European Union’s Military Intervention in Chad and the Central African Republic Bjoern H. Seibert SSP Working Paper: African Adventure Bjoern H. Seibert is a MALD candidate at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy and a mem- ber of the International Security Studies Program (ISSP) at The Fletcher School. Previously, he worked for the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research (AEI) and the German Federal Armed Forces. The Security Studies Program at MIT is a graduate-level research and educational program based at the Center for International Studies at MIT. The senior research and teaching staff includes social scientists and policy analysts. A special feature of the program is the integration of technical and po- litical analysis of national and international security problems. Security Studies is a recognized field of study in the MIT Political Science Department. Courses emphasize grand strategy, the causes and prevention of conflict, military operations and technology, and defense policy. 2 SSP Working Paper: African Adventure INDEX I. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................... p. 7 II. BACKGROUND.......................................................................................... p. 8 Domestic Factors.................................................................................. p. 9 Regional Dimension............................................................................. p. 10 Enemy Forces and Friendly Forces...................................................... p. 11 III. THE MANDATE....................................................................................... p. 16 IV. IMPLEMENTING THE MISSION.................................................................. p. 17 Phase I: Getting There.......................................................................... p. 17 Option I: Air Route........................................................................ p. 18 Option II: Sea-Land Route............................................................. p. 24 Findings Phase I............................................................................. p. 29 Phase II: Getting the Job Done............................................................. p. 30 Military Strategy............................................................................ p. 30 Force Requirement......................................................................... p. 31 Findings Phase II........................................................................... p. 35 Phase III: Getting Out........................................................................... p. 35 Restricting Factors......................................................................... p. 36 Findings Phase III.......................................................................... p. 38 V. KEY FINDINGS AND IMPLICATIONS............................................................ p. 39 The Logistical Challenge..................................................................... p. 39 Resources Determining Strategy.......................................................... p. 39 Termination of the Intervention............................................................ p. 40 3 SSP Working Paper: African Adventure Map 1 Area of Operations M e d i Algiers t e r Tunis r TUNISIA a Rabat n e Madeira Is. a n S e a (PORTUGAL) MOROCCO Tripoli Canary Is. Cairo (SPAIN) ALGERIA HQ Laayoun LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA EGYPT Western Sahara R e d S e a MAURITANIA HQ CAPE VERDE Nouakchott NIGER MALI ERITREA Dakar CHAD Khartoum Praia Asmara SENEGAL Lake Abeche Niamey Chad GAMBIA Bamako en Banjul SUDAN Ad BURKINA FASO lf of Socotra N'Djamena DJIBOUTI Gu Bissau (YEMEN) Ouagadougou Djibouti GUINEA-BISSAU GUINEA B E NIGERIA G T Conakry H N ETHIOPIA O CÔTE- A I Freetown G N Abuja N A D'IVOIRE A O Addis Ababa SIERRA CENTRAL I LEONE Yamoussoukro L Monrovia Accra AFRICAN REPUBLIC e Porto A LIBERIA m Novo CAMEROON Bangui Abidjan o M L O Malabo S Yaoundé Lake EQUATORIAL GUINEA UGANDA Turkana Principe Lake O Albert Kampala Mogadishu SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE Sao G Tome Libreville KENYA Sao Tome N GABON O DEMOCRATIC C RWANDA Nairobi Annobón REPUBLIC Kigali (EQUATORIAL GUINEA) Lake OF THE Victoria I N D I A N O C E A N Brazzaville Bujumbura CONGO BURUNDI Kinshasa Lake Pemba Amirante Is. Cabinda Dodoma Victoria (ANGOLA) Tanganyika Zanzibar A T L A N T I C UNITED REPUBLIC OF SEYCHELLES Ascension TANZANIA (UK) Luanda Aldabra Is. Providence Is. Lake Farquhar Is. O C E A N Nyasa Moroni Agalega Is. ANGOLA COMOROS (MAURITIUS) Lilongwe ZAMBIA MALAWI Tromelin St. Helena Lusaka U E R (FRANCE) A (UK) I Q Cargados Harare C Lake B Carajos Kariba M S A Antananarivo MAURITIUS ZIMBABWE A Z G Port Louis A O NAMIBIA D Réunion BOTSWANA M A (FRANCE) Windhoek Gaborone M Pretoria Maputo Mbabane SWAZILAND AFRICA Bloemfontein Maseru SOUTH LESOTHO AFRICA Cape Town 0 500 1000 km The boundaries and names shown and the designations used 0 500 1000 mi on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Map No. 4045 Rev. 4 UNITED NATIONS Department of Peacekeeping Operations SourJanuaryce: 2004 Modified Version: UN Peacekeeping Operations, Cartographic section (January 2004) Cartographic Section 4 SSP Working Paper: African Adventure Map 2 Chad S L 15° a 20° 25° r i r i CHAD T i EGYPT b LIBYAN ARAB b a s Plateau t i du Djado JAMAHIRIYA y Aozou a Bardaï n T t i i b e s Zouar D 20° Séguédine 20° e s a m BORKOU - ENNEDI - TIBESTI il B u e Bilma e o d g k r B o r Dé r E press urdi d ion du Mo a n r t G Faya-Largeau E n ar N I G E R ow n HQ H e i d i d Fada a W b ra jou Ouad e d u D i Hawach u n Erg d re Koro Toro if u ss o a N M ur ko er Bahia o) K Iriba HQ or 15 KANEM (S 15 ° l Arada WADI FIRA ° za a Guéréda Nokou h G l Biltine S U D A N e Nguigmi r Mao h Salal a Am Zoer B BATHA Abéché LAC Bol Ngouri Djédaa Moussoro Oum OUADDAÏ ha Ati Hadjer at Massif Lake B de Marfa Chad Massakory Lac Fitri HADJER-LAMIS Am Dam NIGERIA Mangalmé Goz m Bokoro ra Mongo Beïda e Maiduguri s CHAD d N'Djamena e Massif a Y CHARI-BAGUIRMI de Guéra d Abou Deïa t d MMassenyaassenya a a am g Ba Melfi al h S N r hr Gélengdeng E a r B Am Timan g GUERA C h i i ar g SALAMAT Bongor Lac Iro Harazé 10° Mangueigne 10° FFiangaianga MAYO - KEBBITANDJILE MOYEN-CHARI Pala EST Kélo Lai Kyabé National capital L uk og r Ao MAYO - KEBBI o KKoumraoumra Sarh Bah n Région capital QUEST LOGONE OCC. e B Town, village Moundou MANDOUL an Maro go Doba ra Airport Moïssala n LOGONE Goré G International boundary V ORIENTAL r ina i B Ngaoundéré b am Région boundary i n in g g u u Main road i i CAMEROON Road or trail CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC 0 100 200 300 km Mbakaou Res. The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance 0 50 100 150 200 mi by the United Nations. 15° 20° Map No. 3788 Rev. 6 United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations SourJune 2007ce: Modified Version: UN Peacekeeping Operations, Cartographic Section (June 2007) Cartographic Section 5 SSP Working Paper: African Adventure Map 3 Central African Republic 14° 16° 18° 20° 22° 24° 26° AAmm TTimaniman The boundaries and names shown and the designations 0 50 100 150 200 250 km é Aoukal used on this map do not implay official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. 0 50 100 150 mi t a ou m ul a l O a r CENTRAL S h BirBiraoao a AFRICAN r B AlAl FifiFifi 10 h 10 ° REPUBLIC a ° C B h a V A K A G A ri C H A D S U D A N k GarbaGarba SarhSarh Bahr Aou OuandaOuanda NyNyamlellamlell DjallDjallé DDobaoba BAMINGUI-BANGORAN MMaaïkooumauma NdNdélé i OuaddaOuadda 8 u 8 ° GGororé g KaouadjaKaouadja ° n i b B i a r m in na G BaminguiBamingui Vi MarMarkooundaunda g u i BBatangafatangafo GRIBINGUI H A U T E - K O T T O BocarBocarangaanga KagaKaga BandoroBandoro Yangaliaangalia to ot O U H A M K OUHAM-PENDÉ m H A U T - ha BoucaBouca BrBriaia Yalingaalinga u o O O U A K A k M B O M O U n Bossangoa Dékoaoa i Bossangoa h BozBozoumoum IppIppy C DjDjémama i 6 KÉMO- r 6 ° BouarBouar a ° GRIBINGUI BambarBambari b rra M Oua BBabouaaboua BaoroBaoro SibSibutut GrGrimarimari BakBakoumaouma NANAM-MAMBÉRÉ a BBossembossembélé OboObo m M B O M O U M b angúi bo er OMBELLA-MPOKO ub a MingalaMingala Zémiomio mo e O Oua k RafRafaï u B A S S E DDamaramara Kouango CCararnnotot K O T T O BangassouBangassou HAUTE SANGHA MobaMobaye OuangoOuango BerberBerberatiati BBodaoda CENTRAL AFRICAN L Bangui o b LOBAYE Kad ei GamboulaGamboula a 4 ye Ue REPUBLIC ° MMbabaïkkii le S A N H A MongoumbaMongoumba BondoBondo National capital Yokadoumaokadouma Tomoromori NolaNola ongala Provincial capital BusingaBusinga M SSaloalo Town, village TituleTitule DDEMOCRATICEMOCRATIC RREPUBLICEPUBLIC Major airport a h International boundary CAMEROONCAMEROON g i ButaButa n g OOFF TTHEHE CCONGOONGO a Provincial boundary n S a b BumbaBumba Main road U LLisalaisala Congo Secondary road 2 ° CONGO Railroad 16° 18° 20° 22° 24° Map No. 4048 Rev. 2 UNITED NATIONS Department of Peacekeeping Operations
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